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List of English monarchs#House of Stuart (restored)
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{{Short description|English monarchs until 1707}}{{About|English monarchs until 1707|British monarchs since the Union of England and Scotland in 1707|List of British monarchs}}{{Redirect-distinguish|England Monarchs|London Monarchs{{!}}England Monarchs (American football)}}{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
| factoids | |
|---|---|
| Longest reigningHenry III of England>Henry III28 October 1216 – 16 November 1272| first_monarch = Alfred the Great | Anne, Queen of Great Britain>Anne | 886}} (late 9th century)| ended = 1 May 1707| residence = Court of St James's}}File:British kingdoms c 800.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A labelled map of Great Britain. Modern Britain is labelled Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex in red, Cornwall is labelled Dumnonia in grey; Wales is labelled Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed and Gwent in grey; southern Scotland is labelled Strathclyde and Dal Riata in grey; northern Scotland is labelled Fortriu in green.|Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. Listed in red are The Heptarchy, the collective name given to the seven main Anglo-Saxon petty kingdoms located in the southeastern two-thirds of the island that were unified to form the Kingdom of EnglandKingdom of EnglandThis list of kings and reigning queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, who initially ruled Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which later made up modern England. Alfred styled himself king of the Anglo-Saxons from about 886, and while he was not the first king to claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the start of the first unbroken line of kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex.BOOK, Ashley, Mike, A Brief History of British Kings and Queens: British Royal History from Alfred the Great to the Present, 2003, Running Press, Arguments are made for a few different kings thought to have controlled enough Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to be deemed the first king of England. For example, Offa of Mercia and Egbert of Wessex are sometimes described as kings of England by popular writers, but it is no longer the majority view of historians that their wide dominions are part of a process leading to a unified England. Historian Simon Keynes states, for example, that "Offa was driven by a lust for power, not a vision of English unity; and what he left was a reputation, not a legacy."ENCYCLOPEDIA, Offa, The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, Keynes, Simon, 1999, Simon Keynes, Lapidge, Michael, Michael Lapidge, 340, 978-0-631-22492-1, This refers to a period in the late 8th century when Offa achieved a dominance over many of the kingdoms of southern England, but this did not survive his death in 796.{{Sfn|Fryde|1996|page=25}}BOOK, Keynes, Simon, The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, 2001, Lapidge, Michael, 514, Rulers of the English, c 450–1066, Likewise, in 829 Egbert of Wessex conquered Mercia, but he soon lost control of it.It was not until the late 9th century that one kingdom, Wessex, had become the dominant Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Its king, Alfred the Great, was overlord of western Mercia and used the title King of the Angles and Saxons, but he never ruled eastern and northern England, which was then known as the Danelaw, having earlier been conquered by the Danes from southern Scandinavia. His son Edward the Elder conquered the eastern Danelaw, but Edward's son Æthelstan became the first king to rule the whole of England when he conquered Northumbria in 927, and he is regarded by some modern historians as the first true king of England.