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{{Short description|Species of tree}}{{About|the tree|the painting by Tom Thomson|The Jack Pine}}{{Speciesbox| image = Pinus banksiana.jpg| image_caption = Young jack pine| status = LC| status_system = IUCN3.1

TITLE=PINUS BANKSIANA

PAGE=E.T42346A2974230

ACCESS-DATE=12 NOVEMBER 2021, | display_parents = 3| genus = Pinus| parent = Pinus subsect. Contortae| species = banksiana

Aylmer Bourke Lambert>Lamb.| range_map = Pinus banksiana range map.png| range_map_caption = Native range| synonyms = {{Species list |Pinus divaricata|(Aiton) Dum.Cours. |Pinus divaricata|(Aiton) Sudw. nom. illeg. |Pinus hudsonica|Poir. |Pinus rupestris|Michx.f. |Pinus sylvestris var. divaricata|Aiton }}

id = kew-2563220

authority = Lamb.}}{{WCSP

Pinus divaricata}}{{IPNI

taxon = Pinus divaricata}}}}Jack pine (Pinus banksiana), also known as grey pineBOOK, New Brunswick House of Assembly,weblink Reports Relating to the Project of Constructing a Railway and a Line of Electro-magnetic Telegraph Through the Province of New Brunswick from Halifax to Quebec, J. Simpson, 1847, or scrub pine,{{Silvics|volume=1|genus=Pinus|species=banksiana|last=Burns|first=R.M.}} is a North American pine. Distribution and habitat Its native range in Canada is east of the Rocky Mountains from the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories to Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, and the north-central and northeast of the United States from Minnesota to Maine, with the southernmost part of the range just into northwest Indiana and northwest Pennsylvania.BOOK, Grimm, William Carey, The Book Of Trees, 1962, The Stackpole Company, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 55, en, Taxonomy In the far west of its range, Pinus banksiana hybridizes readily with the closely related lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). The species epithet banksiana is after the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks.WEB,weblink Pinus banksiana Lamb., Center for Wood Anatomy Research, Forest Products Library, United States Forest Service, 2010-12-27, 2012-03-08,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120308131047weblink">weblink dead, Description Pinus banksiana ranges from {{convert|9|-|22|m|abbr=on}} in height. Some jack pines are shrub-sized, due to poor growing conditions. They do not usually grow perfectly straight, resulting in an irregular shape similar to pitch pine (Pinus rigida). This pine often forms pure stands on sandy or rocky soil. Many populations are adapted to stand-replacing fires, with the cones remaining closed for many years, until a forest fire kills the mature trees and opens the cones, reseeding the burnt ground. Other populations have not been shaped by regular stand-replacing fires and have reduced serotiny.JOURNAL, Gauthier, Sylvie, Bergeron, Yves, Simon, Jean-Pierre, 1996, Effects of Fire Regime on the Serotiny Level of Jack Pine,weblink Journal of Ecology, 84, 4, 539–548, 10.2307/2261476, 0022-0477, JOURNAL, Pelletier, Emmanuelle, de Lafontaine, Guillaume, February 2023, Jack pine of all trades: Deciphering intraspecific variability of a key adaptive trait at the rear edge of a widespread fire‐embracing North American conifer,weblink American Journal of Botany, en, 110, 2, 10.1002/ajb2.16111, 0002-9122, A population on the Maine coast is apparently not reliant on fire for reproduction,JOURNAL, Conkey, Laura E., Keifer, Mary Beth, Lloyd, Andrea H., January 1995, Disjunct jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) structure and dynamics, Acadia National Park, Maine,weblink Écoscience, en, 2, 2, 168–176, 10.1080/11956860.1995.11682281, 1195-6860, and some stands have developed several age classes.JOURNAL, Barton, Andrew M., Grenier, Daniel J., April 2008, Dynamics of jack pine at the southern range boundary in downeast Maine,weblink Canadian Journal of Forest Research, en, 38, 4, 733–743, 10.1139/X07-176, 0045-5067, Populations with lower serotiny are often found on soils that are in some way limiting to faster-growing competition, such as soils shallow to bedrock, shallow to water table, or very young soils.JOURNAL, Chun, Young Moon, Choi, Young D., October 2012, Structure, Species Composition, and Soil Characteristics in a Chronosequence of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) Stands on the Southern Shore of Lake Michigan,weblink The American Midland Naturalist, 