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Maghrebi script
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{{Short description|Form of Arabic script}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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missing image!
- Maghribi script sura 5.jpg -
Maghrebi script from a 13th-century Qur’an in North Africa
{{Arab culture}}Maghrebi script or Maghribi script () refers to a loosely related family of Arabic scripts that developed in the Maghreb (North Africa), al-Andalus (Iberia), and Bilad as-Sudan (the West African Sahel). Maghrebi script is directly derived from the Kufic script,WEB, maghribi script {{!, Arabic calligraphy {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/maghribi-script |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}BOOK,gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5439389c/f102.vertical.r=houdas%20ecriture%20maghrebine, Essai sur l’écriture maghrebine, Houdas, Octave, 1886, Ãcole des langues orientales vivantes, Paris, France, French, Essay on Maghrebi writing, WEB, 2019-12-18, تØÙ
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Ùتبة ÙÙر Ùتب pdf,www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%B7-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-pdf, 2022-06-23,web.archive.org/web/20191218034535/https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%B7-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-pdf, 2019-12-18, and is traditionally written with a pointed tip (), producing a line of even thickness.JOURNAL, van de Boogert, N., 1989, Some notes on Maghribi script,www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/boogert_notes_maghribi_script.PDF, Manuscripts of the Middle East, en, 0920-0401, 615561724, 2007-06-16, 2016-11-18,www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/boogert_notes_maghribi_script.PDF," title="web.archive.org/web/20161118135527www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/boogert_notes_maghribi_script.PDF,">web.archive.org/web/20161118135527www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/boogert_notes_maghribi_script.PDF, dead, The script is characterized by rounded letter forms, extended horizontal features, and final open curves below the baseline.{{citation |doi=10.1107/s1600576719010537/ks5620sup6.exe |title=document}} It also differs from Mashreqi scripts in the notation of the letters faa{{’}} (Maghrebi: ; Mashreqi: ) and qoph (Maghrebi: ; Mashreqi: ).For centuries, Maghrebi script was used to write Arabic manuscripts and record Andalusi and Moroccan literature, whether in Classical Arabic, Maghrebi Arabic, or Amazigh languages.WEB, أغÙبÙا Ùتب بÙسا٠أÙ٠سÙس “تاشÙØÙت”,www.maghress.com/alalam/15993, 2021-04-09, Ù
غرس, - Maghribi script sura 5.jpg -
Maghrebi script from a 13th-century Qur’an in North Africa
History
Origins
Arabic script first came to the Maghreb with the Islamic conquests (643â709).BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=ALxsDwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&pg=PA188, ٠رجع اÙØ·Ùاب Ù٠اÙخط اÙعربÙ, Al-Khitaat, Khaled Muhammad Al-Masri, 2014-01-01, Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiya, 978-2-7451-3523-0, ar, Student Reference in Arabic Calligraphy, The conquerors, led by Uqba ibn Nafi, used both Hijazi and Kufic scripts, as demonstrated in coins minted in 711 under Musa ibn Nusayr.BOOK, Hajji, Muhammad, ٠عÙÙ Ø© اÙ٠غرب: Ùا٠Ùس ٠رتب عÙÙ ØرÙ٠اÙÙجاء ÙØÙØ· باÙ٠عار٠اÙ٠تعÙÙØ© ب٠ختÙ٠اÙجÙاÙب اÙتارÙØ®ÙØ© ÙاÙجغراÙÙØ© ÙاÙبشرÙØ© ÙاÙØضارÙØ© ÙÙ٠غرب اÙاÙصÙ: بÙبÙÙÙغراÙÙا اÙاجزاء اÙاثÙ٠عشر اÙÙ ÙØ´Ùرة, 2000, Maá¹ÄbiÊ» SalÄ, 3749, 