{{Sfn|Fryde|1996|page=25}} The title "King of the English" or in Latin, was first used to describe Æthelstan in one of his charters in 928. The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until John was "King of the English". In 1016 Cnut the Great, a Dane, was the first to call himself "King of England". In the Norman period "King of the English" remained standard, with occasional use of "King of England" or . From John's reign onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of "King" or "Queen of England".The Principality of Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, and in 1301 King Edward I invested his eldest son, the future King Edward II, as Prince of Wales. Since that time, the eldest sons of all English monarchs, except for King Edward III,{{Efn|Edward III became king at age 14.}} have borne this title.After the death of Queen Elizabeth I without issue in 1603, her cousin King James VI of Scotland inherited the English crown as James I of England, joining the crowns of England and Scotland in personal union. By royal proclamation, James styled himself "King of Great Britain", but no such kingdom was actually created until 1707, when England and Scotland united during the reign of Queen Anne to form the new Kingdom of Great Britain, with a single British parliament sitting at Westminster. This marked the end of the Kingdom of England as a sovereign state.House of Wessex (886–1013){{For|earlier monarchs of Wessex|List of monarchs of Wessex}}{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}} | |||||||||||||
| Alfred the Great>AlfredPRATT >FIRST=DAVID | DATE=2007 | ISBN=978-0-521-80350-2 | VOLUME=67 | URL-STATUS=DEAD | ARCHIVE-DATE=6 FEBRUARY 2015 | WEBSITE=BRITROYALS.COM, ; 2016-01-12 >TITLE=ALFRED 'THE GREAT' (R. 871–899) | URL-STATUS=LIVE | ARCHIVE-DATE=1 OCTOBER 2017 | WEBSITE=ROYAL.GOV.UK, Alfred the Great{{Small | 886}}–26 October 899(13 years) | 100px) | Æthelwulf>Æthelwulf of Wessexand Osburh | Ealhswith>Ealhswith of Gainsborough8685 children| 26 October 899Aged about 50 | Æthelwulf>Æthelwulf of WessexTreaty of Wedmore | |
| Edward the Elder2016-01-12 | URL=HTTPS://WWW.ROYAL.UK/EDWARD-ELDER-R-899-924 | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20180125015916/HTTPS://WWW.ROYAL.UK/EDWARD-ELDER-R-899-924 | ACCESS-DATE=16 JANUARY 2018 | 26 October 899 | duration=yes}})'' | 100px) | 874}}Son of Alfredand Ealhswith | (1)}} Ecgwynn{{Circa | (2)}} Ælfflæd (wife of Edward the Elder) | {{Circa>900}}8 children{{Gray | Eadgifu of Kent{{Circa>919}}4 children| 17 July 924Aged about 50 | Alfred the Great>Alfred |
Disputed claimant
There is some evidence that Ælfweard of Wessex may have been king in 924, between his father Edward the Elder and his brother Æthelstan, although he was not crowned. A 12th-century list of kings gives him a reign length of four weeks, though one manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says he died only 16 days after his father.BOOK, Yorke, Barbara, Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence, 1988, Woodbridge, 71, Barbara Yorke, However, the fact that he ruled is not accepted by all historians. Also, it is unclear whether—if Ælfweard was declared king—it was over the whole kingdom or of Wessex only. One interpretation of the ambiguous evidence is that when Edward died, Ælfweard was declared king in Wessex and Æthelstan in Mercia.BOOK, Keynes, Simon, The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, 2001, Lapidge, Michael, 514, Rulers of the English, c 450–1066, {{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}House of Denmark (1013–1014)
England came under the control of Sweyn Forkbeard, a Danish king, after an invasion in 1013, during which Æthelred abandoned the throne and went into exile in Normandy.{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}House of Wessex (restored, first time) (1014–1016)
Following the death of Sweyn Forkbeard, Æthelred the Unready returned from exile and was again proclaimed king on 3 February 1014. His son succeeded him after being chosen king by the citizens of London and a part of the Witan, despite ongoing Danish efforts to wrest the crown from the West Saxons.{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}House of Denmark (restored) (1016–1042)
Following the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016, King Edmund signed a treaty with Cnut (Canute) under which all of England except for Wessex would be controlled by Cnut.WEB, Edmund II (king of England),weblink live,weblink 22 November 2010, 25 March 2010, Encyclopedia Britannica, Upon Edmund's death just over a month later on 30 November, Cnut ruled the whole kingdom as its sole king for nineteen years.{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}House of Wessex (restored, second time) (1042–1066)
