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Forest Stewardship Council
please note:
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{{Short description|Global forest certification system}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Purpose
The FSC's stated mission is to "promote environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world's forests".WEB,weblink Mission and Vision - Protecting forests for future generations, us.fsc.org, 2019-10-05, To this end, the body has published a global strategyWEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Global Strategy, Ic.fsc.org, 2013-01-15, with five goals:- Advancing globally responsible forest management.
- Ensure equitable access to the benefits of FSC systems.
- Ensure integrity, credibility and transparency of the FSC system.
- Create business value for products from FSC certified forests.
- Strengthen the global network to deliver on goals 1 through 4.
History
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, half of the world's forests have already been altered, degraded, destroyed or converted into other land uses.WEB,weblink UN FAO facts and figures, Fao.org, 2011-11-04, 2013-01-15, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081010175438weblink">weblink 10 October 2008, dmy-all, Many forests suffer from illegal exploitation and poor management. FSC was established as a response to these concerns over global deforestation.Tropical deforestation as a global concern rose to prominence in the 1980s and can be somewhat attributed to a fight for action by environmentalists and northern countries over the need to protect tropical woodland.BOOK, Humphreys, David, Forest politics: the evolution of international cooperation, Earthscan, London, 1996, 9781853833786, BOOK, Kirton, John, Trebilcock, Michael J., Hard choices, soft law: voluntary standards in global trade, environment, and social governance, Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England Brookfield, Vermont, USA, 2004, 9780754609667, Prior to this, a number of other economic and regulatory mechanisms such as financial aid, policy frameworks, and trade conventions were established in the fight against deforestation. These include the International Tropical Timber Agreement (1983), the Convention of International Trade on Endangered Species (1975) and the Global Environment Facility (1991). Despite the increased level of concern in the run-up to the 1992 Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, tensions between the North and the global South over access to finance and technology for the preservation of forests protracted negotiations.JOURNAL, Humphreys, David, The Politics of 'Avoided Deforestation': Historical Context and Contemporary Issues, International Forestry Review, 2008, 10, 3, 433â442, 10.1505/ifor.10.3.433, 154430556, Although many Northern countries had hoped for a legally binding convention the resulting Statement of Forest Principles represents the "mean position of the lowest common denominator" and is voluntary. Disappointed with the outcome of the Earth Summit, NGOs such as the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) began to turn their attention to industry for a more meaningful governance-orientated resolution to the problem of deforestation.BOOK, Murphy, D.F., Bendell, J, The Earthscan reader in Business and Sustainable Development, 2001, Earthscan, London, In the lead-up to the Earth Summit, social groups, NGOs, and industries were also beginning to consult on the issue of deforestation. In America, the consultation process that eventually led to the establishment of the FSC was initiated in 1990 and concluded in the confirmation of support for the development of a voluntary worldwide certification and accreditation governance system that would cover all forest types.WEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Our History, Ic.fsc.org, 2013-01-15, In the UK, NGO WWF began to facilitate action through the establishment of the 1995 Group, recruiting organizations that had been spurred on by instances of direct action and boycotting over the sale of tropical wood to form an NGO-business partnership. Through stakeholder involvement, it became apparent that a standard-setting body would be required to verify the source of wood products and define sustainable forest management. After 18 months of consultation in ten different countries, the Forest Stewardship Council was established in 1993.The failure of governments to reach any notable form of consensus in the form of an internationally reaching and legally binding agreement caused both disillusionment and an opportunity for change through the involvement of civil society and business actors to form "soft law". As such the establishment of the Forest Stewardship Council as the response to this disillusionment also represents a global shift from government to governance and its creation is a primary example of the use of market and economic factors to create movement on a global environmental issue.BOOK, Tollefson, Chris, Gale, Fred and Haley, David, Setting the Standard: Certification, Governance, and the Forest Stewardship Council, 2008, UBC, Vancouver, Although the FSC transcends national boundaries, the state continues to play a part in the regulatory landscape of the domestic forest, and as such the FSC must develop appropriate domestic governance to reflect this.Structure and governance
FSC is an international membership organization with a governance structure based on participation, democracy, equity and transparency.WEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Governance, Ic.fsc.org, 2013-01-15, It is a platform for forest owners, timber industries, social groups and environmental organizations to come together to find solutions to improve forest management practices. It is an example of a product-oriented multistakeholder governance group.It is governed by its members, who join either as individuals or as representatives of organizations; they come from diverse backgrounds including environmental NGOs, the timber trade, community forest groups and forest certification organizations. Members apply to join one of three chambers â environmental, social and economic; each chamber is divided into northern and southern sub-chambers and votes are weighted to ensure that north and south each have 50%; this system is designed to ensure that influence is shared equally between different interest groups, without having to limit the number of members.FSC has three levels of decision-making bodies: The General Assembly,WEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · General Assembly, Ic.fsc.org, 2011-07-01, 2013-01-15, the Board of DirectorsWEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Board of Directors, Ic.fsc.org, 2013-01-15, and the executive director.WEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Director General, Ic.fsc.org, 2013-01-15,- The General Assembly, which takes place every three years, is made up of the three membership chambers and is the highest decision-making body in FSC. The most recent General Assembly took place in 2014. Every member has the right to attend, formulate and submit motions, and vote. The General Assembly represents an opportunity for everybody to share, learn, establish new alliances and exchange and explore business opportunities to create a better future of the forests.
