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tuna
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{{Short description|Tribe of fishes}}{{Other uses}}{{Redirect|Tunas|other uses|Las Tunas (disambiguation){{!}}Las Tunas}}{{pp-semi-indef}}{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}{{Automatic taxobox- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Ypresian-recent , {{Fossil range>56.0 | WEBSITE=THE PALEOBIOLOGY DATABASE | ACCESS-DATE=20 JANUARY 2019 | ARCHIVE-DATE=21 JANUARY 2019, dead, | name = Tuna| image = tuna_assortment.png | albacore, Atlantic bluefin tuna>Atlantic bluefin, Skipjack tuna | , Yellowfin tuna>yellowfin, bigeye| taxon = Thunnini | Edwin Chapin Starks>Starks, 1910| subdivision_ranks = Genera| subdivision =
EtymologyThe term “tuna” comes from Spanish atún | < Andalusian Arabic at-tÅ«n, assimilated from al-tÅ«n [Modern Arabic ] : ‘tuna fish’ < Middle Latin thunnus.DICTIONARY,www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=tuna&submit.x=0&submit.y=0, tuna, American Heritage Dictionary, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2015, dmy-all, 24 May 2015,web.archive.org/web/20150524153815/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=tuna&submit.x=0&submit.y=0, 24 May 2015, dead, is derived from used for the Atlantic bluefin tuna,DICTIONARY,www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=thunnus, thunnus, Lewis, Charlton T., Short, Charles, A Latin Dictionary, Perseus Digital Library, 1879, that name in turn is ultimately derived from thýnÅ, meaning “to rush, dart along”.{{LSJ|qu/nnos|θÏννοÏ|longref}}{{LSJ|qu/nw|θÏνÏ|shortref}}.In English, tuna has been referred to as Chicken of the Sea. This name persists today in Japan, where tuna as a food can be called {{nihongo|ã·ã¼ããã³|shi-chikin}}, literally “sea chicken”.caption=Cladogram: Tunas are classified into the tribe Thunnini (bottom-center in the above diagram) â one of four tribes in the family Scombridae.GRAHAM >FIRST1=JEFFREY B. | FIRST2=KATHRYN A. | JOURNAL=THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY | VOLUME=207 | PAGES=4015â4024 | PMID=15498947, free, | style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%;width:820px;
|label1=family Scombridae
}}{{Clear}}|1={{clade |label1= subfamily |1={{clade |label1=Gasterochismatinae |1={{clade |1={{clade |1= Butterfly kingfishes (one genus) {edih} }} }} |label2= subfamily |2={{clade |label1=Scombrinae |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=tribe Scombrini |1={{clade |1= Mackerels (two genera) (File:Scomber scombrus.png|50 px) }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=tribe Scomberomorini |1= Spanish mackerels (three genera) (File:Scomberomorus cavalla.png|50 px) }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=tribe Sardini |1={{clade |1={{clade |1= Bonitos (four genera) (File:Sarda sarda.jpg|50 px) }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1={{green| tribe Thunnini,}} |1={{clade |label1={{green| Tunas }} |1={{clade |thickness=2 |1= {{green|Allothunnus, slender tunas}} |2={{clade |thickness=2 |1= {{green|Auxis, frigate tunas}} (File:XRF-Auxis thazard.png|50 px) |2={{clade |thickness=2 |1= {{green|Euthynnus, little tunas}} (File:XRF-Euthynnus alletteratus.png|50 px) |2={{clade |thickness=2 |1= {{green|Katsuwonus, skipjack tunas}} (File:Katsuwonus pelamis.png|50 px) |2={{clade |thickness=2 |label1= {{green|Thunnus, true tunas}} |1={{clade |thickness=2 |label1= {{green|subgenus Thunnus}} |1= {{black|bluefin group}} (File:Thunnus thynnus.png|50 px) |label2= {{green|subgenus Neothunnus}} |2= {{black|yellowfin group}} (File:Thunnus albacares.png|50 px) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} True speciesFile:Tuna Relative Sizes.jpg|thumb|Relative sizes of various tunas, with the 8|ft|m|abbr=on}} in this sampleThe “true” tunas are those that belong to the genus Thunnus. Until recently, it was thought that there were seven Thunnus species, and that Atlantic bluefin tuna and Pacific bluefin tuna were subspecies of a single species. In 1999, Collette established that based on both molecular and morphological considerations, they are in fact distinct species.CONFERENCE, Collette, B.B., 5th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference: Nouméa, New Caledonia, 3â8 November 1997, Séret, B., Sire, J.Y., Mackerels, molecules, and morphology, 1999, Société Française d’Ichtyologie [u.a.], Proceedings, Paris, 978-2-9507330-5-4, 149â164,books.google.com/books?id=-0cWAQAAIAAJ, JOURNAL, Tanaka, Y., K., Satoh, M., Iwahashi, H., Yamada, Growth-dependent recruitment of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2006, 319, 225â235,cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18108521, 10.3354/meps319225, 2006MEPS..319..225T, free, The genus Thunnus is further classified into two subgenera: Thunnus (Thunnus) (the bluefin group), and Thunnus (Neothunnus) (the yellowfin group).WEB, Thunnus - an overview {{!, ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/thunnus|access-date=2021-08-17|website=www.sciencedirect.com}}{{Clear}}
{{Tuna table/Header|Thunnus, the true tunas}}
{{Tuna table/Thunnus (Thunnus)}}{{Tuna table/Thunnus (Neothunnus)}} |
Other species
The Thunnini tribe also includes seven additional species of tuna across four genera. They are:
{| class=“wikitable”