After Harthacnut, there was a Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066.{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}House of Godwin (1066)
{{Nobility table header|extra column= Claim}}Disputed claimant (House of Wessex)
After King Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings, the Witan elected Edgar Ætheling as king, but by then the Normans controlled the country and Edgar never ruled. He submitted to King William the Conqueror.{{Nobility table header|extra column= Claim}}House of Normandy (1066–1135)
In 1066, several rival claimants to the English throne emerged. Among them were Harold Godwinson (recognised as king by the Witenagemot after the death of Edward the Confessor), Harald Hardrada (King of Norway who claimed to be the rightful heir of Harthacnut) and Duke William II of Normandy (vassal to the King of France, and first cousin once-removed of Edward the Confessor). Harald and William both invaded separately in 1066. Godwinson successfully repelled the invasion by Hardrada, but ultimately lost the throne of England in the Norman conquest of England.After the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, William the Conqueror made permanent the recent removal of the capital from Winchester to London. Following the death of Harold Godwinson at Hastings, the Anglo-Saxon Witenagemot elected as king Edgar Ætheling, the son of Edward the Exile and grandson of Edmund Ironside. The young monarch was unable to resist the invaders and was never crowned. William was crowned King William I of England on Christmas Day 1066, in Westminster Abbey, and is today known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard or William I.{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}House of Blois (1135–1154)
Henry I left no legitimate male heirs, his son William Adelin having died in the White Ship disaster of 1120. This ended the direct Norman line of kings in England. Henry named his eldest daughter, Matilda (Countess of Anjou by her second marriage to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, as well as widow of her first husband, Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor), as his heir. Before naming Matilda as heir, he had been in negotiations to name his nephew Stephen of Blois as his heir. When Henry died, Stephen travelled to England, and in a coup d'etat had himself crowned instead of Matilda. The period which followed is known as The Anarchy, as parties supporting each side fought in open warfare both in Britain and on the continent for the better part of two decades.{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}Disputed claimants
Matilda was declared heir presumptive by her father, Henry I, after the death of her brother on the White Ship, and acknowledged as such by the barons. Upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's cousin, Stephen of Blois. During the ensuing Anarchy, Matilda controlled England for a few months in 1141. She was the first woman to do so, but was never crowned and is rarely listed as a monarch of England.{{Efn|Matilda is not listed as a monarch of England in many genealogies within texts, including BOOK, Carpenter, David, A Struggle for Mastery, 2003, 533, ; BOOK, Warren, W.L.,weblink Henry II, 1973, Berkeley, 9780520022829, 176, registration, ; and BOOK, Gillingham, John, The Angevin Empire, 1984, x, .}}{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim}}House of Plantagenet (1154–1485)
The House of Plantagenet takes its name from Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, husband of Empress Matilda and father of Henry II. The name Plantagenet itself was unknown as a family name per se until Richard of York adopted it as his family name in the 15th century. It has since been retroactively applied to English monarchs from Henry II onward. It is common among modern historians to refer to Henry II and his sons as the "Angevins" due to their vast continental empire, and most of the Angevin kings before John spent more time in their continental possessions than in England.Angevin kings of England
