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{{short description|Building or room used to house computer servers and related equipment}}{{Use American English|date = October 2019}}File:Datacenter de ARSAT.jpg|thumb|ARSATARSATA data center (American English)NEWS, The New York Times, March 6, 2018, An Oregon Mill Town Learns to Love Facebook and Apple,www.nytimes.com/2018/03/06/business/apple-facebook-data-center.html, or data centre (Commonwealth English)WEB, BBC.com, July 13, 2017, Google announces London cloud computing data centre,www.bbc.com/news/technology-40590080, See spelling differences. is a building, a dedicated space within a building, or a group of buildingsNEWS, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2016/08/27/technology/cloud-computing-brings-sprawling-centers-but-few-jobs-to-small-towns.html, Cloud Computing Brings Sprawling Centers, but Few Jobs, August 27, 2016, data center .. a giant .. facility .. 15 of these buildings, and six more .. under construction, used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems.NEWS, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1986/04/20/realestate/postings-from-manhattan-to-montvale.html, From Manhattan to Montvale, April 20, 1986, WEB, The New York Times,bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/08/dell-sees-double-with-data-center-in-a-container/, Dell Sees Double With Data Center in a Container, Ashlee Vance, Ashlee Vance, December 8, 2008, Since IT operations are crucial for business continuity, it generally includes redundant or backup components and infrastructure for power supply, data communication connections, environmental controls (e.g., air conditioning, fire suppression), and various security devices. A large data center is an industrial-scale operation using as much electricity as a small town.NEWS, Power, Pollution and the Internet,www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/technology/data-centers-waste-vast-amounts-of-energy-belying-industry-image.html, 2012-09-25, The New York Times, September 22, 2012, James Glanz, Estimated global data center electricity consumption in 2022 was 240-340 TWh, or roughly 1-1.3% of global electricity demand. This excludes energy used for cryptocurrency mining, which was estimated to be around 110 TWh in 2022, or another 0.4% of global electricity demand.WEB, Data centres & networks,www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/data-centres-and-data-transmission-networks, 2023-10-07, IEA, en-GB, Data centers can vary widely in terms of size, power requirements, redundancy, and overall structure. Four common categories used to segment types of data centers are onsite data centers, colocation facilities, hyperscale data centers, and edge data centers.WEB, Types of Data Centers {{!, How do you Choose the Right Data Center? |url=https://www.maysteel.com/blog/types-of-data-centers-how-do-you-choose-the-right-data-center/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Maysteel Industries, LLC}}

History

(File:NASAComputerRoom7090.NARA.jpg|thumb|NASA mission control computer room c. 1962)Data centers have their roots in the huge computer rooms of the 1940s, typified by ENIAC, one of the earliest examples of a data center.WEB, Data Center Evolution: 1960 to 2000, Angela Bartels, August 31, 2011,blog.rackspace.com/datacenter-evolution-1960-to-2000, October 24, 2018, October 24, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181024232055/https://blog.rackspace.com/datacenter-evolution-1960-to-2000, dead, Old large computer rooms that housed machines like the U.S. Army’s ENIAC, which were developed pre-1960 (1945), are now referred to as data centers. Early computer systems, complex to operate and maintain, required a special environment in which to operate. Many cables were necessary to connect all the components, and methods to accommodate and organize these were devised such as standard racks to mount equipment, raised floors, and cable trays (installed overhead or under the elevated floor). A single mainframe required a great deal of power and had to be cooled to avoid overheating. Security became important â€“ computers were expensive, and were often used for military purposes.Until the early 1960s, it was primarily the government that used computers, which were large mainframes housed in rooms that today we call data centers. Basic design guidelines for controlling access to the computer room were therefore devised.During the boom of the microcomputer industry, and especially during the 1980s, users started to deploy computers everywhere, in many cases with little or no care about operating requirements. However, as information technology (IT) operations started to grow in complexity, organizations grew aware of the need to control IT resources. The availability of inexpensive networking equipment, coupled with new standards for the network structured cabling, made it possible to use a hierarchical design that put the servers in a specific room inside the company. The use of the term data center, as applied to specially designed computer rooms, started to gain popular recognition about this time.In the 1990s, network-connected minicomputers (servers) running without input or display devices were housed in the old computer rooms. These new “data centers” or “server rooms” were built within company walls, co-located with low-cost networking equipment.A boom of data centers came during the dot-com bubble of 1997–2000.MAGAZINE, Datamation, Cynthia Harvey, July 10, 2017,www.datamation.com/data-center/what-is-data-center.html, Data Center, There was considerable construction of data centers during the early 2000s, in the period of expanding dot-com businesses. Companies needed fast Internet connectivity and non-stop operation to deploy systems and to establish a presence on the Internet. Installing such equipment was not viable for many smaller companies. Many companies started building very large facilities, called internet data centers (IDCs),NEWS, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2000/05/14/realestate/commercial-property-engine-room-for-internet-combining-data-center-with-telco.html, Commercial Property/Engine Room for the Internet; Combining a Data Center With a ‘Telco Hotel’, John Holusha, May 14, 2000, June 23, 2019, which provide enhanced capabilities, such as crossover backup: “If a Bell Atlantic line is cut, we can transfer them to ... to minimize the time of outage.“The term cloud data centers (CDCs) has been used.JOURNAL, H Yuan, Workload-Aware Request Routing in Cloud Data Center, Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, 10.1109/JSEE.2015.00020, 59487957, free, Data centers typically cost a lot to build and maintain. Increasingly, the division of these terms has almost disappeared and they are being integrated into the term data center.WEB, The New York Times,bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/04/a-data-center-power-solution, A Data Center Power Solution, Quentin Hardy, October 4, 2011,