- The FSC Board of Directors is accountable to the FSC members. It is made up of nine elected individuals who are FSC members and advocates. One member of the board of directors is elected from each sub-chamber of the General Assembly.
- The Executive Director runs FSC on a day-to-day basis with the support of a multi-cultural professional team at the FSC International Center. He or she is accountable to the FSC Board of Directors.
Standards, certification and accreditation
Standards development
FSC is a global forest certification system established for forests and forest products. FSC International sets the framework for developing and maintaining international, national and sub-national standards. This is intended to ensure that the process for developing FSC policies and standards is transparent, independent and participatory. A number of alternative national and regional forest certification bodies also exist around the globe. From the perspective of the WWF, this voluntary mechanism can be regarded as one of the more interesting initiatives of the last decade to promote better forest management.WEB, The effects of FSC Certification in Estonia, Germany, Latvia, Russia, Sweden and the UK; WWF (2005),weblink 2013-01-15, The FSC has 10 Principles and associated Criteria (FSC P&C) that form the basis for all of their FSC forest management standards and certification. In February 2012, the membership approved the first major revision to the FSC P&C in order to bring its certification up to date.WEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Getting Started, Igi.fsc.org, 2013-01-15, The review and revision of the FSC P&C began in 2008 and gathered feedback from many FSC members and other stakeholders.WEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · What was the process for the review and revision of the revised P&C?, Ic.fsc.org, 2008-09-03, 2013-01-15, This revision also marked the start of a process of developing baseline requirements for each of the revised Criteria. These requirements - called International Generic Indicators (IGIs) - are intended to ensure consistent application of the FSC P&C across all countries. Where national standards are not currently established, the IGIs will be used as interim standards.National Forest Stewardship Standard
In addition to its global certification standard, FSC develops national standards in selected countries. These standards are closely aligned to the global certification standard and its criteria, but are adapted to local context conditions. Currently, so called National Forest Stewardship Standards exist for the following countries (sorted by first year of introduction):{hide}columns-list|colwidth=20em|- Brazilian Amazon (2001)
- Peru (2001)
- Colombia Natural Forests (2003)
- Denmark (2004, 2018)
- Netherlands (2004, 2018)
- Canadian Boreal Forests (2004)
- British Columbia (2005)
- Chile Plantations (2005)
- Spain (2006, 2020)
- Colombia Bamboo (2006)
- Luxembourg (2007, 2019)
- Canadian Maritime Region (2008)
- Sweden (2010)
- Papua New Guinea (2010, 2017)
- United States of America (2010)
- Finland (2010)
- Cameroon (2010, 2012)
- United Kingdom (2011, 2017)
- Central African Republic (2012)
- Republic of Congo (2012)
- Congo Basin Region (2012)
- Serbian Kosovo (2012)
- Ghana (2012)
- Russian Federation (2012)
- Germany (2012, 2017)
- New Zealand (2012)
- Democratic Republic of Congo (2012)
- Gabon (2012)
- Ireland (2012)
- Republic of Indonesia (2013)
- Poland (2013)
- Czech Republic (2013)
- Honduras (2014)
- Nicaragua (2014)
- Federal Republic of Brazil (2014)
- Bulgaria (2016)
- Metropolitan France (2016)
- People's Republic of China (2016)
- Portugal (2016)
- Italy (2017)
- Romania (2017)
- Kyrgyz Republic (2017)
- Rwanda (2017)
- Federal Republic of Germany (2017)
- Republic of Uganda (2017)
- South Africa (2017)
- Switzerland and Liechtenstein (2018)
- Brazilian Small and Low Intensity Managed Forests (2013)
- Tanzania Mainland (2018)
- Canada (2018)
- Australia (2018)
- Japan (2018)
- Nepal (2018)
- Malaysia (2018)
- Vietnam (2018)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina (2019)
- Ukraine (2019)
- Republic of Namibia (2019)
Forest management certification
Forest management certification is a voluntary process for verifying responsible forest practices. An FSC-accredited certification body performs a forest inspection at the request of the forest owner or operator. Certificate holders are charged an annual fee to renew their accreditation, and continuous compliance is expected.The FSC P&C apply to all tropical, temperate and boreal forests and many tree plantations and partially replanted forests. Though mainly designed for forest management for timber products, they are also largely relevant for non-timber products (e.g. Brazil nuts) and other environmental services such as clean water and air and carbon sequestration. Prior to the revision process which ended in February 2012, the FSC P&C were the following (not in priority order):{| class="wikitable"|+- The Organization shall comply with all applicable laws, regulations and nationally-ratified international treaties, conventions and agreements.