King Stephen came to an agreement with Matilda in November 1153 with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford, in which Stephen recognised Henry, son of Matilda and her second husband Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, as the designated heir. The royal house descended from Matilda and Geoffrey is widely known by two names, the House of Anjou (after Geoffrey's title as Count of Anjou) or the House of Plantagenet, after his sobriquet. Some historians prefer to group the subsequent kings into two groups, before and after the loss of the bulk of their French possessions, although they are not different royal houses.The Angevins (from the French term meaning "from Anjou") ruled over the Angevin Empire during the 12th and 13th centuries, an area stretching from the Pyrenees to Ireland. They did not regard England as their primary home until most of their continental domains were lost by King John. The direct, eldest male line from Henry II includes monarchs commonly grouped together as the House of Plantagenet, which was the name given to the dynasty after the loss of most of their continental possessions, while cadet branches of this line became known as the House of Lancaster and the House of York during the War of the Roses.The Angevins formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without representation of Ireland for quite some time. Dieu et mon droit was first used as a battle cry by Richard I in 1198 at the Battle of Gisors, when he defeated the forces of Philip II of France.BOOK, Norris, Herbert, Medieval Costume and Fashion, 1999, Courier Dover Publications, 978-0-486-40486-8, illustrated, reprint, 312, It has generally been used as the motto of English monarchs since being adopted by Edward III.BOOK, Pine, Leslie Gilbert, A Dictionary of mottoes, 1983, Routledge, 978-0-7100-9339-4, 53, {{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}Disputed claimant (House of Capet)
The future Louis VIII of France briefly won two-thirds of England over to his side from May 1216 to September 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons' War against King John. The then-Prince Louis landed on the Isle of Thanet, off the north Kent coast, on 21 May 1216, and marched more or less unopposed to London, where the streets were lined with cheering crowds. At a grand ceremony in St. Paul's Cathedral, on 2 June 1216, in the presence of numerous English clergy and nobles, the Mayor of London and Alexander II of Scotland, Prince Louis was proclaimed King Louis of England (though not crowned). In less than a month, "King Louis" controlled more than half of the country and enjoyed the support of two-thirds of the barons. However, he suffered military defeat at the hands of the English fleet. By signing the Treaty of Lambeth in September 1217, Louis gained 10,000 marks and agreed he had never been the legitimate king of England.WEB, England: Louis of France's Claim to the Throne of England: 1216–1217,weblink 30 May 2012, Archontology.org, "King Louis" remains one of the least known kings to have ruled over a substantial part of England."The Only Two Louis in British History". TheCrownChronicles.co.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2018.{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}Main line of Plantagenets
It is from the time of Henry III, after the loss of most of the family's continental possessions, that the Plantagenet kings became more English in nature. The Houses of Lancaster and York are cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet.{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}House of Lancaster
This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt. Henry IV seized power from Richard II (and also displaced the next in line to the throne, Edmund Mortimer (then aged 7), a descendant of Edward III's second son, Lionel of Antwerp).{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}House of York
The House of York claimed the right to the throne through Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp, but it inherited its name from Edward's fourth surviving son, Edmund of Langley, first Duke of York.The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) saw the throne pass back and forth between the rival houses of Lancaster and York.{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}House of Lancaster (restored)