! colspan=“9“| Other tuna species ! style="width:10em” | Common name! style="width:11em” | Scientific name! Maximumlength! Commonlength! Maximumweight! Maximumage! Trophiclevel! Source! style="width:11em” |IUCN status | Slender tuna| Allothunnus fallai(Serventy, 1948) {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert kg abbr=on|disp=br()}} 3.74 {{FishBase species = fallai year = 2012}} LC IUCN 3 1.svg) Least concernCOLLETTE, B. >AUTHOR2=AMORIM, A.F. AUTHOR4=CARPENTER, K.E. AUTHOR6=N. AUTHOR8=FOX, W. AUTHOR10=GRAVES, J. AUTHOR12=JUAN JORDA, M. AUTHOR14=MIYABE, N. AUTHOR16=OXENFORD, H. AUTHOR18=TEIXEIRA LESSA, R.P. AUTHOR20=UOZUMI, Y. TITLE=ALLOTHUNNUS FALLAI PAGE=E.T170349A6761139 ACCESS-DATE=12 NOVEMBER 2021, | Bullet tuna| Auxis rochei(Risso, 1810) {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert kg abbr=on|disp=br()}} 5 years 4.13 {{FishBase species = rochei year = 2012}} LC IUCN 3 1.svg) Least concernCOLLETTE, B. >AUTHOR2=ACERO, A. AUTHOR4=BOUSTANY, A. AUTHOR6=CARDENAS, G. AUTHOR8=DE OLIVEIRA LEITE JR. AUTHOR10=DI NATALE, A. AUTHOR12=FREDOU, F.L. AUTHOR14=GUZMAN-MORA, A. AUTHOR16=JUAN JORDA, M. AUTHOR18=MINTE VERA, C. AUTHOR20=MONTANO CRUZ, R. AUTHOR22=OXENFORD, H. AUTHOR24=SCHAEFER, K. AUTHOR26=SUN, C. AUTHOR28=PIRES FERREIRA TRAVASSOS, P.E. AUTHOR30=YANEZ, E. TITLE=AUXIS ROCHEI PAGE=E.T170355A6765188 ACCESS-DATE=12 NOVEMBER 2021, | Frigate tunaAuxis thazard (Bernard Germain de Lacépède>Lacépède, 1800) {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert kg abbr=on|disp=br()}} 5 years 4.34 {{FishBase species = thazard year = 2012}} LC IUCN 3 1.svg) Least concernCOLLETTE, B. >AUTHOR2=ACERO, A. AUTHOR4=BOUSTANY, A. AUTHOR6=CARDENAS, G. AUTHOR8=DE OLIVEIRA LEITE JR. AUTHOR10=DI NATALE, A. AUTHOR12=FREDOU, F.L. AUTHOR14=GUZMAN-MORA, A. AUTHOR16=JUAN JORDA, M. AUTHOR18=MINTE VERA, C. AUTHOR20=MONTANO CRUZ, R. AUTHOR22=OXENFORD, H. AUTHOR24=SCHAEFER, K. AUTHOR26=SUN, C. AUTHOR28=PIRES FERREIRA TRAVASSOS, P.E. AUTHOR30=YANEZ, E. TITLE=AUXIS THAZARD PAGE=E.T170344A6757270 ACCESS-DATE=12 NOVEMBER 2021, Euthynnus affinis>Mackerel tuna,Kawakawa| Euthynnus affinis(Cantor, 1849) {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert kg abbr=on|disp=br()}} 6 years 4.50 {{FishBase species = affinis year = 2012}} LC IUCN 3 1.svg) Least concernCOLLETTE, B. >AUTHOR2=CHANG, S.-K. AUTHOR4=JUAN JORDA, M. AUTHOR6=NELSON, R. DATE=2011 EUTHYNNUS AFFINIS >VOLUME=2011 DOI=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170336A6753804.EN, 12 November 2021, | Little tunny| Euthynnus alletteratus(Rafinesque, 1810) {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert kg abbr=on|disp=br()}} 10 years 4.13 {{FishBase species = alletteratus year = 2012}} LC IUCN 3 1.svg) Least concernCOLLETTE, B. >AUTHOR2=AMORIM, A.F. AUTHOR4=CARPENTER, K.E. AUTHOR6=N. AUTHOR8=FOX, W. AUTHOR10=GRAVES, J. AUTHOR12=JUAN JORDA, M. AUTHOR14=MINTE VERA, C. AUTHOR16=NELSON, R. AUTHOR18=TEIXEIRA LESSA, R.P. DATE=2011 EUTHYNNUS ALLETTERATUS >VOLUME=2011 DOI=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170345A6759394.EN, 12 November 2021, | Black skipjack tuna | Euthynnus lineatus(Kishinouye, 1920) {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert kg abbr=on|disp=br()}} 3.83 {{FishBase species = lineatus year = 2012}} LC IUCN 3 1.svg) Least concernCOLLETTE, B. >AUTHOR2=ACERO, A. AUTHOR4=CARDENAS, G. AUTHOR6=DI NATALE, A. AUTHOR8=MONTANO CRUZ, R. AUTHOR10=SCHAEFER, K. AUTHOR12=YANEZ, E. TITLE=EUTHYNNUS LINEATUS PAGE=E.T170320A6747016 ACCESS-DATE=12 NOVEMBER 2021, | Skipjack tunaKatsuwonus pelamis(Carl Linnaeus>Linnaeus, 1758) {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert m abbr=on|disp=br()}} {{convert kg abbr=on|disp=br()}} 6â12 yrs 3.75 {{FishBase species = pelamis year = 2012}} LC IUCN 3 1.svg) Least concernCOLLETTE, B.B. >AUTHOR2=BOUSTANY, A. AUTHOR4=GRAVES, J. AUTHOR6=RESTREPO, V. TITLE=KATSUWONUS PELAMIS PAGE=E.T170310A46644566 ACCESS-DATE=12 NOVEMBER 2021, publisher=International Seafood Sustainability Foundation df=dmy-all archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327021649www.iss-foundation.org/files/b45a4eb2-f9d7-4ed6-87a1-2efe2519baf6/ISSF_A-1%20Introduction.pdf, 27 March 2010, Based on catches from 2007, the report states:{{Blockquote|Between 1940 and the mid-1960s, the annual world catch of the five principal market species of tunas rose from about 300 thousand tons to about 1 million tons, most of it taken by hook and line. With the development of purse-seine nets, now the predominant gear, catches have risen to more than 4 million tons annually during the last few years. Of these catches, about 68 percent are from the Pacific Ocean, 22 percent from the Indian Ocean, and the remaining 10 percent from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Skipjack makes up about 60 percent of the catch, followed by yellowfin (24 percent), bigeye (10 percent), albacore (5 percent), and bluefin the remainder. Purse-seines take about 62 percent of the world production, longline about 14 percent, pole and line about 11 percent, and a variety of other gears the remainder.}}The Australian government alleged in 2006 that Japan had illegally overfished southern bluefin by taking 12,000 to 20,000 tonnes per year instead of the agreed upon 6,000 tonnes; the value of such overfishing would be as much as US$2 billion.NEWS,www.abc.net.au/news/2006-10-16/bluefin-tuna-plundering-catches-up-with-japan/1286956, Bradford, Gillian, Bluefin Tuna Plundering Catches Up With Japan, ABC News, 16 October 2006, 11 August 2013, Such overfishing has severely damaged bluefin stocks.NEWS,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/28/AR2009112801066.html, Eilperin, Juliet, Global approach now favored for marine conservation, Washington Post, 29 November 2009, 11 August 2013, According to the WWF, “Japan’s huge appetite for tuna will take the most sought-after stocks to the brink of commercial extinction unless fisheries agree on more rigid quotas”.NEWS,www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/jan/22/japan.conservationandendangeredspecies, Japan warned tuna stocks face extinction last=McCurry, The Guardian, 22 January 2007, 2 April 2008, London, Japan’s Fisheries Research Agency counters that Australian and New Zealand tuna fishing companies under-report their total catches of southern bluefin tuna and ignore internationally mandated total allowable catch totals.NEWS, Wright, Hillel,www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/01/09/life/are-japans-fish-lovers-eating-tuna-to-extinction/, Are Japan’s fish lovers eating tuna to extinction?, Japan Times, 9 January 2011, 7, 11 August 2013, In recent years, opening day fish auctions at Tokyo’s Tsukiji fish market and Toyosu Market have seen record-setting prices for bluefin tuna, reflecting market demand. In each of 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2019, new record prices have been set for a single fish â the current record is 333.6 million japanese yen (US$3.1 million) for a {{convert|278|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bluefin, or a unit price of JPÂ¥ 1,200,000/kg (US$5,057/lb). The opening auction price for 2014 plummeted to less than 5% of the previous year’s price, which had drawn complaints for climbing “way out of line”.NEWS, Price of tuna nosedives at famous Tokyo auction despite dwindling stocks,www.thestar.com/business/2014/01/05/price_of_tuna_nosedives_at_famous_tokyo_auction_despite_dwindling_stocks.html, The Toronto Star, 8 February 2014, 5 January 2014, A summary of record-setting auctions are shown in the following table (highlighted values indicate new world records):{| class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center;” ! style="padding:8px;” colspan=“7“| Record bluefin tuna auctions at Tokyo’s Tsukiji fish market and Toyosu Market ! style="padding:0; background:#ffd7d7; color:black;” colspan=“7“| (Highlighted field indicates new record price for a single fish) ! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;” rowspan=“2“| Year! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;” rowspan=“2“| Totalweight! style="padding:0 8px;” colspan=“2“| Total sale! style="padding:0 8px;” colspan=“2“| Unit price! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;” rowspan=“2“| Source ! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;“| (JP Â¥)! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;“| (US $)! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;“| (Â¥ / kg)! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;“| ($ / lb) {{convert kg abbr=on|disp=br()}} Â¥20.2 million $173,600 Â¥100,000 / kg $386 / lb| | 2010232 lb disp=br()}}| Â¥16.28 million $175,000| Â¥70,172 / kg| $343 / lb WORK=BBC NEWS ACCESS-DATE=19 SEPTEMBER 2012 LAST=BUERK, | 2011342 lb disp=br()}} Â¥32.49 million $396,000| Â¥95,000 / kg $528 / lb PUBLISHER=NBCNEWS.COM DATE=5 JANUARY 2011, | 2012269 lb disp=br()}} Â¥56.49 million $736,000 Â¥210,000 / kg $1,247 / lb PUBLISHER=NBCNEWS.COM DATE=5 JANUARY 2012, | 2013221 lb disp=br()}} Â¥155.4 million $1.76 million Â¥703,167 / kg $3,603 / lb PUBLISHER=USATODAY.COM DATE=4 JANUARY 2013, | 2019278 lb disp=br()}} Â¥333.6 million $3.1 million Â¥1,200,000 / kg $5,057 / lb DATE=2019-01-05 DF=DMY-ALL LANGUAGE=EN, In November 2011, a different record was set when a fisherman in Massachusetts caught an {{convert|881|lb|kg|abbr=on}} tuna. It was captured inadvertently using a dragnet. Due to the laws and restrictions on tuna fishing in the United States, federal authorities impounded the fish because it was not caught with a rod and reel. Because of the tuna’s deteriorated condition as a result of the trawl net, the fish sold for just under $5,000.WEB,news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/man-catches-881-pound-tuna-seized-feds-194650751.html, Man catches 881-pound tuna, seized by feds | The Sideshow â Yahoo! News, News.yahoo.com, dmy-all, 2011-11-15, 2012-06-16, File:TunaFish.JPG|Tuna being weighed on Greek quay-sideFile:Tsukiji Fish market and Tuna edit.jpg|Tuna at Tsukiji fish market, TokyoFile:Tuna cut half japan.jpg|Tuna cut in half for processing at Tsukuji fish marketdf=dmy-all,archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6006," title="web.archive.org/web/20100107101138archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6006,">web.archive.org/web/20100107101138archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6006, 2010-01-07, usurped, {{verify source|date=September 2020}} Farming its close relative, the Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, is beginning in the Mediterranean, North America and Japan. Hawai{{Okina}}i approved permits for the first U.S. offshore farming of bigeye tuna in water {{Convert|1300|ft|m}} deep in 2009.NEWS,phys.org/news175693106.html, Hawaii regulators approve first US tuna farm, McAvoy, Audrey, Associated Press, 24 October 2009, 11 August 2013, Japan is the biggest tuna consuming nation and is also the leader in tuna farming research.WEB, LiveScience,www.livescience.com/animals/080317-sl-tuna-farming.html, Breeding the Overfished Bluefin Tuna, Susannah F. Locke, 17 March 2008, 13 May 2013, Japan first successfully farm-hatched and raised bluefin tuna in 1979. In 2002, it succeeded in completing the reproduction cycle and in 2007, completed a third generation.NEWS,www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/09/30/2003329854, The holy grail of fish breeding, WEB,www.flku.jp/english/aquaculture/index.html, Cultivation, seedling production, and selective breeding of bluefin tuna and other fish at the Kinki University Fisheries Laboratory, Flku.jp, dmy-all, 2010-09-22, NEWS,www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/05/21/FDI910LR9P.DTL&type=printable, Carolyn, Jung, dmy-all, 2008-05-21, The San Francisco Chronicle, The rarest tuna of all â Japan’s farmed Kindai, The farm breed is known as Kindai tuna. Kindai is the contraction of Kinki University in Japanese (Kinki daigaku).WEB, Raisfeld, Robin,nymag.com/restaurants/features/46633/, Can a Farmed Bluefin Tuna Save the Planet? â New York Magazine, Nymag.com, dmy-all, 2008-05-04, 2012-06-16, In 2009, Clean Seas, an Australian company which has been receiving assistance from Kinki UniversityWEB,www.fnarena.com/index2.cfm?type=dsp_newsitem&n=4213142B-1871-E587-E13DAA02FD0A4316, FNArena, FNArena, dmy-all, 2009-05-15, 2010-09-22, WEB,www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?http://www.abc.net.au/stateline/sa/content/2005/s1509579.htm, Stateline South Australia, Abc.net.au, dmy-all, 2010-09-22,www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fstateline%2Fsa%2Fcontent%2F2005%2Fs1509579.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20121113102602www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fstateline%2Fsa%2Fcontent%2F2005%2Fs1509579.