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mazurka
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{{Short description|Polish lively triple-meter musical form with accents on beats two and three}}{{Other uses}}{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
missing image!
- Mazurka dance pattern.png -
Mazur rhythm.Blatter, Alfred (2007). Revisiting music theory: a guide to the practice, p.28. {{ISBN|0-415-97440-2}}.
{{listen
- Mazurka dance pattern.png -
Mazur rhythm.Blatter, Alfred (2007). Revisiting music theory: a guide to the practice, p.28. {{ISBN|0-415-97440-2}}.
| filename = Frederic Chopin - mazurka no. 4 in a minor, op. 17.ogg
| title = Opus 17, No. 4: Mazurka No. 13, in A minor by Chopin
| description = Performed by Donald Betts
| format = Ogg
| filename2 = Chopin - Mazurka D major Op.33 no. 2 (or 3) played by Lubka Kolessa.oga
| title2 = Opus 33, No. 3: Mazurka No. 24, in D major by Chopin
| description2 = performed by Lubka Kolessa
| format2 = Ogg
| filename3 = Debussy - Mazurka.ogg
| title3 = Mazurka by Claude Debussy
| description3 = Claude Debussy's Mazurka
| format3 = Ogg
| filename4 = Northern California Folk Music - Mazurka.oga
| title4 = Mazurka, from Northern California
| description4 = Mazurka, played on harmonica by Aaron Morgan and recorded by Sidney Robertson Cowell in 1939.
| format4 = Ogg
}}The Mazurka (Polish: mazurek) is a Polish musical form based on stylised folk dances in triple meter, usually at a lively tempo, with character defined mostly by the prominent mazur's "strong accents unsystematically placed on the second or third beat".Randel, D. M., Ed., The New Harvard Dictionary of Music, Harvard University Press, 1986 The Mazurka, alongside the polka dance, became popular at the ballrooms and salons of Europe in the 19th century, particularly through the notable works by Frédéric Chopin. The mazurka (in Polish mazur, the same word as the mazur) and mazurek (rural dance based on the mazur) are often confused in Western literature as the same musical form.JOURNAL, Pudelek, Janina, Sibilska, Joanna, January 1996, The polish dancers visit St. Petersburg, 1851: A detective story,weblink Dance Chronicle, 19, 2, 171â189, 10.1080/01472529608569240, 0147-2526, | title = Opus 17, No. 4: Mazurka No. 13, in A minor by Chopin
| description = Performed by Donald Betts
| format = Ogg
| filename2 = Chopin - Mazurka D major Op.33 no. 2 (or 3) played by Lubka Kolessa.oga
| title2 = Opus 33, No. 3: Mazurka No. 24, in D major by Chopin
| description2 = performed by Lubka Kolessa
| format2 = Ogg
| filename3 = Debussy - Mazurka.ogg
| title3 = Mazurka by Claude Debussy
| description3 = Claude Debussy's Mazurka
| format3 = Ogg
| filename4 = Northern California Folk Music - Mazurka.oga
| title4 = Mazurka, from Northern California
| description4 = Mazurka, played on harmonica by Aaron Morgan and recorded by Sidney Robertson Cowell in 1939.
| format4 = Ogg
History
The folk origins of the Mazurk are three Polish folk dances which are:- mazur, most characteristic due to its inconsistent rhythmic accents,
- slow and melancholic kujawiak,
- fast oberek.
Outside Poland
The form was common as a popular dance in Europe and the United States in the mid to late nineteenth century.Cape Verde Islands
In Cape Verde the mazurka is also revered as an important cultural phenomenon played with acoustic bands led by a violinist and accompanied by guitarists.It also takes a variation of the mazurka dance form and is found mostly in the north of the archipelago, mainly in São Nicolau, Santo Antão. In the south it finds popularity in the island of Brava.Czechia
Czech composers BedÅich Smetana, AntonÃn DvoÅák, and Bohuslav Martinů all wrote mazurkas to at least some extent. For Smetana and Martinů, these are single pieces (respectively, a Mazurka-Cappricio for piano and a Mazurka-Nocturne for a mixed string/wind quartet), whereas DvoÅák composed a set of six mazurkas for piano, and a mazurka for violin and orchestra.France
In France, Impressionistic composers Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel both wrote mazurkas; Debussy's is a stand-alone piece, and Ravel's is part of a suite of an early work, La Parade. Jacques Offenbach included a mazurka in his ballet Gaîté Parisienne; Léo Delibes composed one which appears several times in the first act of his ballet Coppélia. The mazurka appears frequently in French traditional folk music. In the French Antilles, the mazurka has become an important style of dance and music.A creolised version of the mazurka is mazouk whichâbeginning around 1979 in Parisâmorphed into the globally popular dance style âzoukâ developed in France and popularised by Paris's Island-creole supergroup Kassav'; mazouk had been introduced to the French Caribbean in the late 1800s. In the 21st century in Brazil and the Afro-Caribbean