{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}House of York (restored)
{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}House of Tudor (1485–1603)
The Tudors descended in the female line from John Beaufort, one of the illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (third surviving son of Edward III), by Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford. Those descended from English monarchs only through an illegitimate child would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year.Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 19–20. Parliament did the same in an Act in 1397.Chris Skidmore, The Rise of the Tudors: The Family That Changed English History, (St.Martin's Press, 2013), 22. A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV, also recognised the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible ever to inherit the throne.DNBSUPP, Pollard, Albert Frederick, Beaufort, John (1373?-1410), 1, 158, Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal House of Lancaster.John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort was married to Edmund Tudor. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tudur (anglicised to Owen Tudor) and Catherine of Valois, the widow of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed.By the late 15th century, the Tudors were the last hope for the Lancaster supporters. Edmund Tudor's son became king as Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, winning the Wars of the Roses. King Henry married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, thereby uniting the Lancastrian and York lineages. (See family tree.){{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}Disputed claimant
Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir in his will, overruling the order of succession laid down by Parliament in the Third Succession Act. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queen—the first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant. Nine days after the proclamation, on 19 July, the Privy Council switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Mary queen. Jane was later executed for treason.{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}House of Stuart (1603–1649)
Elizabeth's cousin, King James VI of Scotland, succeeded to the English throne as James I in the Union of the Crowns. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII and wife of James IV of Scotland. In 1604, he adopted the title King of Great Britain. However, the two parliaments remained separate until the Acts of Union 1707.WIKISOURCE, Act of Union 1707, {{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}First Interregnum (1649–1660)
No monarch reigned after the 1649 execution of Charles I. Between 1649 and 1653, there was no single English head of state, as England was ruled directly by the Rump Parliament with the English Council of State acting as executive power during a period known as the Commonwealth of England.After a coup d'etat in 1653, Oliver Cromwell forcibly took control of England from Parliament. He dissolved the Rump Parliament at the head of a military force and England entered The Protectorate period, under Cromwell's direct control with the title Lord Protector.It was within the power of the Lord Protector to choose his heir and Oliver Cromwell chose his eldest son, Richard Cromwell, to succeed him.{{Nobility table header|arms=yes}}House of Stuart (restored) (1660–1707)
The Monarchy was restored under the rule of Charles II.{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}Second Interregnum 1688–1689
James II was ousted by Parliament less than four years after ascending to the throne, beginning the century's second interregnum. To settle the question of who should replace the deposed monarch, a Convention Parliament elected James' daughter Mary II and her husband (also his nephew) William III co-regents, in the Glorious Revolution.Houses of Stuart and Orange
{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}Acts of Union