- The Organization shall maintain or enhance the social and economic wellbeing of workers.
- The Organization shall identify and uphold indigenous peoples' legal and customary rights of ownership, use and management of land, territories and resources affected by management activities.
- The Organization shall contribute to maintaining or enhancing the social and economic wellbeing of local communities
- The Organization shall efficiently manage the range of multiple products and services of the Management Unit to maintain or enhance long-term economic viability and the range of environmental and social benefits.
- The Organization shall maintain, conserve and/or restore ecosystem services and environmental values of the Management Unit, and shall avoid, repair or mitigate negative environmental impacts.
- The Organization shall have a management plan consistent with its policies and objectives and proportionate to scale, intensity and risks of its management activities. The management plan shall be implemented and kept up to date based on monitoring information in order to promote adaptive management. The associated planning and procedural documentation shall be sufficient to guide staff, inform affected stakeholders and interested stakeholders and to justify management decisions.
- The Organization shall demonstrate that, progress towards achieving the management objectives, the impacts of management activities and the condition of the Management Unit, are monitored and evaluated proportionate to the scale, intensity and risk of management activities, in order to implement adaptive management.
- The Organization shall maintain and/or enhance the High Conservation Values in the Management Unit through applying the precautionary approach.
- Management activities conducted by or for The Organization for the Management Unit shall be selected and implemented consistent with The Organization's economic, environmental and social policies and objectives and in compliance with the Principles and Criteria collectively.
Chain of Custody certification
The FSC Chain of Custody (CoC) system allows the tracking of FSC certified material from the forest to the consumer.WEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Chain of Custody Certification, Ic.fsc.org, 2013-01-15, It is a method by which companies can show their commitment to the environment and responsible forest management. Only companies that have FSC chain of custody certification are allowed to use the FSC trademarks and labels to promote their products. The FSC label therefore provides a link between responsible production and responsible consumption and helps the consumer to make socially and environmentally responsible buying decisions.Once a forest is certified it is important to be able to trace the products that come from it throughout the supply chain to ensure that any claims on the origin of the product are credible and verifiable. FSC chain of custody certification is a voluntary process. It is a tracking system that allows manufacturers and traders to demonstrate that timber comes from a forest that is responsibly managed in accordance with the FSC P&C. It tracks the flow of certified wood through the supply chain and across borders through each successive stage - including processing, transformation and manufacturing - all the way to the final product. It is up to a company to initiate the certification process by requesting the services of an accredited certification body to inspect its internal tracking procedures. Companies committing to FSC include home-improvement or DIY companies, publishers and retailers, amongst many others.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}All operations that want to produce an FSC-certified product or want to make corresponding sales claims must comply with FSC's international standards for chain of custody. An operation must specify the range of products they wish to sell as FSC certified and promote with the FSC trademark. The certification body inspects the operation to ensure that controls are in place to identify eligible sources for the specified product range and to prevent certified and recycled material from mixing with material from unacceptable sources. If an operation complies with FSC standards, the company is issued an FSC chain of custody certificate. Major failure to comply with the standard will normally disqualify the candidate from certification or lead to de-certification.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}Controlled wood certification
The FSC Mix label was introduced in 2004.WEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Controlled Wood, Ic.fsc.org, 2013-01-15, It allows manufacturers to mix FSC-certified material with uncertified materials in FSC-labeled products under controlled conditions. It aims to avoid the use of wood products from "unacceptable" sources in FSC-labeled products. Unacceptable sources include illegally harvested wood, wood harvested in violation of traditional and civil rights, wood harvested in HCV forests and wood harvested from areas where genetically modified trees are planted.Accreditation