diaspora, zouk (and its progenitor band Kassav') remains very popular. In popular 20th century folk dancing in France, the Polish/classical-piano (see Chopin) mazurka evolved into mazouk, a dance at a more gentle pace (without the traditional 'hop' step on the 3rd beat), fostering more-intimate dancing and associating mazouk with a "seduction" dance (see also tango from Argentina). This "sexy" style of mazurka has also been imported to âbalfolk" dancing in Belgium and the Netherlands, hence the name "Belgian Mazurka" or "Flemish Mazurka". Perhaps the most enduring style of intimate dancing music of this origin moved zouk from the 1980sâ2000s into its wildly popular (especially in Brazil and Africa) slow-dancing variant called zouk love, which remains a staple of French-Caribbean dance venues in Paris and elsewhere.Ireland
Mazurkas constitute a distinctive part of the traditional dance music of County Donegal, Ireland. As a couple's dance, it is no longer popular. The Polish dance entered the UK in the 1840s, but is not widely played outside of Donegal.Cooper, P. (1995). Mel Bay's Complete Irish Fiddle Player. Mel Bay Publications, Inc.: Pacific, p. 76-80 Unlike the Polish mazurek, which may have an accent on the second or third beat of a bar, the Irish mazurka (masúrca in the Irish language) is consistently accented on the second beat, giving it a unique feel.Vallely, F. (1999). The Companion to Traditional Irish Music. New York University Press: New York, p. 231WEB,weblink Rhythm Definitions â Irish Traditional Music Tune Index, Irishtune.info, 5 December 2012, 26 June 2013, WEB,weblink Irish Flute Tunes » Blog Archive » Masúrca Gan Ainm, Irishflute.podbean.com, 5 May 2007, 26 June 2013, PRESS RELEASE,weblink Mazurka, 26 June 2013, Musician CaoimhÃn Mac Aoidh has written a book on the subject, From Mazovia to Meenbanad: The Donegal Mazurkas, in which the history of the musical and dance form is related.WEB,weblink Late session, 26 June 2013, {{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}weblink {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527215309weblink|date=27 May 2012}}WEB,weblink 9780955903106: From Mazovia to Meenbanad : The Donegal Mazurkas â AbeBooks â Mac Aoidh, Caoimhin: 0955903106, AbeBooks, 26 June 2013, Mac Aoidh tracked down 32 different mazurkas as played in Ireland.WEB,weblink Séamus Gibson Caoimhin mac Aoidh Niall Mac Aoidh Martin McGinley... ⢠From Mazovia to Mennbanad ⢠cdtrrracks, Cdtrrracks.com, 26 June 2013,Italy
Mazurkas are part of Italian popular music including the Liscio style. Typical of Italian mazurkas are groups of triplets, strong dotted rhythms, and phrase endings of two accented quarter notes and a rest, unlike a waltz.Brazil
In Brazil, the composer Ernesto Nazareth wrote a Chopinesque mazurka called "Mercedes" in 1917. Heitor Villa-Lobos wrote a mazurka for classical guitar in a similar musical style to Polish mazurkas.Cuba
In Cuba, composer Ernesto Lecuona wrote a piece titled Mazurka en Glisado for the piano, one of various commissions throughout his life.Nicaragua
In Nicaragua, Carlos MejÃa Godoy y los de Palacaguina and Los Soñadores de Saraguasca made a compilation of mazurkas from popular folk music, which are performed with a violin de talalate, an indigenous instrument from Nicaragua.Curaçao
In Curaçao the mazurka was popular as dance music in the nineteenth century, as well as in the first half of the twentieth century. Several Curaçao-born composers, such as Jan Gerard Palm, Joseph Sickman Corsen, Jacobo Palm, Rudolph Palm and Wim Statius Muller, have written mazurkas.Mexico
In Mexico, composers Ricardo Castro and Manuel M Ponce wrote mazurkas for the piano in a Chopin fashion, eventually mixing elements of Mexican folk dances.Philippines
In the Philippines, the mazurka is a popular form of traditional dance. The Mazurka Boholana is one well-known Filipino mazurka.Portugal
In Portugal the mazurka became one of the most popular traditional European dances through the first years of the annual Andanças, a traditional dances festival held nearby Castelo de Vide.Russia
In Russia, many composers wrote mazurkas for solo piano: Scriabin (26), Balakirev (7), Tchaikovsky (6). Borodin wrote two in his Petite Suite for piano; Mikhail Glinka also wrote two, although one is a simplified version of Chopin's Mazurka No. 13. Tchaikovsky also included mazurkas in his scores for Swan Lake, Eugene Onegin, and Sleeping Beauty. Rachmaninoff's Morceaux de salon Op 10 includes a Mazurka in D-flat major as its 7th piece.The mazurka was a common dance at the balls of the Russian Empire and it is depicted in many Russian novels and films. In addition to its mention in Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina as well as in a protracted episode in War and Peace, the dance is prominently featured in Ivan Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons. Arkady reserves the mazurka for Madame Odintsov with whom he is falling in love. During Russian balls, it was danced elegantly and famously by the Tsarina Maria Feodorovna, the second-to-last tsarina of the Russian empire before its collapse in 1918.BOOK, Fabergé's Eggs, Tony Faber, 2008, Random House, 9781400065509, registration,weblinkSweden