49744368, Teacher of Morocco: An Alphabetical Dictionary of the History, Geography, People, and Civilization of al-Maghreb al-Aqsa, Maghrebi script is a direct descendant of the old Kufic script that predated Ibn Muqla’s al-khat al-mansub ( proportioned line) standardization reforms, which affected Mashreqi scripts. The Arabic script in its Iraqi Kufic form spread from centers such as Fes, Cordoba, and Qairawan throughout the region along with Islam, as the Quran was studied and transcribed. Qayrawani Kufic script developed in al-Qayrawan from the Iraqi Kufic script.African and Andalusi scripts
File:Idrisids coin minted at Al Aliyah Morocco 840 CE.jpg|thumb|Iraqi Kufic script, as seen on this Idrisid dirhamIdrisid dirhamEarly on, there were two schools of Maghrebi script: the African script (, ) and the Andalusi script (, ). The African script evolved in Ifriqiya (Tunisia) from Iraqi Kufic by way of the Kufic of Qairawan. The Andalusi script evolved in Iberia from the Damascene Kufic script with the establishment of the second Umayyad state, which would become the Caliphate of Córdoba. The Andalusi script was particular for its rounded letters, as attested to in Al-Maqdisi’s geography book The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Regions. The African script had spread throughout the Maghreb before the spread of the Andalusi script. One of the most famous early users of the Arabic script was Salih ibn Tarif, the leader of the Barghawata Confederacy and the author of a religious text known as the Quran of Salih.WEB, ar:دÙÙØ© برغÙاطة Ù٠اÙ٠غرب... ÙراطÙØ© ÙÙار Ø£Ù Ø«Ùار ÙبØØ«Ù٠ع٠اÙعداÙØ©Ø, Dawlat Barghawata fi al-Maghrib... Haratiqat kufÄr ʾam thuÄr yab·hathun Ê¿an al-Ê¿adatat?,raseef22.com/article/168952-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D9%85, ar, The Barghawata state in Morocco...heretical kafirs or revolutionaries searching for justice?, 2018-11-12, Rasif 22, 2020-05-22, Yusri, Muhammad, In (, ‘the Far West’, Morocco), the script developed independently from the Kufic of the Maghrawa and Bani Ifran under the Idrisid dynasty (788â974); it gained Mashreqi features under the Imam Idris I, who came from Arabia. The script under the Idrisids was basic and unembellished; it was influenced by Iraqi Kufic, which was used on the Idrisid dirham.Imperial patronage
Almoravid
File:Coin of Almoravid ruler Ali ibn Yusuf, struck at the Isbiliya (Seville) mint.jpg|thumb|An Almoravid dinar minted under Ali ibn YusufAli ibn YusufUnder the Almoravid dynasty, the Andalusi script spread throughout the Maghreb, reaching Qairawan; the JerÄ«d region, however, kept the African script. A version of Kufic with florid features developed at this time.WEB, Qantara - The Almoravid dynasty (1056-1147),www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=595&lang=en, www.qantara-med.org, 2020-05-24, The University of al-Qarawiyyin, the Almoravid Qubba, and the Almoravid Minbar bear examples of Almoravid Kufic.BOOK, Bloom, Jonathan M.,books.google.com/books?id=zoFNHQAACAAJ, The Minbar from the Kutubiyya Mosque, Toufiq, Ahmed, March 1998, Yale University Press, 978-0-300-08637-9, en, BOOK, Abu Zayd, Muhammad Omar, ar, The principles of the Maghrebi Kufic script from the Almoravid era, ٠بادئ اÙخط اÙÙÙÙ٠اÙ٠غرب٠٠٠اÙعÙد اÙ٠رابطÙ, Kuwait Center for the Islamic Arts, 2017, Kuwait, The Kufic script of the Almoravid dinar was imitated in a maravedà issued by Alfonso VIII of Castile.WEB, CNG: Feature Auction CNG 70. SPAIN, Castile. Alfonso VIII. 1158-1214. AV Maravedi Alfonsi-Dobla (3.86 g, 4h). Toledo (Tulaitula) mint. Dated Safar era 1229 (1191 AD).,www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=70642, 