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20121113102602www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fstateline%2Fsa%2Fcontent%2F2005%2Fs1509579.htm, 2012-11-13, dead, NEWS,www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,24389186-913,00.html, Clean Seas teams up with Japan’s Kinki Uni for tuna research, Nigel, Austin, dmy-all, 2008-09-23, The Advertiser, 24 November 2009, 2 December 2012,www.adelaidenow.com.au/business/sa-business-journal/clean-seas-signs-tuna-research-deal/story-e6fredel-1111117560776," title="archive.today/20121202225644www.adelaidenow.com.au/business/sa-business-journal/clean-seas-signs-tuna-research-deal/story-e6fredel-1111117560776,">archive.today/20121202225644www.adelaidenow.com.au/business/sa-business-journal/clean-seas-signs-tuna-research-deal/story-e6fredel-1111117560776, dead, managed to breed southern bluefin tuna in captivity and was awarded the second place in World’s Best Invention of 2009 by Time magazine.NEWS, The Tank-Bred Tuna,www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1934027_1934003_1933946,00.html,www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1934027_1934003_1933946,00.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20091115062251www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1934027_1934003_1933946,00.html,">web.archive.org/web/20091115062251www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1934027_1934003_1933946,00.html, dead, 15 November 2009, The 50 Best Inventions of 2009, Time.com, 21 January 2013, dmy-all, 2009-11-12, WEB, Aussies Win ‘Best Invention’ Award,www.thinkingaustralia.com/news/brief_view.asp?id=1525, ThinkingAustralia.com, 21 January 2013, dead,www.thinkingaustralia.com/news/brief_view.asp?id=1525," title="web.archive.org/web/20130403110610www.thinkingaustralia.com/news/brief_view.asp?id=1525,">web.archive.org/web/20130403110610www.thinkingaustralia.com/news/brief_view.asp?id=1525, 3 April 2013, df=dmy-all, Chicago Tribune, is significantly higher in mercury than skipjack, and caused Consumers Union and other activist groups to advise pregnant women to refrain from consuming canned tuna.WEB, Mercury in tuna,www.consumerreports.org/cro/food/tuna-safety/overview/0607_tuna_ov.htm, June 2006, dmy-all, 2007-05-19, 10 April 2007,www.consumerreports.org/cro/food/tuna-safety/overview/0607_tuna_ov.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20070410020238www.consumerreports.org/cro/food/tuna-safety/overview/0607_tuna_ov.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20070410020238www.consumerreports.org/cro/food/tuna-safety/overview/0607_tuna_ov.htm, dead, In 2009, a California appeals court upheld a ruling that canned tuna does not need warning labels as the methylmercury is naturally occurring.COURT, People ex rel. Brown v. Tri-Union Seafoods, LLC, 171, Cal.App.4th, 1549, Cal. App. Ct., 2009,scholar.google.com/scholar_case?hl=en&as_sdt=40000006&case=14761508866702574858&scilh=0, 7 October 2014, A January 2008 report revealed potentially dangerous levels of mercury in certain varieties of sushi tuna, reporting levels “so high that the Food and Drug Administration could take legal action to remove the fish from the market.“NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2008/01/23/dining/23sushi.html?ref=nyregion, High Mercury Levels Are Found in Tuna Sushi, New York Times, 23 January 2008, 11 September 2009, Marian, Burros, df=dmy-all, 2008-05-19, Melbourne, The Age, The five gathered for the first time in Kobe, Japan in January 2007. Environmental organizations made submissionsWEB,oceans.greenpeace.org/en/documents-reports/rfmo-kobe, Briefing: Joint Tuna RFMO Meeting, Kobe 2007, dmy-all, 2007-01-23, 2008-05-19, dead,oceans.greenpeace.org/en/documents-reports/rfmo-kobe," title="web.archive.org/web/20080323185155oceans.greenpeace.org/en/documents-reports/rfmo-kobe,">web.archive.org/web/20080323185155oceans.greenpeace.org/en/documents-reports/rfmo-kobe, 23 March 2008, on risks to fisheries and species. The meeting concluded with an action plan drafted by some 60 countries or areas. Concrete steps include issuing certificates of origin to prevent illegal fishing and greater transparency in the setting of regional fishing quotas. The delegates were scheduled to meet at another joint meeting in January or February 2009 in Europe.WEB,www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200701/s1834563.htm, Conference approves global plan to save tuna stocks, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2007-01-26, 2008-05-10, dmy-all, dead,www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200701/s1834563.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20080111070803www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200701/s1834563.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20080111070803www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200701/s1834563.htm, 11 January 2008, In 2010, Greenpeace International added the albacore, bigeye tuna, Pacific bluefin tuna, Atlantic bluefin tuna, southern bluefin tuna, and yellowfin tuna to its seafood red list, which are fish “commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries.“WEB,www.greenpeace.org/international/seafood/red-list-of-species, Greenpeace International Seafood Red list, Greenpeace.org, 2003-03-17, 2010-09-22, dmy-all, dead,www.greenpeace.org/international/seafood/red-list-of-species," title="web.archive.org/web/20100820034707www.greenpeace.org/international/seafood/red-list-of-species,">web.archive.org/web/20100820034707www.greenpeace.org/international/seafood/red-list-of-species, 20 August 2010, NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/magazine/27Tuna-t.html, Tuna’s End, Paul, Greenberg, dmy-all, 2010-06-21, The New York Times, Bluefin tuna have been widely accepted as being severely overfished, with some stocks at risk of collapse.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7040011.stm, Last rites for a marine marvel?, Richard, Black, BBC News, 17 October 2007, dmy-all, 17 October 2007, Ito, Masami, “Does Japan’s affair with tuna mean loving it to extinction?”, Japan Times, 31 August 2010, p. 3. {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} According to the International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (a global, nonprofit partnership between the tuna industry, scientists, and the World Wide Fund for Nature), Indian Ocean yellowfin tuna, Pacific Ocean (eastern and western) bigeye tuna, and North Atlantic albacore tuna are all overfished. In April 2009, no stock of skipjack tuna (which makes up roughly 60% of all tuna fished worldwide) was considered to be overfished.WEB,www.iss-foundation.org/files/e71afd66-086a-41c7-a71c-c2935687dcef/ISSF_A-2%20Summary%20(3).pdf, Status of the World Fisheries for Tuna: Section A-2 â Summary, ISSF, 15 April 2009, dmy-all, 10 November 2009,www.iss-foundation.org/files/e71afd66-086a-41c7-a71c-c2935687dcef/ISSF_A-2%20Summary%20%283%29.