Requirements for modern data centers

(File:Datacenter-telecom.jpg|thumb|left|Racks of telecommunications equipment in part of a data center)Modernization and data center transformation enhances performance and energy efficiency.WEB,www.mspmentor.net/2011/08/17/hp-updates-data-transformation-solutions/, Mukhar, Nicholas. “HP Updates Data Center Transformation Solutions,” August 17, 2011, September 9, 2011, August 12, 2012,www.mspmentor.net/2011/08/17/hp-updates-data-transformation-solutions/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120812184028www.mspmentor.net/2011/08/17/hp-updates-data-transformation-solutions/,">web.archive.org/web/20120812184028www.mspmentor.net/2011/08/17/hp-updates-data-transformation-solutions/, dead, Information security is also a concern, and for this reason, a data center has to offer a secure environment that minimizes the chances of a security breach. A data center must, therefore, keep high standards for assuring the integrity and functionality of its hosted computer environment.Industry research company International Data Corporation (IDC) puts the average age of a data center at nine years old. Gartner, another research company, says data centers older than seven years are obsolete.MAGAZINE,www.forbes.com/2010/03/12/cloud-computing-ibm-technology-cio-network-data-centers.html, Sperling, Ed. “Next-Generation Data Centers,” Forbes, March 15. 2010, Forbes.com, 2013-08-30, The growth in data (163 zettabytes by 2025WEB,www.seagate.com/files/www-content/our-story/trends/files/Seagate-WP-DataAge2025-March-2017.pdf, IDC white paper, sponsored by Seagate, ) is one factor driving the need for data centers to modernize.Focus on modernization is not new: concern about obsolete equipment was decried in 2007,WEB, December 10, 2007, Data centers are aging, unsuited for new technologies,www.datacenterdynamics.com/news/data-centers-are-aging-unsuited-for-new-technologies-and-businesses-are-slow-to-respond-says-new-ari-survey, and in 2011 Uptime Institute was concerned about the age of the equipment therein.In May 2011, data center research organization Uptime Institute reported that 36 percent of the large companies it surveyed expect to exhaust IT capacity within the next 18 months. MAGAZINE, CIO magazine, Data Centers Turn to Outsourcing to Meet Capacity Needs,www.cio.com/article/681897/Data_Centers_Turn_to_Outsourcing_to_Meet_Capacity_Needs, James Niccolai, 2011-09-09, 2011-11-15,www.cio.com/article/681897/Data_Centers_Turn_to_Outsourcing_to_Meet_Capacity_Needs," title="web.archive.org/web/20111115103016www.cio.com/article/681897/Data_Centers_Turn_to_Outsourcing_to_Meet_Capacity_Needs,">web.archive.org/web/20111115103016www.cio.com/article/681897/Data_Centers_Turn_to_Outsourcing_to_Meet_Capacity_Needs, dead, By 2018 concern had shifted once again, this time to the age of the staff: “data center staff are aging faster than the equipment.“MAGAZINE, Network World, Data center staff are aging faster than the equipment,www.networkworld.com/article/966282/data-center-staff-are-aging-faster-than-the-equipment.html, August 30, 2018, December 21, 2018, December 7, 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231207000228/https://www.networkworld.com/article/966282/data-center-staff-are-aging-faster-than-the-equipment.html, live,