To maintain independence between the standards it sets and the operations seeking certification of both kinds, FSC does not conduct certification audits itself. FSC has developed rigorous procedures and standards to evaluate whether organizations of certifiers (certification bodies) can provide independent and competent evaluation (certification) services. This process is known as 'accreditation'.WEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Accreditation, Ic.fsc.org, 2013-01-15, A potential certification body must gain FSC accreditation to be able to evaluate, monitor and certify companies to FSC standards. To become FSC accredited, certifiers have to comply with an extensive set of rules and procedures which are verified by ASI - Assurance Services International GmbHWEB, Home page,weblink Assurance Services International, - an international assurance partner for leading voluntary sustainability standards and initiatives such as MSC and RSPO. This includes an office audit and the witnessing of one or more audits in the field. ASI monitors accredited certification bodies to ensure the appropriateness of their operations can be continuously guaranteed.To control the continued implementation of FSC rules and procedures, every year ASI conducts at least one office and one field assessment for each FSC accredited certification body. The exact number and distribution of ASI assessments takes a number of complex factors into account (geographic areas, policies or products that carry increased risk) and the number of FSC certificates handled by an accredited certification body, and is meant to ensure that the certification services delivered by the certifier meet the requirements of the FSC.Some summaries of ASI surveillance audits are publicly available on the ASI website.WEB,weblink ASI- Assurance Services International GmbH, 2013-01-15, If an FSC accredited certification body is found to not fully comply with FSC rules and procedures, nonconformities (NCs) are raised (see above).Facts and figures
In September 2012, some 165 million hectares were certified to FSC's Principles and Criteria in 80 countries.WEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Facts & Figures, Ic.fsc.org, 2012-11-30, 2013-01-15, Around 24,000 FSC Chain of Custody certificates were active in 107 countries. The FSC website has statistics on regional distributions, ownership and forest type and numbers of FSC certificates representing all valid forest management and chain of custody certificates.Costs
The expenses for successful forest management certification typically are divided into:- Costs for an enhancement of sustainability;
- Costs for audits (these are controlled by third parties); and
- Secondary costs (e.g. losses of stumpage revenues).European Forest Institute. "Certification Information Service: Source Book." Section 1, p.25.
FSC Friday
FSC Friday is a once-a-year promotional event dedicated to the celebration of forests around the globe and the promotion of responsible forest management worldwide. The first international FSC Friday took place in Bonn on 25 September 2009.WEB,weblink Welcome to Facebook - Log In, Sign Up or Learn More, Facebook.com, 2013-01-15, Events related to FSC Friday take place around the world with companies and supporters promoting the FSC logo and what it stands for. Events took place at FSC certified forests, schools, universities and community centers around the world, including the United Kingdom, Austria, South Africa, Germany, Brazil, Argentina, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, France, India, Wales, Switzerland and Singapore.In 2022, FSC Friday took place on 30 September 2022.FSC, Save the date : FSC Friday, published 3 February 2022, accessed 12 September 2022Members and partners
FSC has around 1200 members, including:- several international NGOs such as the World Wide Fund for Nature,WEB,weblink What Wood You Choose? - WWF UK, Wwf.org.uk, 2013-01-15, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130101083300weblink">weblink 1 January 2013, dmy-all, and Oxfam/NOVIB;
- smaller, national NGOs, often with a conservation or environmental focus, such as the US Wildlife Conservation Society, the Spanish Ornithological Society and Cameroon Environmental Watch;
- civil society organizations with a community development focus, such as the Foundation for People and Community Development (Papua New Guinea) and the Mountain Association for Community Development (USA);
- forestry-focused research organizations, such as the Forestry Science and Research Institute (Brazil);
- certification organizations, such as KPMG Forest Certification Solutions (Canada), Forest Eco Certification (India),WEB,weblink Home Front Page, forestecocertification.com, 2 April 2018, Wood Certification Ltd (India);
- private companies in the forestry, timber and paper industries, such as Mondi (South Africa) Sun Wood Industries (Thailand) and IKEA (Sweden);
- trade unions and workers' associations, such as the Latvian Wood Branch Trade Union and the Swedish Forest and Wood Trade Union.