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20100327022746www.iss-foundation.org/files/e71afd66-086a-41c7-a71c-c2935687dcef/ISSF_A-2%20Summary%20%283%29.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20100327022746www.iss-foundation.org/files/e71afd66-086a-41c7-a71c-c2935687dcef/ISSF_A-2%20Summary%20%283%29.pdf, 27 March 2010, The BBC documentary South Pacific, which first aired in May 2009, stated that, should fishing in the Pacific continue at its current rate, populations of all tuna species could collapse within five years. It highlighted huge Japanese and European tuna fishing vessels, sent to the South Pacific international waters after overfishing their own fish stocks to the point of collapse.EPISODE, Fragile Paradise, South Pacific, Produced and directed by Jonathan Clay, BBC, BBC Two, dmy-all, 2009-06-14, A 2010 tuna fishery assessment report, released in January 2012 by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, supported this finding, recommending that all tuna fishing should be reduced or limited to current levels and that limits on skipjack fishing be considered.WEB,www3.cookislandsnews.com/2012/January/Wed18/environment.htm, Tuna overfishing continues, Cook Islands News df=dmy-all, 2012-05-19, dead,www.cookislandsnews.com/2012/January/Wed18/environment.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20131115074636www.cookislandsnews.com/2012/January/Wed18/environment.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20131115074636www.cookislandsnews.com/2012/January/Wed18/environment.htm, 2013-11-15, ResearchJOURNAL, Roxy, Mathew Koll, Modi, Aditi, Murtugudde, Raghu, Valsala, Vinu, Panickal, Swapna, Prasanna Kumar, S., Ravichandran, M., Vichi, Marcello, Lévy, Marina, dmy-all, 2016-01-28, A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean, Geophysical Research Letters, en, 43, 2, 2015GL066979, 10.1002/2015GL066979, 2016GeoRL..43..826R, 1944-8007,hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01259414/file/Roxy_2016_A_reduction_in.pdf,web.archive.org/web/20190103110538/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01259414/file/Roxy_2016_A_reduction_in.pdf, 2019-01-03, live, free, indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the tuna in the Indian Ocean, where rapid warming of the ocean has resulted in a reduction of marine phytoplankton. The bigeye tuna catch rates have also declined abruptly during the past half century, mostly due to increased industrial fisheries, with the ocean warming adding further stress to the fish species.
Biology
{{See also|Thunnus}}File:Thunnus obesus (Bigeye tuna) diagram cropped.GIF|thumb|Bigeye tunaBigeye tunaDescription
The tuna is a sleek, elongated and streamlined fish, adapted for speed. It has two closely spaced but separated dorsal fins on its back; The first fin is “depressible“ â it can be laid down, flush, in a groove that runs along its back; it is supported by spines.BOOK, n.d., Biological characteristics of tuna,www.fao.org/figis/pdf/fishery/topic/16082/en?title=FAO%20Fisheries%20%26%20Aquaculture%20-%20Biological%20characteristics%20of%20tuna, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization, 17 December 2022, Seven to ten yellow finlets run from the dorsal fins to the tail, which is lunate â curved like a crescent moon â and tapered to pointy tips.WEB, Gibbs, E., Fact Sheet: Tuna #P1412,seagrant.gso.uri.edu/factsheets/tuna.html, Rhode Island Sea Grant, 20 September 2012, dead,seagrant.gso.uri.edu/factsheets/tuna.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120712070954seagrant.gso.uri.edu/factsheets/tuna.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120712070954seagrant.gso.uri.edu/factsheets/tuna.html, 12 July 2012, A tuna’s pelvic fins are located below the base of the pectoral fins. Both dorsal and pelvic fins retract when the fish is swimming fast.The tuna’s body is countershaded to camouflage itself in deeper water when seen from above, its dorsal side is generally a metallic dark blue while the ventral or under side is silvery, often with an iridescent shine.WEB, Argo, Emily, Countershading, 21 April 2017,fishionary.fisheries.org/countershading/, Fishionary, American Fisheries Society, 17 December 2022, The caudal peduncle, to which the tail is attached, is quite thin, with three stabilizing horizontal keels on each side.Physiology
Thunnus are widely but sparsely distributed throughout the oceans of the world, generally in tropical and temperate waters at latitudes ranging between about 45° north and south of the equator. All tunas are able to maintain the temperature of certain parts of their body above the temperature of ambient seawater. For example, bluefin can maintain a core body temperature of {{Convert|25|-|33|C|F}}, in water as cold as {{Convert|6|C|F}}. Unlike other endothermic creatures such as mammals and birds, tuna do not maintain temperature within a relatively narrow range.JOURNAL, Sepulveda, C.A., Dickson, K.A., Bernal, D., Graham, J.B., Elevated red myotomal muscle temperatures in the most basal tuna species, Allothunnus fallai, Journal of Fish Biology, 1 July 2008, 73, 1, 241â249, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01931.x,216.172.180.32/~pier/userdocs/images/files/scientific_publications/Sepulveda%20et%20al.%202008%20.pdf, 2 November 2012, dead,216.172.180.32/~pier/userdocs/images/files/scientific_publications/Sepulveda%20et%20al.%202008%20.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20130207000108216.172.180.32/~pier/userdocs/images/files/scientific_publications/Sepulveda%20et%20al.%202008%20.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20130207000108216.172.180.32/~pier/userdocs/images/files/scientific_publications/Sepulveda%20et%20al.