Meeting standards for data centers

The Telecommunications Industry Association’s Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data CentersWEB,www.tia-942.org, TIA-942 Certified Data Centers - Consultants - Auditors - TIA-942.org, www.tia-942.org, specifies the minimum requirements for telecommunications infrastructure of data centers and computer rooms including single tenant enterprise data centers and multi-tenant Internet hosting data centers. The topology proposed in this document is intended to be applicable to any size data center.WEB,www.tiaonline.org/standards, Telecommunications Standards Development, November 7, 2011, dead,www.tiaonline.org/standards/," title="web.archive.org/web/20111106042758www.tiaonline.org/standards/,">web.archive.org/web/20111106042758www.tiaonline.org/standards/, November 6, 2011, Telcordia GR-3160, NEBS Requirements for Telecommunications Data Center Equipment and Spaces,WEB,telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-3160&, GR-3160 - Telecommunications Data Center - Telcordia, telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net, provides guidelines for data center spaces within telecommunications networks, and environmental requirements for the equipment intended for installation in those spaces. These criteria were developed jointly by Telcordia and industry representatives. They may be applied to data center spaces housing data processing or Information Technology (IT) equipment. The equipment may be used to:
  • Operate and manage a carrier’s telecommunication network
  • Provide data center based applications directly to the carrier’s customers
  • Provide hosted applications for a third party to provide services to their customers
  • Provide a combination of these and similar data center applications

Data center transformation

Data center transformation takes a step-by-step approach through integrated projects carried out over time. This differs from a traditional method of data center upgrades that takes a serial and siloed approach.WEB,www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2010/08/03/three-signs-it%E2%80%99s-time-to-transform-your-data-center/, Tang, Helen. “Three Signs it’s time to transform your data center,” August 3, 2010, Data Center Knowledge, September 9, 2011,www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2010/08/03/three-signs-it%E2%80%99s-time-to-transform-your-data-center/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110810100214www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2010/08/03/three-signs-it%E2%80%99s-time-to-transform-your-data-center/,">web.archive.org/web/20110810100214www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2010/08/03/three-signs-it%E2%80%99s-time-to-transform-your-data-center/, August 10, 2011, dead, The typical projects within a data center transformation initiative include standardization/consolidation, virtualization, automation and security.

Raised floor

(File:Floor Panel Bottom Perf.jpg|thumb|right|Perforated cooling floor tile)A raised floor standards guide named GR-2930 was developed by Telcordia Technologies, a subsidiary of Ericsson.WEB, GR-2930 - NEBS: Raised Floor Requirements,telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-2930&, Although the first raised floor computer room was made by IBM in 1956,WEB,ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/RaisedFloor-or-Non-Raised-Floor.pdf, Data Center Raised Floor History, and they’ve “been around since the 1960s”,WEB,www.accessfloorsystems.com/index.php/raised-floor-info/tips-for-ordering-replacement-raised-floor-tiles.html, Raised Floor Info | Tips for Ordering Replacement Raised Floor Tiles, www.accessfloorsystems.com, it was the 1970s that made it more common for computer centers to thereby allow cool air to circulate more efficiently.BOOK, Data Center Handbook,books.google.com/books?isbn=1118436636, 978-1118436639, Hwaiyu Geng, 2014, John Wiley & Sons, WEB,www.facilitiesnet.com/hvac/article/HVAC-The-Challenges-and-Benefits-of-Under-Floor-Air-Distribution-Systems--3516, Steven Spinazzola, 2005, FacilitiesNet.com, HVAC: The Challenge And Benefits of Under Floor Air Distribution Systems, The first purpose of the raised floor was to allow access for wiring.