The Acts of Union 1707 were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into effect the Treaty of Union agreed on 22 July 1706. The acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate sovereign states, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch) into the Kingdom of Great Britain.WEB, Welcome,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081015044930weblink">weblink 15 October 2008, 7 October 2008, parliament.uk, England, Scotland, and Ireland had shared a monarch for more than a hundred years, since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English and Irish thrones from his first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I. Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two separate crowns resting on the same head.There had been attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689, to unite England and Scotland by Acts of Parliament but it was not until the early 18th century that the idea had the support of both political establishments behind it, albeit for rather different reasons.Timeline
{| class="wikitable"! Timeline of English monarchs
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id:no value:red legend:House_of_Normandy
id:bl value:skyblue legend:House_of_Blois
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id:ca value:rgb(0,0,0.5) legend:House_of_Capet
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id:yo value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9) legend:House_of_York
id:tu value:rgb(1,0.5,0.5) legend:House_of_Tudor
id:ha value:rgb(0.95,0.8,0.1) legend:House_of_Habsburg
id:gr value:rgb(0.5,0.5,0.5) legend:House_of_Grey
id:st value:green legend:House_of_Stuart
id:cw value:rgb(0.85,0.85,0.85) legend:Commonwealth
id:or value:orange legend:House_of_Orange-Nassau
id:eon value:black
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id:we value:oceanblue legend:House_of_Wessex
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id:no value:red legend:House_of_Normandy
id:bl value:skyblue legend:House_of_Blois
id:pl value:rgb(0.95,0.18,0.18) legend:House_of_Plantagenet
id:ca value:rgb(0,0,0.5) legend:House_of_Capet
id:la value:rgb(0.95,0.36,0.36) legend:House_of_Lancaster
id:yo value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9) legend:House_of_York
id:tu value:rgb(1,0.5,0.5) legend:House_of_Tudor
id:ha value:rgb(0.95,0.8,0.1) legend:House_of_Habsburg
id:gr value:rgb(0.5,0.5,0.5) legend:House_of_Grey
id:st value:green legend:House_of_Stuart
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bar:EdElder
bar:Elfweard
bar:Ethelstan
bar:Edmund
bar:Edred
bar:Edwig
bar:Edgar
bar:EdMartyr
bar:Ethelred
bar:Sweyn
bar:EdmundIronside
bar:Cnut
bar:HaroldHarefoot
bar:Harthacnut
bar:EdwardConfessor
bar:HaroldGodwinson
bar:EdgarAetheling
bar:WillI
bar:WillII
bar:HenryI
bar:Stephen
bar:Matilda
bar:Eustace
bar:HenryII
bar:HenryYoungKing
bar:RichI
bar:John
bar:Louis
bar:HenryIII
bar:EdI
bar:EdII
bar:EdIII
bar:RichII
bar:HenryIV
bar:HenryV
bar:HenryVI
bar:EdIV
bar:EdV
bar:RichIII
bar:HenryVII
bar:HenryVIII
bar:EdVI
bar:Jane
bar:MaryI
bar:Phil
bar:LizI
bar:JamesVI
bar:CharlesI
bar:Ollie
bar:RichCromwell
bar:CharlesII
bar:JamesVII
bar:MaryII
bar:WillIII
bar:Anne
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bar:EdElder
bar:Elfweard
bar:Ethelstan
bar:Edmund
bar:Edred
bar:Edwig
bar:Edgar
bar:EdMartyr
bar:Ethelred
bar:Sweyn
bar:EdmundIronside
bar:Cnut
bar:HaroldHarefoot
bar:Harthacnut
bar:EdwardConfessor
bar:HaroldGodwinson
bar:EdgarAetheling
bar:WillI
bar:WillII
bar:HenryI
bar:Stephen
bar:Matilda
bar:Eustace
bar:HenryII
bar:HenryYoungKing
bar:RichI
bar:John
bar:Louis
bar:HenryIII
bar:EdI
bar:EdII
bar:EdIII
bar:RichII
bar:HenryIV
bar:HenryV
bar:HenryVI
bar:EdIV
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bar:LizI
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bar:Alfred
from:886 till: 899 color:we text:"Alfred the Great"
bar:EdElder
from:899 till: 924 color:we text:"Edward the Elder"
bar:Elfweard
from:924 till: 924 color:we text:"Ælfweard of Wessex (disputed)"
bar:Ethelstan
from:924 till: 939 color:we text:"Æthelstan"
bar:Edmund
from:939 till: 946 color:we text:"Edmund I"
bar:Edred
from:946 till: 955 color:we text:"Eadred"
bar:Edwig
from:955 till: 959 color:we text:"Eadwig"
bar:Edgar
from:959 till: 975 color:we text:"Edgar"
bar:EdMartyr
from:975 till: 978 color:we text:"Edward the Martyr"
bar:Ethelred