%202008%20.pdf, 7 February 2013, Tunas achieve endothermy by conserving the heat generated through normal metabolism. In all tunas, the heart operates at ambient temperature, as it receives cooled blood, and coronary circulation is directly from the gills. The rete mirabile (“wonderful net“), the intertwining of veins and arteries in the body’s periphery, allows nearly all of the metabolic heat from venous blood to be “re-claimed” and transferred to the arterial blood via a counter-current exchange system, thus mitigating the effects of surface cooling.JOURNAL, Cech, J.J., Laurs, R.M., Graham, J.B., 1984, Temperature-induced changes in blood gas equilibria in the albacore, Thunnus alalunga, a warm-bodied tuna, Journal of Experimental Biology, 109, 1, 21â34, 10.1242/jeb.109.1.21,jeb.biologists.org/content/109/1/21.full.pdf,jeb.biologists.org/content/109/1/21.full.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20150904044712jeb.biologists.org/content/109/1/21.full.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20150904044712jeb.biologists.org/content/109/1/21.full.pdf, 2015-09-04, live, Oxygenated blood that has just reached thermal equilibrium with ambient sea water in the gills enters the rete on the arterial side, while warmed, deoxygenated, and carbon dioxide-laden blood enters on the venous end. In the rete, countercurrent flow and the high surface area contact between the two blood supplies facilitate the transfer of nearly all of the metabolic heat in the venous blood to arterial blood, thus conserving muscle temperature. After exiting the rete, arterial blood continues to the red muscle capillary beds, and cooled venous blood flows to the gills where carbon dioxide is excreted and oxygen is loaded., free, This allows the tuna to elevate the temperatures of the highly-aerobic tissues of the skeletal muscles, eyes and brain,JOURNAL, Landeira-Fernandez, A.M., Morrissette, J.M., Blank, J.M., Block, B.A., Temperature dependence of the Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2) in the ventricles of tuna and mackerel, American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 16 October 2003, 286, 2, R398âR404, 10.1152/ajpregu.00392.2003, 14604842, which supports faster swimming speeds and reduced energy expenditure, and which enables them to survive in cooler waters over a wider range of ocean environments than those of other fish.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}Also unlike most fish, which have white flesh, the muscle tissue of tuna ranges from pink to dark red. The red myotomal muscles derive their color from myoglobin, an oxygen-binding molecule, which tuna express in quantities far higher than most other fish. The oxygen-rich blood further enables energy delivery to their muscles.For powerful swimming animals like dolphins and tuna, cavitation may be detrimental, because it limits their maximum swimming speed.JOURNAL, Iosilevskii, G, Weihs, D, Speed limits on swimming of fishes and cetaceans, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 6 March 2008, 5, 20, 329â338, 10.1098/rsif.2007.1073, 17580289, Lacking pain receptors on their caudal fins, scombrids may temporarily cross the cavitation limit, and cavitation-induced damage has been observed (Kishinouye 1923); on the other hand, delphinids probably cannot cross it without pain (Lang 1966), 2607394, Even if they have the power to swim faster, dolphins may have to restrict their speed, because collapsing cavitation bubbles on their tail are too painful. Cavitation also slows tuna, but for a different reason. Unlike dolphins, these fish do not feel the bubbles, because they have bony fins without nerve endings. Nevertheless, they cannot swim faster because the cavitation bubbles create a vapor film around their fins that limits their speed. Lesions have been found on tuna that are consistent with cavitation damage.Fishing
{{otheruses|Tuna fishing (disambiguation)}}{{More citations needed section|date=July 2021}}(File:Tuna all sizes Pengo.svg|thumb|350px|Maximum reported sizes of tuna species|alt=Bar chart that states Thunnus thynnus is the largest tuna, at {{Convert|458|cm|in}} followed by Thunnus orientalis at {{Convert|300|cm|in}}, Thunnus obsesus at {{Convert|250|cm|in}}, Gymnosarda unicolor at {{Convert|248|cm|in}}, Thunnus maccoyii at {{Convert|245|cm|in}}, Thunnus albacares at {{Convert|239|cm|in}}, Gasterochisma melampus at {{Convert|164|cm|in}}, Thunnus tonggol at {{Convert|145|cm|in}}, Thunnus alalunga at {{Convert|140|cm|in}}, Euthynnus alletteratus at {{Convert|122|cm|in}}, Katsuwonus pelamis at {{Convert|108|cm|in}}, Thunnus atlanticus at {{Convert|108|cm|in}}, Allothunnus fallai at {{Convert|105|cm|in}}, Euthynnus affinis at {{Convert|100|cm|in}}, Auxis thazard thazard at {{Convert|65|cm|in}},Auxis rochei rochei at {{Convert|50|cm|in}}, and Auxis rochei eudorax at {{Convert|36.5|cm|in}})Commerce
Tuna is an important commercial fish. The International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (ISSF) compiled a detailed scientific report on the state of global tuna stocks in 2009, which includes regular updates. According to the ISSF, the most important species for commercial and recreational tuna fisheries are yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), bigeye (T. obesus), bluefin (T. thynnus, T. orientalis, and T. macoyii), albacore (T. alalunga), and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis).WEB,www.iss-foundation.org/files/b45a4eb2-f9d7-4ed6-87a1-2efe2519baf6/ISSF_A-1%20Introduction.pdfMethods
{{external media|float=right|width=240px|video1=Tuna pole and line fishing BBC Two}}Besides for edible purposes, many tuna species are caught frequently as game, often for recreation or for contests in which money is awarded based on weight. Larger specimens are notorious for putting up a fight while hooked, and have been known to injure people who try to catch them, as well as damage their equipment.- Phoenician technique for trapping and catching Atlantic bluefin tuna called Almadraba, still used today in Portugal, Spain, Morocco and Italy which uses a maze of nets. In Sicily, the same method is called Tonnara.