2020-05-30, www.cngcoins.com, WEB, Coin - Portugal,www.britannica.com/topic/coin, 2020-05-30, Encyclopedia Britannica, en, The minbar of the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque, created in 1144, was the “last major testament of Almoravid patronage,” and features what is now called Maghrebi thuluth, an interpretation of Eastern thuluth and diwani traditions.VIDEO,www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=797&v=wWhtM9RzLJY&feature=emb_logo, The Ideological Power of Some Almohad Illuminated Manuscripts, Feb 8, 2018, Bongianino, Umberto, Lecture, en,Almohad
File:Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png|thumb|Almohad dirham minted in curvilinear Maghrebi thuluth script under Abu Yaqub YusufAbu Yaqub Yusuf{{Multiple image| align = | direction = vertical| total_width = | image1 = Ùتاب Ù Øاذ٠اÙÙ Ùطأ.png| alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = Ùتاب Ù Øاذ٠اÙÙ Ùطأ 02.png| caption2 = | footer = Illuminated parchment manuscript of Ibn Tumart’s Counterpart of the Muwatta (Ù Øاذ٠اÙÙ Ùطأ) copied for the Almohad sultan Yaqub al-Mansur around 1193. The script is Maghrebi thuluth in gold with lapis lazuli vocalization.}}Under the Almohad dynasty, Arabic calligraphy continued to flourish and a variety of distinct styles developed. The Almohad caliphs, many of whom were themselves interested in Arabic script, sponsored professional calligraphers, inviting Andalusi scribes and calligraphers to settle in Marrakesh, Fes, Ceuta, and Rabat. The Almohad caliph Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada established the first public manuscript transcription center at the madrasa of his mosque in Marrakesh (now the Ben Youssef Madrasa).WEB, اÙ٠دارس اÙ٠رÙÙÙØ©: بÙ٠رغبة اÙ٠خز٠Ù٠عارضة اÙÙÙÙاء,zamane.ma/ar/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%b1%d8%ba%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ae%d8%b2%d9%86-%d9%88%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7/, 2015-04-03, Zamane, ar, 2020-05-22, The Marinid Schools: Between the Desire for Preservation and the Opposition of the Judges, The Maghrebi thuluth script was appropriated and adopted as an official “dynastic brand” used in different media, from manuscripts to coinage to fabrics. The Almohads also illuminated certain words or phrases for emphasis with gold leaf and lapis lazuli.For centuries, the Maghrebi script was used to write Arabic manuscripts that were traded throughout the Maghreb.BOOK, Krätli, Graziano,books.google.com/books?id=lhyX6Dp8pnMC&q=sijilmasi+script&pg=PA418, The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa, Lydon, Ghislaine, 2011, BRILL, 978-90-04-18742-9, en, According to {{Interlanguage link|Muhammad al-Manuni|lt=|ar|Ù Ø٠د اÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ|WD=}}, there were 104 paper mills in Fes under the reign of Yusuf Ibn Tashfin in the 11th century, and 400 under the reign of Sultan Yaqub al-Mansur in the 12th century.BOOK, Sijelmassi, Mohamed,books.google.com/books?id=HzepO2Z_i4wC&q=manouni+morocco+manuscripts&pg=PA36, Enluminures: Des Manuscripts Royaux au Maroc, 1987, ACR, 978-2-86770-025-5, fr, Royal Illuminated Manuscripts of Morocco,Nasrid