from:978 till: 1013 color:we
from:1014 till: 1016 color:we text:"Æthelred the Unready"
bar:Alfred
from:886 till: 899 color:we text:"Alfred the Great"
bar:EdElder
from:899 till: 924 color:we text:"Edward the Elder"
bar:Elfweard
from:924 till: 924 color:we text:"Ælfweard of Wessex (disputed)"
bar:Ethelstan
from:924 till: 939 color:we text:"Æthelstan"
bar:Edmund
from:939 till: 946 color:we text:"Edmund I"
bar:Edred
from:946 till: 955 color:we text:"Eadred"
bar:Edwig
from:955 till: 959 color:we text:"Eadwig"
bar:Edgar
from:959 till: 975 color:we text:"Edgar"
bar:EdMartyr
from:975 till: 978 color:we text:"Edward the Martyr"
bar:Ethelred
from:978 till: 1013 color:we
from:1014 till: 1016 color:we text:"Æthelred the Unready"
bar:Sweyn
from:1013 till: 1014 color:de text:"Sweyn Forkbeard"
from:1013 till: 1014 color:de text:"Sweyn Forkbeard"
bar:EdmundIronside
from:1016 till: 1016 color:we text:"Edmund Ironside"
from:1016 till: 1016 color:we text:"Edmund Ironside"
bar:Cnut
from:1016 till: 1035 color:de text:"Cnut the Great"
bar:HaroldHarefoot
from:1035 till: 1040 color:de text:"Harold Harefoot"
bar:Harthacnut
from:1040 till: 1042 color:de text:"Harthacnut"
from:1016 till: 1035 color:de text:"Cnut the Great"
bar:HaroldHarefoot
from:1035 till: 1040 color:de text:"Harold Harefoot"
bar:Harthacnut
from:1040 till: 1042 color:de text:"Harthacnut"
bar:EdwardConfessor
from:1042 till: 1066 color:we text:"Edward the Confessor"
bar:HaroldGodwinson
from:1066 till: 1066 color:we text:"Harold Godwinson"
bar:EdgarAetheling
from:1066 till: 1066 color:we text:"Edgar Ætheling (disputed)"
from:1042 till: 1066 color:we text:"Edward the Confessor"
bar:HaroldGodwinson
from:1066 till: 1066 color:we text:"Harold Godwinson"
bar:EdgarAetheling
from:1066 till: 1066 color:we text:"Edgar Ætheling (disputed)"
bar:WillI
from:1066 till: 1087 color:no text:"William I"
bar:WillII
from:1087 till: 1100 color:no text:"William II"
bar:HenryI
from:1100 till: 1135 color:no text:"Henry I"
from:1066 till: 1087 color:no text:"William I"
bar:WillII
from:1087 till: 1100 color:no text:"William II"
bar:HenryI
from:1100 till: 1135 color:no text:"Henry I"
bar:Stephen
from:1135 till: 1154 color:bl text:"Stephen"
from:1135 till: 1154 color:bl text:"Stephen"
bar:Matilda
from:1141 till: 1141 color:no text:"Matilda (disputed)"
from:1141 till: 1141 color:no text:"Matilda (disputed)"
bar:Eustace
from:1152 till: 1153 color:bl text:"Eustace (junior king, disputed)"
from:1152 till: 1153 color:bl text:"Eustace (junior king, disputed)"
bar:HenryII
from:1154 till: 1189 color:pl text:"Henry II"
bar:HenryYoungKing
from:1170 till: 1183 color:pl text:"Henry the Young King (junior king)"
bar:RichI
from:1189 till: 1199 color:pl text:"Richard I"
bar:John
from:1199 till: 1216 color:pl text:"John"
from:1154 till: 1189 color:pl text:"Henry II"
bar:HenryYoungKing
from:1170 till: 1183 color:pl text:"Henry the Young King (junior king)"
bar:RichI
from:1189 till: 1199 color:pl text:"Richard I"
bar:John
from:1199 till: 1216 color:pl text:"John"
bar:Louis
from:1216 till: 1217 color:ca text:"Louis (disputed)"
from:1216 till: 1217 color:ca text:"Louis (disputed)"
bar:HenryIII
from:1216 till: 1272 color:pl text:"Henry III"
bar:EdI
from:1272 till: 1307 color:pl text:"Edward I"
bar:EdII
from:1307 till: 1327 color:pl text:"Edward II"
bar:EdIII
from:1327 till: 1377 color:pl text:"Edward III"
bar:RichII
from:1377 till: 1399 color:pl text:"Richard II"
from:1216 till: 1272 color:pl text:"Henry III"
bar:EdI
from:1272 till: 1307 color:pl text:"Edward I"
bar:EdII
from:1307 till: 1327 color:pl text:"Edward II"
bar:EdIII
from:1327 till: 1377 color:pl text:"Edward III"
bar:RichII
from:1377 till: 1399 color:pl text:"Richard II"
bar:HenryIV
from:1399 till: 1413 color:la text:"Henry IV"
bar:HenryV
from:1413 till: 1422 color:la text:"Henry V"
bar:HenryVI
from:1422 till: 1461 color:la
from:1470 till: 1471 color:la text:"Henry VI"
from:1399 till: 1413 color:la text:"Henry IV"
bar:HenryV
from:1413 till: 1422 color:la text:"Henry V"
bar:HenryVI
from:1422 till: 1461 color:la
from:1470 till: 1471 color:la text:"Henry VI"
bar:EdIV
from:1461 till: 1470 color:yo
from:1471 till: 1483 color:yo mark:(line, white) text:"Edward IV"
bar:EdV
from:1483 till: 1483 color:yo text:"Edward V"
bar:RichIII
from:1483 till: 1485 color:yo text:"Richard III"