- Fish farming (cage system)
- Tuna ranching
- Longline fishing
- Purse seines
- Pole and line
- Harpoon gun
- Big game fishing
- Fish aggregating device
Association with whaling
In 2005, Nauru, defending its vote from Australian criticism at that year’s meeting of the International Whaling Commission, argued that some whale species have the potential to devastate Nauru’s tuna stocks, and that Nauru’s food security and economy relies heavily on fishing.WEB, Dorney, Sean,www.abc.net.au/news/2005-06-28/nauru-defends-whaling-vote/2046680, Nauru defends whaling vote. 28/06/2005. ABC News Online, Abc.net.au, dmy-all, 2005-06-28, 2012-04-12, Despite this, Nauru does not permit whaling in its own waters and does not allow other fishing vessels to take or intentionally interact with marine mammals in its Exclusive Economic Zone. In 2010 and 2011, Nauru supported Australian proposalsWEB, Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, Australia Proposals to Address the Impact of Purse Seine Fishing Activity on Cetaceans,wcpfc.int/system/files/documents/meetings/regular-sessions-commission/eighth-regular-session/delegation-proposals-and-paper/WCPFC8-2011-DP-15B-%28Rev-2%29-Australia-Proposals-Address-Impact-Purse-Seine-Fishing-Activity-Cetaceans.pdf, WCPFC, 11 April 2012, dead,wcpfc.int/system/files/documents/meetings/regular-sessions-commission/eighth-regular-session/delegation-proposals-and-paper/WCPFC8-2011-DP-15B-%28Rev-2%29-Australia-Proposals-Address-Impact-Purse-Seine-Fishing-Activity-Cetaceans.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20121101065208wcpfc.int/system/files/documents/meetings/regular-sessions-commission/eighth-regular-session/delegation-proposals-and-paper/WCPFC8-2011-DP-15B-%28Rev-2%29-Australia-Proposals-Address-Impact-Purse-Seine-Fishing-Activity-Cetaceans.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20121101065208wcpfc.int/system/files/documents/meetings/regular-sessions-commission/eighth-regular-session/delegation-proposals-and-paper/WCPFC8-2011-DP-15B-%28Rev-2%29-Australia-Proposals-Address-Impact-Purse-Seine-Fishing-Activity-Cetaceans.pdf, 1 November 2012, for a western Pacific-wide ban on tuna purse-seining in the vicinity of marine mammals â a measure which was agreed by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission at its eighth meeting in March 2012.Association with dolphins
Dolphins swim beside several tuna species. These include yellowfin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean, but not albacore. Tuna schools are believed to associate themselves with dolphins for protection against sharks, which are tuna predators.WEB,journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/border/ensenada.html, ENSENADA: El Puerto del Atun, Journalism.berkeley.edu, dmy-all, 2010-09-22, dead,journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/border/ensenada.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100524134557journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/border/ensenada.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100524134557journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/border/ensenada.html, 2010-05-24, Commercial fishing vessels used to exploit this association by searching for dolphin pods. Vessels would encircle the pod with nets to catch the tuna beneath.WEB, Dolphin-safe tuna, Whale and Dolphin Conservation,www.wdcs-na.org/text/story_details.php?select=308, dead,www.wdcs-na.org/text/story_details.php?select=308," title="web.archive.org/web/20130927135421www.wdcs-na.org/text/story_details.php?select=308,">web.archive.org/web/20130927135421www.wdcs-na.org/text/story_details.php?select=308, dmy-all, 2013-09-27, The nets were prone to entangling dolphins, injuring or killing them. Public outcry and new government regulations, which are now monitored by NOAA have led to more dolphin-friendly methods, now generally involving lines rather than nets. There are neither universal independent inspection programs nor verification of dolphin safety, so these protections are not absolute. According to Consumers Union, the resulting lack of accountability means claims of tuna that is “dolphin safe” should be given little credence.Fishery practices have changed to be dolphin friendly, which has caused greater bycatch including sharks, turtles and other oceanic fish. Fishermen no longer follow dolphins, but concentrate their fisheries around floating objects such as fish aggregation devices, also known as FADs, which attract large populations of other organisms. Measures taken thus far to satisfy the public demand to protect dolphins can be potentially damaging to other species as well.WEB, Southern Fried Science, The ecological disaster that is dolphin safe tuna, 16 February 2009,southernfriedscientist.wordpress.com/2009/02/16/the-ecological-disaster-that-is-dolphin-safe-tuna/,Aquaculture
Increasing quantities of high-grade tuna caught at sea are reared in net pens and fed bait fish. In Australia, former fishermen raise southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) and another bluefin species.JOURNAL, Doolette, DJ, Craig, D, amp, Tuna farm diving in South Australia, South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal, 29, 2, 1999, 0813-1988, 16986801,archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6006Food
(File:Grilled Tuna.jpg|thumb|A grilled tuna steak)Fresh and frozen
The fresh or frozen flesh of tuna is widely regarded as a delicacy in most areas where it is shipped, being prepared in a variety of ways. When served as a steak, the meat of most species is known for its thickness and tough texture. In the U.K., supermarkets began flying in fresh tuna steaks in the late 1990s, which helped to increase the popularity of using fresh tuna in cooking; by 2009, celebrity chefs regularly featured fresh tuna in salads, wraps, and char-grilled dishes.WEB,www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/how-tuna-conquered-the-world-1700127.html, How Tuna Conquered the World, Hickman, Martin, 9 June 2009, www.independent.co.uk, The Independent, 30 January 2019, 31 January 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190131100056/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/how-tuna-conquered-the-world-1700127.html, dead,Served raw
Various species of tuna are often served raw in Japanese cuisine as sushi or sashimi.Commercial sashimi tuna may have their coloration fixated by pumping carbon monoxide (CO) into bags containing the tuna, and holding it at 4 °C. For a 2-inch tuna steak, this requires 24 hours. The fish is then vacuum sealed and frozen. In Japan, color fixation using CO is prohibited.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=Xr6hTgLRoLIC&pg=PA328, Handbook of Frozen Foods, CRC Press, Hui, Y. H., etal, 2004, 328, 0203022009,
Tuna consumption increases the risk of getting cancer.WEB,www.researchgate.net/project/Tuna-causes-cancer, Tuna causes cancer, ResearchGate,
File:Tuna_Sushi.jpg|{{center|Sushi}}File:Tuna salad 001.jpg|{{center|Tuna salad}}File:tuna steak.JPG|{{center|Tuna steak served in a French bistro}}File:Tekkadon_001.jpg|{{center|Tekkadon}}File:Katsuobushi 02.jpg|{{center|Katsuobushi shavings}}File:Mojama de atun.JPG|{{center|Mojama}}Canned
{{See also|Canned fish#Tuna}}(File:Canned and packaged tuna on supermarket shelves.jpg|thumb|right|Canned tuna on sale at a supermarket|alt=Small cans on grocery shelves|275x275px)Tuna is canned in edible oils, in brine, in water, and in various sauces. Tuna may be processed and labeled as “solid”, “chunked” (“chunk“) or “flaked”. When tuna is canned and packaged for sale, the product is sometimes called tuna fish (U.S.), a calque (loan translation) from the German (wikt:Thunfisch|Thunfisch). Canned tuna is sometimes used as food for pets, especially cats.- Australia
- United States
- Precooked
- Light and white
- Ventresca tuna{{anchor|Ventresca tuna|ventresca tuna}}
Nutrition
{{nutritional value| name = Tuna, light, canned in oil, drained solids| kJ = 830| water = 60 g| protein = 29 g| fat = 8 g| carbs = 0 g| iron_mg = 1.4| calcium_mg = 13| magnesium_mg = 31| phosphorus_mg = 311| potassium_mg = 207| zinc_mg = 0.9| vitA_ug = 23| vitD_iu = 269| choline_mg = 29| source_usda = 1}}Canned light tuna in oil is 29% protein, 8% fat, 60% water, and contains no carbohydrates, while providing 200 calories in a 100 gram reference amount (table). It is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of phosphorus (44% DV) and vitamin D (45% DV), and a moderate source of iron (11% DV).Mercury and health
{{See also|Mercury in fish|Got Mercury?}}Mercury content in tuna can vary widely. Among those calling for improved warnings about mercury in tuna is the American Medical Association, which adopted a policy that physicians should help make their patients more aware of the potential risks.NEWS,www.chicagotribune.com/features/health/chi-0512130114dec13,0,4864620,full.story, Chicago Tribune, How safe is tuna?, Sam, Roe, Michael, Hawthorne, 2005-12-13, dead,www.chicagotribune.com/features/health/chi-0512130114dec13,0,4864620,full.story," title="web.archive.org/web/20091126023316www.chicagotribune.com/features/health/chi-0512130114dec13,0,4864620,full.story,">web.archive.org/web/20091126023316www.chicagotribune.com/features/health/chi-0512130114dec13,0,4864620,full.story, dmy-all, 2009-11-26, A study published in 2008 found that mercury distribution in the meat of farmed tuna is inversely related to the lipid content, suggesting that higher lipid concentration within edible tissues of tuna raised in captivity might, other factors remaining equal, have a diluting effect on mercury content.JOURNAL, Balshaws, S.