File:Arabic_scripts_Alhambra.jpg|thumb|Different scripts at the Alhambra built in the Emirate of GranadaEmirate of GranadaIn the Emirate of Granada under the Nasrid dynasty, and particularly under Yusuf I and Muhammad V, Arabic epigraphy further developed.BOOK, Jayyusi, Salma Khadra,books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&pg=PA667, The Legacy of Muslim Spain, MarÃn, Manuela, 1992, BRILL, 978-90-04-09599-1, en, Kufic inscriptions developed extended vertical strokes forming ribbon-like decorative knots. Kufic script also had “an enormous influence on the decorative and graphic aspects of Christian art.“{{multiple image| align = center| total_width = 700| image1 = خط Ø£ÙدÙس٠٠شب٠بÙÙاء اÙرÙØا٠بÙصر اÙØ٠راء 1.jpgCourt of the Myrtles: what Muhammad Kurd Ali described as Andalusi mushabbak (sinuous) script (), or what Western sources refer to as Nasrid cursive.Ù Ø٠د Ùرد عÙÙ, Ù Ø٠د ب٠عبد اÙرزا٠ب٠٠Ø٠د | LANGUAGE=AR | DATE=2011 | ISBN=978-977-6305-97-7, 1044625566, | direction = | image3 = | alt3 = | AljamiadoFile:Woodcut Arabic alphabet of Pedro de Alcalá, printed 1505.png|thumb|Maghrebi letters appeared in the first known Arabic alphabet to have been printed, in a 1505 book of the Spanish lexicographer Pedro de AlcaláPedro de AlcaláIn Iberia, the Arabic script was used to write Romance languages such as Mozarabic, Portuguese, Spanish or Ladino.BOOK, Ribera, Julian,books.google.com/books?id=5Wr4ugEACAAJ&q=aljamiado+ribera+sanchez, Colección de Textos Aljamiados, Publicada Por Pablo Gil, Julián Ribera y Mariano Sanchez, Gil, Pablo, Sanchez, Mariano, August 2018, Creative Media Partners, LLC, 978-0-274-51465-6, es, This writing system was referred to as Aljamiado, from Ê¿ajamiyah ().Chejne, A.G. (1993): Historia de España musulmana. Editorial Cátedra. Madrid, Spain. Published originally as: Chejne, A.G. (1974): Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis, USAFesi Andalusi script{{Multiple image| align = | direction = vertical| total_width = | image1 = Arabic Calligraphy (4782242612).jpg| alt1 = | caption1 = Maghrebi script at the Bou Inania Madrasa.| image2 = Arabic Calligraphy (4783714452).jpg| caption2 = Foliate Marinid Kufic at Al-Attarine Madrasa.}}Waves of migration from Iberia throughout the history of al-Andalus impacted writing styles in North Africa. Ibn Khaldun noted that the Andalusi script further developed under the Marinid dynasty (1244â1465), when Fes received Andalusi refugees. In addition to Fes, the script flourished in cities such as Ceuta, Taza, Meknes, Salé, and Marrakesh, although the script experienced a regression in rural areas far from the centers of power. The Fesi script spread throughout much of the Islamic west. {{Interlanguage link|Octave Houdas|lt=|fr||WD=}} gives the exception of the region around Algiers, which was more influenced by the African script of Tunisia. {{Interlanguage link|Muhammad al-Manuni|lt=|ar|Ù Ø٠د اÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ|WD=}} noted that Maghrebi script essentially reached its final form during the Marinid period, as it became independent of the Andalusi script. There were three forms of Maghrebi script in use: one in urban centers such as those previously mentioned, one in rural areas used to write in both Arabic and Amazigh, and one that preserved Andalusi features. Maghrebi script was also divided into different varieties: Kufic, mabsÅ«t, mujawhar, Maghrebi thuluth, and musnad (z’mami).Saadi reformsThe reforms in the Saadi period (1549â1659) affected manuscript culture and calligraphy. The Saadis founded centers for learning calligraphy, including the madrasa of the Mouassine Mosque, which was directed by a dedicated calligrapher as was the custom in the . Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur himself was proficient in Maghrebi thuluth, and even invented a secret script for his private correspondences. Decorative scripts flourished under the Saadi dynasty and were used in architecture, manuscripts, and coinage.Alawi era{{Multiple image| align = | direction = | total_width = 400| image1 = ÙØ«ÙÙØ© اتÙاÙÙØ© اÙسÙا٠.jpg| alt1 = | caption1 = A 1682 peace treaty signed with the Dutch Republic under Sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif.| image2 = Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship 01.jpg| caption2 = The 1787 Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship created under Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah.}}File:Muhammad Awzal Al Hawd.jpg|thumb|18th-century manuscript of Mohammed Awzal’s al-Ḥawá¸, containing text in Tashelhit written in Maghrebi script.]]Maghrebi script was supported by the 17th-century Alawite sultans Al-Rashid and Ismail. Under the reign of Sultan Muhammad III, the script devolved into an unrefined, illegible badawi script () associated with rural areas.BOOK, اÙخطاط, خاÙد Ù Ø٠د اÙ٠صرÙ,books.google.com/books?id=ALxsDwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%22&pg=PA190, ٠رجع اÙØ·Ùاب Ù٠اÙخط اÙعربÙ, 2014-01-01, Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار اÙÙتب اÙعÙÙ ÙØ©, 978-2-7451-3523-0, ar, Under Sultan Suleiman, the script improved in urban areas and particularly in the capital Meknes. Meanwhile, Rabat and Salé preserved some features of Andalusi script, and some rural areas such as DukÄla, Beni Zied, and al-Akhmas excelled in the Maghrebi script.The script quality then regressed again, which led Ahmed ibn Qassim ar-RifÄ’Ä« ar-RibÄtÄ« to start a script reform and standardization movement as Ibn Muqla and Ibn al-Bawwab had done in the Mashriq. He authored Stringing the Pearls of the Thread (), a book in the form of an urjuza on the rules of Maghrebi script.BOOK, اÙخطاط, خاÙد Ù Ø٠د اÙ٠صرÙ,books.google.com/books?id=ALxsDwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A&pg=PA191, ٠رجع اÙØ·Ùاب Ù٠اÙخط اÙعربÙ, 2014-01-01, Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار اÙÙتب اÙعÙÙ ÙØ©, 978-2-7451-3523-0, ar, Muhammad Bin Al-Qasim al-Qundusi, active in Fes from 1828â1861, innovated a unique style known as al-Khatt al-Qundusi ().After {{Interlanguage link|Muhammad at-Tayib ar-Rudani|lt=|ar|Ù Ø٠د اب٠اÙØ·Ùب اÙرÙداÙÙ|WD=}} introduced the first Arabic lithographic printing press to Morocco in 1864, the mujawher variety of the Maghrebi script became the standard for printing body text, although other varieties were also used.Colonial period{{Multiple image| align = | direction = | total_width = 300| image1 = ÙÙرسة Ùتاب اÙأزÙار اÙعاطرة اÙØ£ÙÙاس بذÙر Ù Øاس٠Ùطب اÙ٠غرب Ùتاج ٠دÙÙØ© Ùاس.png| alt1 = | caption1 = Page of a lithographed book in mujawhar script, circa 1896.| image2 = Traité relatif à l’organisation du protectorat français dans l’empire chérifien TRA19120019 001 - France Maroc.pdf| caption2 = Arabic of the Treaty of Fes (right) written in a mujawhar style.}}The French Protectorate in Morocco represented a crisis for Maghrebi script, as Latin script became dominant in education and public life, and the Moroccan Nationalist Movement fought to preserve Maghrebi script in response. In 1949, Muhammad bin al-Hussein as-SÅ«sÄ« and Antonio GarcÃa Jaén published Ta’lÄ«m al-Khatt al-Maghrebi () a series of five booklets teaching Maghrebi script printed in Spain.WEB, Ùراءة ÙÙ Ùتاب “اÙخط اÙ٠غربٔ,www.emouaten.info/Ùراءة-ÙÙ-Ùتاب-اÙخط-اÙ٠غربÙ_a41454.html, اÙسعÙدÙ, اÙخبر-Ø£Ø٠د, Ø¥Ù Ùاط٠: رصد إخبارÙ, ar, 2020-05-24, WEB, اÙÙ Ùجز اÙØضار٠اÙ٠غرب٠Ù٠اÙخط اÙعربÙ,machahid24.com/etudes/77121.html, اÙعسرÙ, ÙتبÙ: ÙرÙÙ Ø© Ùاس٠, 2015-07-02, ٠شاÙد 24, ar, 2020-05-24, BOOK, GarcÃa Jaén, Antonio, Tariq ta’lim al-jatt, Al-Susi, Muhammad Ibn al-Husayn, Marruecos (Protectorado Español), Delegación de Educación y Cultura, 1949, Niyaba al-Tarbiya wa-l-Taqafa, Tetuán, 