Lights out

The lights-outMAGAZINE, Informationweek,www.computerworld.com/article/2562532/premier-100-q-a--hp-s-cio-sees--lights-out--data-centers.html,web.archive.org/web/20190712195816/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2562532/premier-100-q-a--hp-s-cio-sees--lights-out--data-centers.html, dead, July 12, 2019, Premier 100 Q&A: HP’s CIO sees ‘lights-out’ data centers, March 6, 2006, data center, also known as a darkened or a dark data center, is a data center that, ideally, has all but eliminated the need for direct access by personnel, except under extraordinary circumstances. Because of the lack of need for staff to enter the data center, it can be operated without lighting. All of the devices are accessed and managed by remote systems, with automation programs used to perform unattended operations. In addition to the energy savings, reduction in staffing costs and the ability to locate the site further from population centers, implementing a lights-out data center reduces the threat of malicious attacks upon the infrastructure.BOOK, Victor Kasacavage, 2002, 227, Complete book of remote access: connectivity and security, The Auerbach Best Practices Series, CRC Press, 0-8493-1253-1, BOOK, Roxanne E. Burkey, Charles V. Breakfield, 2000, Designing a total data solution: technology, implementation and deployment, 24, Auerbach Best Practices, CRC Press, 0-8493-0893-3,

Noise levels

Generally speaking, local authorities prefer noise levels at data centers to be “10 dB below the existing night-time background noise level at the nearest residence.“WEB, Clarke, Renaud, 2020-07-01, Acoustic Barriers for Data Centres,www.iacacoustics.global/news/acoustic-barriers-for-data-centres/, 2023-02-11, IAC Acoustics, en-US, OSHA regulations require monitoring of noise levels inside data centers if noise exceeds 85 decibels.WEB, Thibodeau, Patrick, 2007-07-31, That sound you hear? The next data center problem,www.computerworld.com/article/2542868/that-sound-you-hear--the-next-data-center-problem.html, 2023-02-11, Computerworld, en, The average noise level in server areas of a data center may reach as high as 92-96 dB(A).WEB, Sensear, Data Center Noise Levels,www.sensear.com/markets/data-centers/noise-levels-infographic, 2023-02-11, Sensear, en-us, Residents living near data centers have described the sound as “a high-pitched whirring noise 24/7”, saying “It’s like being on a tarmac with an airplane engine running constantly ... Except that the airplane keeps idling and never leaves.“WEB, Weisbrod, Katelyn, 2023-02-10, In Northern Virginia, a Coming Data Center Boom Sounds a Community Alarm,insideclimatenews.org/news/10022023/virginia-data-centers-amazon-prince-william-county/, 2023-02-11, Inside Climate News, en-US, NEWS, Judge, Peter, 2022-07-19, Prince William residents complain of “catastrophic noise” from data centers, en, DCD,www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/prince-william-residents-complain-of-catastrophic-noise-from-data-centers/, 2023-02-11, NEWS, Judge, Peter, 2022-07-27, Chicago residents complain of noise from Digital Realty data center, en, DCD,www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/chicago-residents-complain-of-noise-from-digital-realty-data-center/, 2023-02-11, WEB, Phillips, Mark, 2021-11-30, Chandler to consider banning data centers amid noise complaints,www.abc15.com/news/region-southeast-valley/chandler/chandler-to-consider-banning-data-centers, 2023-02-11, ABC15 Arizona in Phoenix (KNXV), en, External sources of noise include HVAC equipment and energy generators.WEB, Data Center Soundproofing and Noise Control- Reduce Server Noise,ddsacoustical.com/applications-dds/data-center-soundproofing/, 2023-02-11, DDS Acoustical Specialties, WEB, Bosker, Bianca, 2019-12-06, Your “cloud” data is making noise on the ground,www.marketplace.org/shows/marketplace-tech/your-cloud-data-is-making-noise-on-the-ground/, 2023-02-11, Marketplace, en-US,