, J.W., Edwards
, K.E., Ross
, B.J., Daughtry
, Mercury distribution in the muscular tissue of farmed southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) is inversely related to the lipid content of tissues
, Food Chemistry, 111, 3, 616â621
, December 2008, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.041, Mackerel tuna is one species of tuna that is lower in mercury concentration than skipjack or yellowfin,JOURNAL, Sompongchaiyakul, Penjai, Hantow1, 2010, An assessment of mercury concentration in fish tissues caught from three compartments of the Bay of Bengal,pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aa1b/e647c6109fe46c005c6797f6adb28b562bfc.pdf,web.archive.org/web/20180821062638/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aa1b/e647c6109fe46c005c6797f6adb28b562bfc.pdf, dead, 2018-08-21, Harper S, O’Meara D, Booth S, Zeller D, Pauly D (Eds) Fisheries Catches for the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Since 1950, Vol 16, Report to the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project, 1, 41523999, but this species is known as “black meat” or “dark meat” tuna, which is a lower grade for canning because of the color, unfavorable flavor, and poor yield.JOURNAL, Balachandran KK, Vijayan PK, Joseph J, 1982, Improving the acceptability of canned Mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis),aquaticcommons.org/18382/1/FT19.1_059.pdf,aquaticcommons.org/18382/1/FT19.1_059.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20180821093834aquaticcommons.org/18382/1/FT19.1_059.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20180821093834aquaticcommons.org/18382/1/FT19.1_059.pdf, 2018-08-21, live, Fish Technology, 19, 59â60,
In March 2004, the United States FDA issued guidelines recommending that pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children limit their intake of tuna and other predatory fish.WEB, What You Need to Know About Mercury in Fish and Shellfish,www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/admehg3.html, March 2004, 2007-05-19, 19 May 2007,www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/admehg3.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20070519060018www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/admehg3.html,">web.archive.org/web/20070519060018www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/admehg3.html, dead, The Environmental Protection Agency provides guidelines on how much canned tuna is safe to eat. Roughly speaking, the guidelines recommend one {{convert|6|oz|g|adj=on}} can of light tuna per week for individuals weighing less than {{convert|110|lbs|kg}}, and two cans per week for those who weigh more.WEB, PROTECT YOURSELF AND YOUR FAMILY: Eating Tuna Safely,www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/tuna.asp, 2012-04-02, 2012-04-02, In 2007, it was reported that some canned light tuna such as yellowfin tunaNEWS, FDA to check tuna,articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-12-31/news/0512310211_1_light-tuna-tuna-foundation-low-mercury, J.W., Edwards
, K.E., Ross
, B.J., Daughtry
, Mercury distribution in the muscular tissue of farmed southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) is inversely related to the lipid content of tissues
, Food Chemistry, 111, 3, 616â621
, December 2008, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.041, Mackerel tuna is one species of tuna that is lower in mercury concentration than skipjack or yellowfin,JOURNAL, Sompongchaiyakul, Penjai, Hantow1, 2010, An assessment of mercury concentration in fish tissues caught from three compartments of the Bay of Bengal,pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aa1b/e647c6109fe46c005c6797f6adb28b562bfc.pdf,web.archive.org/web/20180821062638/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aa1b/e647c6109fe46c005c6797f6adb28b562bfc.pdf, dead, 2018-08-21, Harper S, O’Meara D, Booth S, Zeller D, Pauly D (Eds) Fisheries Catches for the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Since 1950, Vol 16, Report to the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project, 1, 41523999, but this species is known as “black meat” or “dark meat” tuna, which is a lower grade for canning because of the color, unfavorable flavor, and poor yield.JOURNAL, Balachandran KK, Vijayan PK, Joseph J, 1982, Improving the acceptability of canned Mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis),aquaticcommons.org/18382/1/FT19.1_059.pdf,aquaticcommons.org/18382/1/FT19.1_059.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20180821093834aquaticcommons.org/18382/1/FT19.1_059.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20180821093834aquaticcommons.org/18382/1/FT19.1_059.pdf, 2018-08-21, live, Fish Technology, 19, 59â60,
Management and conservation
(File:Tuna-lifecycle1.jpg|thumb|400px|{{center|Life cycle}})The main tuna fishery management bodies are the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, and the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna.NEWS, WWF demands tuna monitoring system,www.theage.com.au/news/World/WWF-demands-tuna-monitoring-system/2007/01/19/1169095972203.htmlSee also
References
{{Reflist|30em}}Further references
- Clover, Charles. 2004. (The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat). Ebury Press, London. {{ISBN|0-09-189780-7}}
- FAO: Species Catalog Vol. 2 Scombrids of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 2. FIR/S125 Vol. 2.{{ISBN|92-5-101381-0}}
- FAO: Review of the state of world marine fishery resources: Tuna and tuna-like species â Global, 2005 Rome.
- Majkowski, Jacek (1995) “Tuna and tuna-like species” In: Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, FAO Fisheries technical paper 457, FAO, Rome. {{ISBN|978-92-5-107023-9}}.
- Majkowski J, Arrizabalaga H, Carocci F and Murua H (2011) “Tuna and tuna-like species” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170625www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2389e/i2389e.zip |date=3 March 2016 }} In: Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, pages 227â244, FAO Fisheries technical paper 569, FAO, Rome. {{ISBN|978-92-5-107023-9}}.
- Standard of Identity for Canned Tuna (United States), Code of Federal Regulations: 21 CFR 161.190 â Canned tuna.
- Viñas J and Tudela S (2009) “A validated methodology for genetic identification of tuna species (genus Thunnus)” PLoS One, 4(10): e7606.
Further reading
{{Commons category|Scombridae}}{{Cookbook}}- Bluefin Tuna, Chinese Cobra and Others Added to Red List of Threatened Species, Scientific American, 18 November 2014
- How Hot Tuna (and Some Sharks) Stay Warm National Science Foundation, 27 October 2005
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