Criticism
Since it was founded, FSC has been criticized for a range of different reasons.Concerns by founding NGOs and members
In the late aughts, a number of well-known NGOs and environmental organizations withdrew their support for FSC. These included FERN (2011),FERN statement to the Forest Stewardship Council: Why FERN is withdrawing its FSC membership (2 June 2011) Friends of the Earth UK (2008),WEB,weblink Friends of the Earth EWNI: "FSC not recommended", FSC-Watch, 2013-01-15, 4 December 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081204030934weblink">weblink dead, ROBINWOOD (2009),WEB,weblink Key German NGO quits FSC in disgust at plantation certifications, FSC-Watch, 2013-01-15, 8 April 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130408063104weblink">weblink dead, the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC) (2011),WEB,weblink FSC "Greenwashing" Forest Exploitation in Africa, FSC-Watch, 2013-01-15, 9 October 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171009143644weblink">weblink dead, and smaller groups such as Rainforest RescueWEB,weblink Facts about tropical timber, Rainforest-rescue.org, 2010-07-07, 2013-01-15, and the Association for the Ecological Defence of Galicia (ADEGA).WEB,weblink Another NGO quits FSC in protest against NORFOR plantations, FSC-Watch, 2013-01-15, 7 August 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130807034256weblink">weblink dead, In this same period other NGO members and notable commenters issued critical evaluations of FSC's performance and made recommendations to improve the credibility of the organization. Greenpeace International published a 2008 report "Holding the line with FSC" focused on controversial certificates and ways forward.WEB,weblink Holding the line with FSC, Greenpeace International, 2 April 2018, FSC was also harshly criticized by Simon Counsell, one of its founding members, later the director of the Rainforest Foundation. In 2008, he described the FSC as the "Enron of Forestry".WEB,weblink FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Home, Fsc.org, 2013-01-15, {{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} He cited case studies from six countries{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} which suggested that in these cases FSC was not properly controlling accredited auditors or certifiers. The FSC reviewed the certificates in question, and showed that some of the initial investigations were justified. This resulted in the removal of the license to certify from the Thai company, Forest Industry Organization.FSC-Watch is a website critical of FSC which is run by a group of people, including Simon Counsell, who are concerned about what they perceive as the constant and serious erosion of the FSC's reliability and credibility. Its website offers a wide range of extensive and detailed criticisms of FSC.WEB,weblink Fsc-Watch, Fsc-Watch, 2013-01-15, FSC-Watch commonly accuses FSC of practices that are a form of greenwashing.In 2008, the EcoEarth/Rainforest Portal, an Internet ecological news aggregation service, publicly questioned the FSC-endorsed policy of old-growth forest logging.WEB, Dr. Glen Barry on March 5, 2008 1:21 PM,weblink Rainforest Protection Issues: ALERT: Stop the Forest Liars: "Certified" Old-Growth Rainforest Logging Does NOT Protect Biodiversity, Ecosystems or Climate, Rainforestportal.org, 2008-03-05, 2013-01-15, 30 July 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130730200109weblink">weblink dead, They asserted that research does not support the idea that this type of logging is carbon positive or sustainable, though these views are disputed.In 2011, Greenpeace International issued a revised version of their report, which concluded that some progress had been made.WEB, Holding the Line Reloaded,weblink But it also identified ongoing weaknesses:- lack of guidance on high conservation value forests (HCVFs)
- activities in controversial areas like the Congo Basin
- problems with the Controlled Wood label
- integrity of the Chain of Custody system and logo
Violation of indigenous rights and sovereignty
The world's largest manager of FSC certified forests,WEB, 2012-06-13, World Wildlife Federation Congratulates Resolute Forest Products,weblink 2013-01-15, Wwf.ca, Resolute Forest Products, has been accused of illegal logging on Barriere Lake Algonquin territory and of violating indigenous rights. In July 2012, members of the Algonquin community in southern Quebec staged a camp to observe and deter the logging of their unceded territory. The firm stated that their "right to harvest in the area [had] been approved by the QMNRW, following appropriate consultation with the Barrière Lake Algonquin band council.""Resolute Forest Products Provides Clarity About its Woodlands Operations Near Barrière Lake, Quebec" (press release). Resolute Forest Products, July 