In Swedish folk music, the quaver or eight-note polska has a similar rhythm to the mazurka, and the two dances have a common origin. The international version of the mazurka was also introduced under that name during the nineteenth century.United States
The mazurka survives in some old-time fiddle tunes, and also in early Cajun music, though it has largely fallen out of Cajun music now. In the Southern United States it was sometimes known as a "mazuka". Polish Mazurka was danced in upstate New York in the 1950s and 1960s (similarly to the krakowiak, millennium of Christianity) in Polish community centers or social clubs, which can be found throughout the US. The polka remains the best known dance of the Nation of Poland and its people and is regularly danced at weddings, dance halls and public events (e.g., summers outdoors, barn dances) in US. Racino, Julie Ann. (2014). Reflections on community integration in rural communities in upstate New York. Rome, NY: Community and Policy Studies.California
In addition to being part of the repertoire of Irish traditional music sessions, the mazurka has been played by a wide variety of cultural groups in California. The mazurka first came to Alta California during the Spanish period and danced among Californios.BOOK, Mende Grey, Vykki, Dance Tunes from Mexican and Spanish California, 2016, Los Californios, San Diego, CA, Later, the renowned guitarist Manuel Y. Ferrer, who was born in Baja California to Spanish parents and learned guitar from a Franciscan friar in Santa Barbara but made his career in the San Francisco Bay Area, arranged mazurkas for the guitar.BOOK, Back, Douglas, Hispanic-American Guitar, 2003, Mel-Bay, 9781610656139, 9, During the early 20th century, the mazurka became part of the repertoire of Italian American musicians in San Francisco playing in the ballo liscio style.BOOK, Mignano Crawford, Sheri, Mandolin Melodies, 2008, Zighi Baci, Petaluma, CA, 978-0976372233, 11â13, 3rd, Pianist Sid LeProtti, an important Oakland-born early jazz musician on the west coast, stated that before jazz took off, he and other musicians in Barbary Coast clubs played mazurkas in addition to waltzes, two-steps, marches, polkas, and schottisches.BOOK, Stoddard, Tom, Jazz on the Barbary Coast, 1998, Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA, 1-890771-04-X, 12, registration,weblink One mazurka, played on harmonica, was collected by Sidney Robertson Cowell for the WPA California Folk Music Project in 1939 in Tuolumne County.AV MEDIA, Morgan, Aaron, Cowell, Sidney Robertson, Mazurka,weblink California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collected by Sidney Robertson Cowell, Library of Congress, 11 August 2018,See also
- Mazur (dance)
- Bourrée
- Fandango
- Ländler
- Mazurkas (Chopin)
- Polish music
- Polonaise (dance)
- Polska (dance)
- Waltz
- Pols
Notes
{{Reflist}}Bibliography
- Downes, Stephen. "Mazurka" Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 17 November 2009.
- Kallberg, Jeffrey. "The problem of repetition and return in Chopin's mazurkas." Chopin Styles, ed. Jim Samson. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
- Kallberg, Jeffrey. "Chopin's Last Style." Journal of the American Musicological Society 38.2 (1985): 264â315.
- MichaÅowski, Kornel, and Jim Samson. "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek" Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 17 November 2009. (esp. section 6, "Formative Influences")
- Milewski, Barbara. "Chopin's Mazurkas and the Myth of the Folk." 19th-Century Music 23.2 (1999): 113â35.
- Rosen, Charles. The Romantic Generation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1995.
- Winokur, Roselyn M. "Chopin and the Mazurka". Diss. Sarah Lawrence College, 1974.
External links
{{Americana Poster}}- history, description, costumes, music, sources
- Mazurka within traditional dances of the County of Nice (France)
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070203083527weblink">The Russian Mazurka
- The Mazurka Project
- BOOK, Halman, Johannes and Robert Rojer, Jan Gerard Palm Music Scores: Waltzes, Mazurkas, Danzas, Tumbas, Polkas, Marches, Fantasies, Serenades, a Galop and Music Composed for Services in the Synagogue and the Lodge, Amsterdam: Broekmans & Van Poppel, 2008, weblink" title="https:/-/web.archive.org/web/20081226182057weblink">weblink
- 'Vincent Campbell's Mazurka' as played by Vincent Campbell in Co. Donegal
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