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{{Short description|Israeli diplomat and intelligence expert}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}

factoids

|birth_place = London, United Kingdom|order1 = 9th|office1 = Director of Mossad|term_start1 = 1998|term_end1 = 2002|predecessor1 = Danny Yatom|successor1 = Meir Dagan|alma_mater = Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Law)}}Efraim Halevy (; born 2 December 1934) is an Israeli intelligence expert and diplomat. He was the 9th director of the Mossad and the 3rd head of the Israeli National Security Council.He is known for his part in bringing about the Israel–Jordan peace treaty. The special relationship he developed with King Hussein of Jordan made it possible for Halevy to open Jordan to the awareness that only a peace agreement with Israel would extricate the Hashemite kingdom from the crisis after the Gulf War.

Early life and education

Halevy was born in London, United Kingdom to an established Orthodox Jewish family on 2 December 1934. His uncle was Sir Isaiah Berlin. Halevy emigrated to Israel in 1948. He attended Ma'aleh, a religious high school in Jerusalem. He later graduated with commendation in law from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Government career

Between 1957 and 1961 he was the editor of the journal Monthly Survey ({{Script/Hebrew|סקירה חודשית}}), published by the Chief Education Officer. In 1961, he began his work in the Mossad. In 1967, he was selected to the Chief Branches Forum.Halevy remained in the Mossad for the next 28 years, heading three different branches throughout. Halevy had a working relationship with Hussein of Jordan which developed into a close personal friendship. Hussein trusted Halevy both with sensitive Jordanian internal issues and clandestine contact to act as a back channel with Israel whenever relations reached an impasse. As a result of his warm relations with Hussein, Halevy, along with Yitzhak Rabin, is credited with being a major force in movement towards the Israel–Jordan peace treaty BOOK, Shlaim, Avi, Avi Shlaim, Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace, 2009, Vintage Books, 978-1400078288,weblink Between 1990 and 1995, under the directorship of Shabtai Shavit, he served as deputy director and as head of the headquarters branch. In 1996, he became the Israeli ambassador to the European Union in Brussels. {{citation needed|date=October 2023}}In March 1998, he became the director of Mossad following the resignation of Danny Yatom. He asked Aliza Magen-Halevy, the sitting deputy director, to stay on.BOOK, Katz, Mayn, Song of Spies, 2005, Heliographica, 1933037733, 278,weblink 2 October 2023, Halevy served as the envoy and confidant of five Prime Ministers: Yitzhak Shamir, Yitzhak Rabin, Benjamin Netanyahu, Ehud Barak and Ariel Sharon. He took an active part in a special mission by Rabin in forging the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}After the failure of the Mossad operation to assassinate Hamas leader Khaled Mashal in 1997, he took an active part in Benjamin Netanyahu's mission to return the Mossad men captured in Jordan, and to settle the crisis with the King Hussein of Jordan. The King himself had specifically requested that Halevy not be involved because the former did not want the sordid affair to tarnish his personal relationship with Halevy, but ultimately Halevy responded to Netanyahu's pleas and traveled to Amman to break the deadlock.In October 2002, he was appointed the second head of the National Security Council and an advisor to Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. In August 2003, he resigned from this positionUK recalls MI6 link to Palestinian militants. Chris McGreal, The Guardian, 24 September 2003 after Dov Weissglass, the bureau chief of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, got too much power and he believed the Roadmap for peace was not favourable for Israel,WEB,weblink The waiting game, 5 February 2006, bot: unknown,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20050514014121weblink">weblink 14 May 2005, . Ari Shavit, Haaretz, 4 September 2003 and Prime Minister Sharon refrained from accepting his recommendations on a host of issues, and went to teach at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is the author of the book The role of the intelligence community in the age of strategic alternatives for Israel.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Political views and activities