18, 2012. Accessed: January 15, 2013.In 2018 FSC investigated allegations made by local tribesmen in Papua against FSC certificate holder Korindo Group. The investigation found Korindo to have violated the rights of the Papuan indigenous peoples and benefited from close ties with the Indonesian military for its own economic benefit. While the report recommended stripping Korindo of it FSC certificate, FSC chose not to publicly release the report and continued its collaboration with Korindo.WEB, Why the food you eat threatens ancestral forests,weblink 9 February 2021, 27 January 2021, BBC, In August 2021, FSC announced its decision of disassociation from the Korindo Group which came into effect on 16 October 2021.WEB,weblink Korindo Group,Preference for bigger companies
Some critics{{who|date=January 2013}} point out that FSC certification has a linked set of weaknesses: that it is not suited for small businesses, that it is anti-competitive and that therefore in a wider view it is counter-ecological:- Only large businesses with rigid structures can afford the process of assessment and maintenance of the schemes.
- Certification schemes are anti-competitive because they favor larger firms over smaller ones.
- This bias towards large companies is counter-ecological as it promotes a model of a few massive suppliers.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
Responses by FSC
Critics are encouraged to file complaints and disputes against FSC in case of any differences.WEB, FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Complaints Resolution,weblink 2013-01-15, Ic.fsc.org, But complainants must meet a number of conditions to be able to file complaintsWEB, FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Overview,weblink 2013-01-15, Ic.fsc.org, and it is disputed whether the FSC takes effective action even in the case of some formal complaints.WEB, FSC Complaints Panel says organisation 'needs to control certifiers better': SmartWood "undermines" the FSC,weblink 2013-01-15, FSC-Watch, 8 April 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130408055649weblink">weblink dead, Recently, FSC implemented a series of actions to strengthen its stakeholder engagement process. In 2013, they established a Quality Assurance Unit within FSC.WEB, 2012-11-27, FSC named Stefan Salvador as new Quality Assurance Director,weblink 2023-08-02, Lesprom Network, en, To improve its process for tracking FSC certified products, FSC launched an Online Claims Platform in 2014.WEB, Nature, Preferred by, 2014-08-29, Tackling FSC fraud: will the Online Claims Platform fail or fly?,weblink 2023-08-02, Preferred by Nature, en, This platform is intended to enable streamlined verification of specific transactions. In 2014 FSC also published dispute resolution procedures to process complaints against the certification scheme.WEB, States, Forest Stewardship Council-United, Dispute Resolution,weblink 2023-08-02, FSC United States, en-us,FSC as market-driven environmental governance
Because it works outside of state regulations, some academics have classified FSC as an example of a non-state market driven (NSMD) form of environmental governance.JOURNAL, Cashore, Benjamin, Legitimacy and the privatization of environmental governance: how NonâState MarketâDriven (NSMD) governance systems gain ruleâmaking authority, Governance (journal), Governance, 15, 4, 503â529, 10.1111/1468-0491.00199, October 2002, 10.1.1.195.778, This means that it uses the market to drive the sustainable management of forests.BOOK, Cashore, Benjamin, Auld, Graeme, Newsom, Deanna, Governing through markets forest certification and the emergence of non-state authority, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2004, 9780300133110,- See also: {{citation | last1 = Bernstein | first1 = Steven | last2 = Cashore | first2 = Benjamin | contribution = Nonstate global governance: is forest certification a legitimate alternative to a global forest convention? | editor-last1 = Kirton | editor-first1 = John | editor-last2 = Trebilcock | editor-first2 = Michael J. | title = Hard choices, soft law: voluntary standards in global trade, environment, and social governance | pages = 33â64 | publisher = Ashgate | location = Aldershot, Hants, England Brookfield, Vermont, USA | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780754609667 | postscript = .}} Pdf. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927234251weblink |date=27 September 2015 }} As Cashore (2002) observes the FSC network does not have the political authority of a traditional nation state and no one can be fined or imprisoned for failing to comply with its regulations. In addition, governments are forbidden from being members of the FSC and their only engagement with FSC is as land owners. The authority of the FSC is determined by the approval of external audiences, such as environmental NGOs.