431924417, File:Charles Noguès in Es-Saada November 12, 1942.jpg|thumb|In this edition of es-Saada from 1942, the Maghrebi Ú¢ appears in the headline but the Mashreqi Ù is used in the body textbody textAdditionally, books from the Mashreq printed in naskh scripts were imported for use in schools and universities, and handwriting began to be taught with mashreqi letter forms.Post-independenceIn the period after independence, there were a number of initiatives to modernize Arabic script to suit the typewriter, prominent among which was that of the Moroccan linguist {{Interlanguage link|Ahmed al-Akhdar al-Ghazal|ar|Ø£Ø٠د اÙأخضر غزاÙ}} of the Institute for Studies and Research on Arabization: Standard Arabic Script ().BOOK, AfÄ, Ê»Umar, al-Khaá¹á¹ al-MaghribÄ«: tÄrÄ«kh wa-wÄqiÊ» wa-ÄfÄq, اÙØ§Ø Ø¹Ù Ø±., 2007, WizÄrat al-AwqÄf wa-al-Shuʼūn al-IslÄmÄ«yah, Muḥammad MaghrÄwÄ«, ٠غراÙÙØ Ù Ø٠د., 978-9981-59-129-5, al-ṬabÊ»ah 1, al-DÄr al-Bayá¸Äʼ, 191880956,RecentlyIn 2007, Muḥammad al-MaghrÄwÄ« and {{Interlanguage link|Omar Afa|lt=|ar|ع٠ر Ø£Ùا|WD=}} cowrote (Maghrebi Script: History, Present, and Horizons) ().JOURNAL, Nobili, Mauro, Arabic Scripts in West African Manuscripts: A Tentative Classification from the de Gironcourt Collection, 2011-06-03,brill.com/view/journals/iafr/2/1/article-p105_6.xml, Islamic Africa, en, 2, 1, 105â133, 10.5192/215409930201105, 2154-0993, BOOK, اÙØ§Ø Ø¹Ù Ø±, اÙخط اÙ٠غربÙ: تارÙØ® ÙÙاÙع ÙØ¢ÙاÙ, ٠غراÙÙØ Ù Ø٠د, 2007, Ùزارة اÙØ£ÙÙا٠٠اÙشؤÙ٠اÙاسÙا٠ÙØ©Ø, 978-9981-59-129-5, اÙداراÙبÙضاء, ar, 191880956, The following year, the Muhammad VI Prize for the Art of Maghrebi Script, organized by the {{Interlanguage link|Moroccan Ministry of Islamic Affairs|lt=|ar|Ùزارة اÙØ£ÙÙا٠ÙاÙشؤÙ٠اÙإسÙا٠ÙØ© (اÙ٠غرب)|WD=}}, was announced.WEB, باÙÙÙدÙÙ.. اÙخط اÙعرب٠ببص٠ة ÙسائÙØ© ٠غربÙØ©.. رÙائع اÙ٠اض٠ÙاÙØاضر,www.aljazeera.net/news/women/2019/11/23/باÙÙÙدÙÙ-اÙخط-اÙعربÙ-ببص٠ة-ÙسائÙØ©, www.aljazeera.net, ar, 2020-05-27, WEB, اÙÙظا٠اÙÙاÙÙÙÙ Ùجائزة Ù Ø٠د اÙسادس ÙÙ٠اÙخط اÙ٠غرب٠-,www.lejuriste.ma/2016/09/27/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b2%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b3-%d9%84%d9%81/, 2016-09-27, lejuriste.ma, ar, 2020-05-27, In early 2020, the President of Tunisia, Kais Saied, garnered significant media attention for his handwritten official letters in the Maghrebi script.WEB,arabi21.com/story/1223125/ÙتبÙا-بخط-ÙدÙ-رساÙØ©-سعÙد-ÙÙج٠ÙÙ-تثÙر-Ù ÙاÙع-اÙتÙاصÙ-شاÙد, ÙتبÙا بخط ÙدÙ.. رساÙØ© سعÙÙد ÙÙج٠Ù٠تثÙر Ù ÙاÙع اÙتÙاص٠(شاÙد), 2019-11-16, عربÙ21, ar, 2020-01-03, WEB,www.alarabiya.net/ar/social-media/2019/11/16/باÙصÙر-رساÙØ©-Ù Ù-اÙرئÙس-اÙتÙÙسÙ-تشعÙ-Ù ÙاÙع-اÙتÙاصÙ.html, باÙصÙرة.. رساÙØ© ٠٠اÙرئÙس اÙتÙÙس٠تشع٠٠ÙاÙع اÙتÙاصÙ, Ùت, اÙعربÙØ©, 2019-11-16, اÙعربÙØ© Ùت, ar, 2020-01-03,VariationsIn the book al-Khat al-Maghrebi, five main subscripts of Maghrebi script are identified:BOOK, اÙخط اÙ٠غربÙ: تارÙØ® ÙÙاÙع ÙØ¢ÙاÙ, Ø£Ùا, ع٠ر, ٠طبعة اÙÙØ¬Ø§Ø - اÙجدÙدة, 2007, 978-9981-59-129-5, Jadida, Morocco,
West African Maghrebi scriptsFile:Quran 19th century Nigeria, Maghribi style, Boston Museum of Fine Arts.jpg|thumb|19th century Quran from northern Nigeria written in Kanawi-Barnawi style]]File:Surat al Mulk bu Omar bin Said (1770-1864).jpg|thumb|Surat Al-Mulk transcribed from memory in the United States in a rudimentary Fulani script by Omar ibn SaidOmar ibn SaidVarious West African Arabic scripts, also called Sudani scripts (in reference to Bilad as-Sudan), also fall under the category of Maghrebi scripts, including:
Contrast with Mashreqi scriptsFile:5r Ø´Ù٠اÙ٠ستÙا٠Ùسخة عث٠اÙÙØ© BNF arabe 6805.jpg|thumb|Maghrebi-Andalusi Arabic letterforms presented in a 1751 Ottoman copy of (Shawq al-Mustaham]].BOOK, Bongianino, Umberto,worldcat.org/oclc/1336504103, The manuscript tradition of the Islamic West : MaghribÄ« round scripts and the AndalusÄ« identity, 2022, 978-1-4744-9960-6, 1336504103, {{Rp|page=14}})One of the prominent ways Maghrebi scripts differ from scripts of the Arabic-speaking East is the dotting of the letters faa{{’}} () and qoph (). In eastern tradition, the faa{{’}} is represented by a circle with a dot above, while in Maghrebi scripts the dot goes below the circle ().WEB,www.alquds.co.uk/اÙخطاط-اÙ٠غربÙ-عبد-اÙعزÙز-٠جÙب-بÙÙ-اÙت/, اÙخطاط اÙ٠غرب٠عبد اÙعزÙز ٠جÙب بÙ٠اÙتÙÙÙد اÙخط٠ÙاÙترÙØ Ø§ÙØرÙÙÙ, 2018-11-16, Al-Quds, Arabic, al-Banduri, Muhammad, 2019-12-17, Moroccan calligrapher Abd al-Aziz Mujib: between calligraphic restriction and alphabetic staggering, In eastern scripts, the qoph is represented by a circle with two dots above it, whereas the Maghrebi qoph is a circle with just one dot above (), similar to the eastern faa{{’}}. In fact, concerns over the preservation of Maghrebi writing traditions played a part in the reservations of the Moroccan ulama’s against importing the printing press.WEB,alarab-co-uk.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/alarab.co.uk/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1?amp, Ù Ø٠د ب٠اÙØ·Ùب اÙرÙداÙÙ Ùاض ٠غ٠Ùر ÙÙدخ٠بÙاد٠عصر اÙتÙÙÙر, Al-Arab, Arabic, Muhammad ibn al-Tayyib al-Rudani: an obscure judge who brought his country into the age of enlightenment, 2020-01-03, Al-Wazani, Hassan, Additionally, Nico van den Boogert notes that in Maghrebi script:
GalleryFile:Folio Blue Quran Met 2004.88.jpg|Blue Qur’an, 9th to early 10th-century, from either al-Andalus or Tunisia.WEB,www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454662, www.metmuseum.org, Folio from the “Blue Qur’an”, 2020-09-09, File:Bifolium Mushal al-Hadina Quran Met 2007.191.jpg|The Zirid “Nurse’s Quran.” Qairawan, early 11th century.WEB, Islamic art from museums around the world,arab.news/ra27f, 2020-05-18, Arab News, en, 2020-05-18, WEB,www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/456074?pos=7, www.metmuseum.org, Bifolium from the “Nurse’s Qur’an” (Mushaf al-Hadina), 2020-09-09, File:٠صØ٠٠رابط٠أ٠٠ÙØد٠03.jpg|Almoravid-Almohad periodFile:Moroccan Qur’an Manuscript, c. 1300 02.jpg|Moroccan Quran from around 1300.WEB,www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454664?pos=4, www.metmuseum.org, Section from a Qur’an Manuscript, 2020-09-09, File:Folio Quran Met 42.63.jpg|Andalusi Quran, late 13thâearly 14th century.WEB,www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/453165, www.metmuseum.org, A Manuscript of Five Sections of a Qur’an, 2020-09-09, File:اÙ٠صØ٠اÙÙرد٠02.jpg|A page of the Pink Quran with illuminated diacritics. Al-Andalus 14th century.WEB,www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/751641?pos=5, www.metmuseum.org, Bifolium from the Andalusian Pink Qur’an, 2020-09-09, File:Page from Quran of Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II 1405.jpg|Hafsid Quran donated to the Kasbah Mosque by Caliph Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II in 1405.File:٠صØ٠٠غرب٠01.jpg|17th or 18th century Moroccan QuranFile:A Manuscript of Five Sections of a Qur’an MET sf1982-120-2-first.jpg|18th century Moroccan Quran.File:Al-Fatiha in the Sudani script (CBL Is 1598, f. 1b).jpg|Al-Fatiha in the Sudani script. North-west Africa, 19th century. Chester Beatty LibraryFile:٠صØ٠٠خطÙØ· باÙخط اÙ٠غرب٠اÙ٠بسÙØ· Ù¤.jpg|Quran in mabsÅ«t scriptSee alsoReferences
External links{{commons category|Maghrebi script}}
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