Halevy is known as a hard-headed pragmatist on issues involving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, willing to ruffle feathers on the right and the left, unlike many others in the intelligence establishment who are known to take more extreme ideological positions on these issues. He believes that Israel should take up Hamas's offer of a long-term truce and try negotiating, because the Islamic movement is respected by Palestinians and generally keeps its word, he said. He pointed to the cease-fire in attacks on Israel that Hamas declared two years ago and has largely honoured. "They're not very pleasant people, but they are very, very credible," Halevy said.Experts Question Wisdom of Boycotting Hamas. Orly Halpern, The Forward, 9 February 2007 He believes in an aggressive approach, but at the same time in recognising the moderate leaders of Hamas as a partner in the Palestinian government.Hamas: The Last Chance for Peace?. Henry Siegman, New York Review of Books, 27 April 2006In 2006 he published the book Man in the Shadows,BOOK, Halevy, Efraim, Man in the Shadows: Inside the Middle East Crisis with a Man Who Led the Mossad, 2006, St. Martin's Press, 03-1233771X, registration,weblink covering Middle Eastern history since the late 1980s. Halevy was interviewed about his book on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart on 24 April 2006, and by guest host Brian Ross on the Charlie Rose ShowWEB,weblink Efraim Halevy - Charlie Rose, www.charlierose.com, 17 January 2022,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080703224909weblink">weblink 3 July 2008, dead, In a January 2007 interview with the Portuguese newspaper Expresso, he stated that the world is "in the midst of a Third World War" with radical Islam, and predicted that it will take at least 25 years for the West to win.NEWS,weblink Ynetnews News – World War III has already begun, says Israeli spy chief, Ynetnews, 27 January 2007, 2 January 2017, In November 2011 Halevy said Iran should be prevented from becoming a nuclear power but expressed opposition to an attack which he said "could affect not only Israel, but the entire region for 100 years." He added "The growing haredi radicalization poses a bigger risk than Ahmadinejad".NEWS, Zitun, Yoav, Iran far from posing existential threat,weblink Ynet, 4 November 2011, In 2015 he was one of the few public figures in Israel to support the Iran nuclear deal.NEWS, Ex-Mossad Chief Supports Iran Nuclear Deal,weblink July 31, 2015, NPR, Halevy has written extensively on Israel's relationship with the United States, generally taking a moderate, pragmatic view of the Washington-Jerusalem alliance. He wrote, for example: "Never, but NEVER surprise the president of the United States is a dictum I learned very quickly when entering the Mossad in 1961."Efraim Halevy – "General Jones' Message: Lessons in the Conduct of American-Israeli Relations", Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs IV:2 (2010)For 23 October 2012, during the United States presidential campaign between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, Halevy published an op-ed piece "Who Threw Israel Under the Bus?" in The New York Times countering Mitt Romney's assertions about Obama's stance toward Israel. In it Halevy cited several key instances over the years in which the "Republican White House acted in a cold and determined manner, with no regard for Israel's national pride, strategic interests or sensitivities" but that "no Democratic president has ever strong-armed Israel on any key national security issue." He concluded: "That's food for thought in October 2012."WEB, Efraim Halvey,weblink Who Threw Israel Under the Bus? – The New York Times, The New York Times, 23 October 2012, 2 January 2017, In 2013, Halevy became chairman of the Shorashim program, a program that helps immigrants to Israel from the former Soviet Union verify their Jewish ancestry.NEWS, Lebovic, Matt,weblink Ex-Mossad chief to help FSU immigrants prove Jewish roots, The Times of Israel, 25 June 2013, 2 January 2017, In December 2014 Halevy was interviewed by The Times of Israel. He claimed that Israel would never have peace unless Palestinians were treated with dignity as equals. He was critical of Benjamin Netanyahu and Naftali Bennett and their policies, especially regarding Jerusalem. He underscored the importance of the upcoming 17 March 2015 elections, which from his perspective "constitute an unprecedented opportunity to determine Israel's policy vis-à-vis the peace process."NEWS, Ahren, Raphael,weblink Ex-Mossad chief: Peace will elude us until we treat Palestinians with dignity, The Times of Israel, 14 December 2014, 2 January 2017, Halevy is also an Advisory Editor at the British journal Fathom: For a deeper understanding of Israel and the region. In 2023, Halevy advocated for a rapprochement with Iran followings news of Iran and Saudi Arabia re-establishing diplomatic relations.WEB, Gjevori, Elis, 16 March 2023, Israel: Former Mossad chief urges rapprochement with Iran,weblink 2023-03-16, Middle East Eye, en,

See also

• Modern boundaries of the Arab world

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

• Ha'aretz article on Israel's Gaza Disengagement containing a Useful biography,
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20050312181023weblink">"EX-MOSSAD CHIEF HEADS CENTER AT HEBREW UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PUBLIC POLICY" from American Friends of the Hebrew University
• Halevy editorial in the Economist
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20061017210524weblink">Ex-Mossad chief says Hamas cannot win Aljazeera.net

{{Mossad Directors}}{{Authority control}}