Data center design

The field of data center design has been growing for decades in various directions, including new construction big and small along with the creative re-use of existing facilities, like abandoned retail space, old salt mines and war-era bunkers. Local building codes may govern the minimum ceiling heights and other parameters. Some of the considerations in the design of data centers are:File:Rack001.jpg|thumb|right|A typical server rack, commonly seen in colocation ]] (File:CRAC Cabinets 2.jpg|thumb|CRAC Air Handler)

Design criteria and trade-offs

High availability

Various metrics exist for measuring the data-availability that results from data-center availability beyond 95% uptime, with the top of the scale counting how many nines can be placed after 99%.WEB,www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPcM5UePTY0,www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPcM5UePTY0&gl=US&hl=en," title="web.archive.org/web/20120829083144www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPcM5UePTY0&gl=US&hl=en,">web.archive.org/web/20120829083144www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPcM5UePTY0&gl=US&hl=en, 2012-08-29, dead, IBM zEnterprise EC12 Business Value Video, YouTube,

Modularity and flexibility

Modularity and flexibility are key elements in allowing for a data center to grow and change over time. Data center modules are pre-engineered, standardized building blocks that can be easily configured and moved as needed.Niles, Susan. “Standardization and Modularity in Data Center Physical Infrastructure,” 2011, Schneider Electric, page 4. WEB,www.apcmedia.com/salestools/VAVR-626VPD_R1_EN.pdf, Standardization and Modularity in Data Center Physical Infrastructure, 2012-02-08, dead,www.apcmedia.com/salestools/VAVR-626VPD_R1_EN.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20120416120624www.apcmedia.com/salestools/VAVR-626VPD_R1_EN.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20120416120624www.apcmedia.com/salestools/VAVR-626VPD_R1_EN.pdf, 2012-04-16, A modular data center may consist of data center equipment contained within shipping containers or similar portable containers.WEB,www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/09/08/strategies-for-the-containerized-data-center/, Strategies for the Containerized Data Center, September 8, 2011, Components of the data center can be prefabricated and standardized which facilitates moving if needed.WEB,www.infoworld.com/d/green-it/hp-says-prefab-data-center-cuts-costs-in-half-837?page=0,0, HP says prefab data center cuts costs in half, James, Niccolai, 2010-07-27,

Environmental control

Temperature and humidity are controlled via: {{Fix}}It is important that computers do not get humid or overheat, as high humidity can lead to dust clogging the fans, which leads to overheat, or can cause components to malfunction, ruining the board and running a fire hazard. Overheat can cause components, usually the silicon or copper of the wires or circuits to melt, causing connections to loosen, causing fire hazards.

Electrical power

(File:Datacenter Backup Batteries.jpg|thumb|right|A bank of batteries in a large data center, used to provide power until diesel generators can start)Backup power consists of one or more uninterruptible power supplies, battery banks, and/or diesel / gas turbine generators.Detailed explanation of UPS topologies WEB,www.emersonnetworkpower.com/en-US/Brands/Liebert/Documents/White%20Papers/Evaluating%20the%20Economic%20Impact%20of%20UPS%20Technology.pdf, EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF UPS TECHNOLOGY, dead,emersonnetworkpower.com/en-US/Brands/Liebert/Documents/White%20Papers/Evaluating%20the%20Economic%20Impact%20of%20UPS%20Technology.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20101122074817emersonnetworkpower.com/en-US/Brands/Liebert/Documents/White%20Papers/Evaluating%20the%20Economic%20Impact%20of%20UPS%20Technology.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20101122074817emersonnetworkpower.com/en-US/Brands/Liebert/Documents/White%20Papers/Evaluating%20the%20Economic%20Impact%20of%20UPS%20Technology.pdf, 2010-11-22, To prevent single points of failure, all elements of the electrical systems, including backup systems, are typically given redundant copies, and critical servers are connected to both the A-side and B-side power feeds. This arrangement is often made to achieve N+1 redundancy in the systems. Static transfer switches are sometimes used to ensure instantaneous switchover from one supply to the other in the event of a power failure.