Recognition in green building certification systems
FSC certified construction wood and construction products made from FSC certified wood can contribute to green building certification systems. Some green building certification systems are recognizing a FSC certification in general; others award different scores to products with FSC 100, FSC MIX or FSC RECYCLED.LEED
FSC certified wood products contribute to score up to 2 points in the LEED v4.1 credit 'Sourcing of Raw Materials'.WEB, Sourcing of Raw Materials {{!, U.S. Green Building Council|url=https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-data-26|access-date=2021-07-31|website=www.usgbc.org|language=en}} In addition, FSC certified wood products can contribute to score up to 1 point in the LEED v4.1 pilot credit 'Social Equity within the Supply Chain'.WEB, Social Equity within the Supply Chain {{!, U.S. Green Building Council|url=https://www.usgbc.org/credits/IPpc144-v41|access-date=2021-07-31|website=www.usgbc.org|language=en}}BREEAM
BREEAM awards credits for FSC certified wood products in the Mat 03 credit. The BREEAM Guidance Note GN18WEB, Responsible Sourcing in BREEAM,weblink 2021-07-31, BREEAM, 20 June 2017, en-GB, attributes different scores to FSC 100% (7 points) and FSC MIX / FSC RECYCLED (5 points).DGNB
DGNB recognizes FSC certified wood products in the ENV1.3 credit.WEB, Ãbersicht anerkannte Produktlabel {{!, DGNB System|url=https://www.dgnb-system.de/de/system/labelanerkennung/anerkannte-standards/index.php|access-date=2021-07-31|website=www.dgnb-system.de|language=de-de|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513110826weblink|url-status=dead}} FSC Mix scores in the Quality Level 1.2 (up to 25 out of 100 points) and FSC 100 / FSC RECYCLED score in the Quality Level 1.3 (up to 70 out of 100 points. FSC RECYCLED also scores points in the Quality Level 2.2.Competing certification schemes
There are a number of certification schemes for forest management apart from FSC certification.WEB, WhyFSC,weblink WhyFSC Genuine responsible forest management FSC, Whyfsc.com, 2013-01-15,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160303213754weblink">weblink 3 March 2016, dead, The main competing forest certification system is the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC), established by a number of stakeholders, including associations of the forest industry, pulp-and-paper production and forest owners in response to the creation and increasing popularity of FSC.WEB, New Reference 24,weblink PEFC has been criticized for having little influence from local people or environmental organizations, lack of transparency and non-objective requirements.Other certification schemes include the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI),BOOK, A comparison of the American Forest & Paper Association's sustainable forestry initiative and the Forest Stewardship Council's certification system,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130513155734weblink">weblink 13 May 2013,weblink American Forest and Paper Association, June 2001, the Malaysian Timber Certification Council,WEB,weblink Malaysian Timber Certification Council, Mtcc.com.my, 2013-01-15, the Australian Forestry Standard,WEB,weblink Australian Forestry Standard, Forestrystandard.org.au, 2013-01-15, and Keurhout.WEB,weblink Keurhout, Keurhout.nl, 2013-01-15,See also
- Certified wood
- Eco-labels
- Aquaculture Stewardship Council
- Marine Stewardship Council
- Sustainability standards and certification
- Independent forest monitoring
- Wood laundering
References
{{Reflist}}External links
- {{Official websiteweblink}}
Assessments and supporters
- Footprints in the Forests: A FERN's assessment of 8 forest certification schemes (2004)
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070621091224weblink">Experiences with voluntary standards initiatives and related multi-stakeholder dialogues. B. Lang. GTZ (2006)
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070928042821weblink">Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman (a Norwegian consumer watchdog group)
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