from:1461 till: 1470 color:yo
from:1471 till: 1483 color:yo mark:(line, white) text:"Edward IV"
bar:EdV
from:1483 till: 1483 color:yo text:"Edward V"
bar:RichIII
from:1483 till: 1485 color:yo text:"Richard III"
bar:HenryVII
from:1485 till: 1509 color:tu text:"Henry VII"
bar:HenryVIII
from:1509 till: 1547 color:tu text:"Henry VIII"
bar:EdVI
from:1547 till: 1553 color:tu text:"Edward VI"
bar:Jane
from:1553 till: 1553 color:gr text:"Jane Grey (disputed)"
bar:MaryI
from:1553 till: 1558 color:tu text:"Mary I"
bar:Phil
from:1554 till: 1558 color:ha text:"Philip"
bar:LizI
from:1558 till: 1603 color:tu text:"Elizabeth I"
from:1485 till: 1509 color:tu text:"Henry VII"
bar:HenryVIII
from:1509 till: 1547 color:tu text:"Henry VIII"
bar:EdVI
from:1547 till: 1553 color:tu text:"Edward VI"
bar:Jane
from:1553 till: 1553 color:gr text:"Jane Grey (disputed)"
bar:MaryI
from:1553 till: 1558 color:tu text:"Mary I"
bar:Phil
from:1554 till: 1558 color:ha text:"Philip"
bar:LizI
from:1558 till: 1603 color:tu text:"Elizabeth I"
bar:JamesVI
from:1603 till: 1625 color:st text:"James I"
bar:CharlesI
from:1625 till: 1649 color:st text:"Charles I"
from:1603 till: 1625 color:st text:"James I"
bar:CharlesI
from:1625 till: 1649 color:st text:"Charles I"
bar:Ollie
from:1653 till: 1658 color:cw text:"Oliver Cromwell"
bar:RichCromwell
from:1658 till: 1659 color:cw text:"Richard Cromwell"
from:1653 till: 1658 color:cw text:"Oliver Cromwell"
bar:RichCromwell
from:1658 till: 1659 color:cw text:"Richard Cromwell"
bar:CharlesII
from:1660 till: 1685 color:st text:"Charles II"
bar:JamesVII
from:1685 till: 1689 color:st text:"James II"
bar:MaryII
from:1689 till: 1694 color:st text:"Mary II"
bar:WillIII
from:1689 till: 1702 color:or text:"William III"
bar:Anne
from:1702 till: 1707 color:st text:"Anne"
}}from:1660 till: 1685 color:st text:"Charles II"
bar:JamesVII
from:1685 till: 1689 color:st text:"James II"
bar:MaryII
from:1689 till: 1694 color:st text:"Mary II"
bar:WillIII
from:1689 till: 1702 color:or text:"William III"
bar:Anne
from:1702 till: 1707 color:st text:"Anne"
Titles
The standard title for all monarchs from Æthelstan until the time of King John was ("King of the English"). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:- Æthelstan: ("King of the Whole of Britain")
- Edmund the Magnificent: ("King of Britain") and ("King of the English and of other peoples governor and director")
- Eadred: ("Reigning over the governments of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons, Northumbrians, Pagans, and British")
- Eadwig the Fair: ("King by the will of God, Emperor of the Anglo-Saxons and Northumbrians, governor of the pagans, commander of the British")
- Edgar the Peaceful: ("King of all Albion and its neighbouring realms")
- Cnut the Great: ("King of the English and of all the British sphere governor and ruler") and ("Monarch of all the English of Britain")
See also
{{Div col}}- Alternative successions of the English and British crown
- Bretwalda
- Demise of the Crown
- Heptarchy
- History of monarchy in the United Kingdom
- Succession to the British throne, a historical overview and current rules
- {{sectionlink|Succession to the British throne|Current line of succession}}, a list of people
- List of English royal consorts
- Family tree of English monarchs
- Family tree of British monarchs
- List of office holders of the United Kingdom and predecessor states
- Mnemonic verses of monarchs in England
- List of legendary kings of Britain
Explanatory notes
{{Notelist|30em}}Coronations
{{Notelist-lr|30em}}Burials
{{Notelist-lg|30em}}References
Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}Works cited
- BOOK, Handbook of British Chronology, Royal Historical Society, 1996, 978-0-521-56350-5, Fryde, Edmund B., Edmund Fryde, 3rd,
Further reading
- BOOK, Wood, Michael, In Search of the Dark Ages, In Search of the Dark Ages, BBC Books, 1981, 978-0-563-52276-8, 2005 Paperback, 106, Offa maintained his supremacy until his death. And he did so by personal charisma and energy even though he was now about sixty., Michael Wood (historian),
External links
{{Commons category|Monarchs of England}}- WEB, Archontology – English Kings/Queens from 871 to 1707,weblink archontology.org,
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