168, 2, 408–426, 10.1674/0003-0031-168.2.408, 0003-0031, Its leaves are needle-shaped, evergreen, in fascicles of two, needle-like, straight or slightly twisted, stiff, sharp-pointed, light yellowish-green, spread apart; edges toothed and {{convert|2|-|4|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long. The bundle-sheath is persistent. The buds are blunt pointed, up to 15 mm long, reddish-brown, and resinous. On vigorous shoots, there is more than one cyclic component. The bark is thin, reddish-brown to gray in color in juvenile stages. As the tree matures it becomes dark brown and flaky. The wood is moderately hard and heavy, weak, light brown colour. The seed cones vary in shape, being rectangular to oval, cone shaped, straight or curved inward.BOOK, Gerry, Moore, Bruce, Kershner, Craig, Tufts, Daniel, Mathews, Gil, Nelson, Gil Nelson, Richard, Spellenberg, John W., Thieret, Terry, Purinton, Andrew, Block, National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America, Sterling, New York, 2008, 68, 978-1-4027-3875-3, The cones are {{convert|3|-|5|cm|frac=4|abbr=on}} long, the scales with a small, fragile prickle that usually wears off before maturity, leaving the cones smooth.Unusually for a pine, the cones normally point forward along the branch, sometimes curling around it. That is an easy way to tell it apart from the similar lodgepole pine in more western areas of North America. The cones on many mature trees are serotinous. They open when exposed to intense heat, greater than or equal to {{convert|50|C|F}}.JOURNAL, Cameron, H., 1953, Melting Point of the Bonding Material in Lodgepole Pine and Jack Pine Cones, Silviculture Leaflet, 86, The typical case is in a fire, however cones on the lower branches can open when temperatures reach {{convert|27|C|F}} due to the heat being reflected off the ground.JOURNAL, Wyse, Sarah V, Brown, Jerusha E, Hulme, Philip E, 2019-11-01, Zenni, Rafael D, Seed release by a serotinous pine in the absence of fire: implications for invasion into temperate regions, AoB Plants, en, 11, 6, plz077, 10.1093/aobpla/plz077, 2041-2851, 6900966, 31844510, Ecology Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii), a formerly endangered bird, depends on pure stands of young jack pine in a very limited area in the north of the Lower and Upper Peninsulas of Michigan for breeding. Most known nesting areas are limited to Crawford, Oscoda, and Ogemaw counties.WEB, USFWS: Managing the forest for the Kirtland's warbler,weblink 2021-10-05, www.fws.gov, Mature jack pine forests are usually open and blueberries are often abundant in the understory.Young jack pines are an alternate host for sweet fern blister rust (Cronartium comptoniae). Infected sweet ferns (Comptonia peregrina) release powdery orange spores in the summer and nearby trees become infected in the fall. Diseased trees show vertical orange cankers on the trunk and galls on the lower branches. The disease does not tend to affect older trees.Blouin, Glen. An Eclectic Guide to Trees: east of the rockies. 2001. Boston Mills Press, Erin, Ontario. pp 152-159.Jack pines are also susceptible to scleroderris canker (Gremmeniella abietina). This disease manifests by yellowing at the base of the needles. Prolonged exposure may lead to eventual death of the tree.Insects that attack jack pine stands include the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi), jack pine sawfly, and jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus).Fossil evidence shows the jack pine survived the glacial period in the Appalachian and Ozark Mountains.Trees of Canada; Author John Laird Farrar Commercial uses Like other species of pine, Pinus banksiana has use as timber, although its wood tends to be knotty and not highly resistant to decay. Products include pulpwood, fuel, decking, and utility poles. Gallery File:Pinus banksiana forest.jpg|P. banksiana forest with Vaccinium groundcover in Neil's Harbour, Nova Scotia.File:Jackpine.jpg|FoliageFile:Pinus banksiana closed cones.jpg|Closed, mature conesFile:Cones2.jpg|Pollen conesFile:Pinus banksiana bark.jpg|BarkFile:The Jack Pine, by Tom Thomson.jpg|The Jack Pine (1917) by Tom Thomson, painted in Algonquin Park, Ontario.File:Jack Pine 'Schoodic'.jpg|Creeping cultivar of Jack Pine called 'Schoodic'. References {{Reflist}} External links {{Commons category|Pinus banksiana}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q806838}}{{Authority control}}