Low-voltage cable routing

Options include:

Air flow

Air flow management addresses the need to improve data center computer cooling efficiency by preventing the recirculation of hot air exhausted from IT equipment and reducing bypass airflow. There are several methods of separating hot and cold airstreams, such as hot/cold aisle containment and in-row cooling units.NEWS, Mike Fox, Stulz announced it has begun manufacturing In Row server cooling units under the name “CyberRow”.,datacenterfix.com/news/stulz-release-cyberrow-row-cooling-units, February 27, 2012, DataCenterFix, 2012-02-15, dead,www.datacenterfix.com/news/stulz-release-cyberrow-row-cooling-units," title="web.archive.org/web/20120301084918www.datacenterfix.com/news/stulz-release-cyberrow-row-cooling-units,">web.archive.org/web/20120301084918www.datacenterfix.com/news/stulz-release-cyberrow-row-cooling-units, March 1, 2012,

Aisle containment

Cold aisle containment is done by exposing the rear of equipment racks, while the fronts of the servers are enclosed with doors and covers. This is similar to how large-scale food companies refrigerate and store their products.File:Cabinet Asile.jpg|thumb|upright|Typical cold aisle configuration with server rack fronts facing each other and cold air distributed through the raised floorraised floorComputer cabinets/Server farms are often organized for containment of hot/cold aisles. Proper air duct placement prevents the cold and hot air from mixing. Rows of cabinets are paired to face each other so that the cool and hot air intakes and exhausts don’t mix air, which would severely reduce cooling efficiency.Alternatively, a range of underfloor panels can create efficient cold air pathways directed to the raised-floor vented tiles. Either the cold aisle or the hot aisle can be contained.Hot-Aisle vs. Cold-Aisle Containment for Data Centers, John Niemann, Kevin Brown, and Victor Avelar, APC by Schneider Electric White Paper 135, Revision 1Another option is fitting cabinets with vertical exhaust duct chimneys.WEB,patents.justia.com/patent/20180042143, US Patent Application for DUCTED EXHAUST EQUIPMENT ENCLOSURE Patent Application (Application #20180042143 issued February 8, 2018) - Justia Patents Search, patents.justia.com, en, 2018-04-17, Hot exhaust pipes/vents/ducts can direct the air into a Plenum space above a Dropped ceiling and back to the cooling units or to outside vents. With this configuration, traditional hot/cold aisle configuration is not a requirement.NEWS,datacenterfrontier.com/airflow-management-basics-comparing-containment-systems, Airflow Management Basics – Comparing Containment Systems • Data Center Frontier, 2017-07-27, Data Center Frontier, 2018-04-17, 2019-02-19,web.archive.org/web/20190219015621/https://datacenterfrontier.com/airflow-management-basics-comparing-containment-systems/, dead,

Fire protection

File:FM200 Three.jpg|thumb|FM200FM200Data centers feature fire protection systems, including passive and Active Design elements, as well as implementation of fire prevention programs in operations. Smoke detectors are usually installed to provide early warning of a fire at its incipient stage.Although the main room usually does not allow Wet Pipe-based Systems due to the fragile nature of Circuit-boards, there still exist systems that can be used in the rest of the facility or in cold/hot aisle air circulation systems that are closed systems, such as:WEB,www.facilitiesnet.com/datacenters/article/Data-Center-Fire-Suppression-Systems-What-Facility-Managers-Should-Consider--14595, Data Center Fire Suppression Systems: What Facility Managers Should Consider, Facilitiesnet,
  • Sprinkler systems
  • Misting, using high pressure to create extremely small water droplets, which can be used in sensitive rooms due to the nature of the droplets.
However, there also exist other means to put out fires, especially in Sensitive areas, usually using Gaseous fire suppression, of which Halon gas was the most popular, until the negative effects of producing and using it were discovered.weblink

Security

Physical access is usually restricted. Layered security often starts with fencing, bollards and mantraps.WEB, Sarah D. Scalet,www.csoonline.com/article/220665, 19 Ways to Build Physical Security Into a Data Center, Csoonline.com, 2005-11-01, 2013-08-30, 2008-04-21,www.csoonline.com/article/220665," title="web.archive.org/web/20080421020352www.csoonline.com/article/220665,">web.archive.org/web/20080421020352www.csoonline.com/article/220665, dead, Video camera surveillance and permanent security guards are almost always present if the data center is large or contains sensitive information. Fingerprint recognition mantraps are starting to be commonplace.Logging access is required by some data protection regulations; some organizations tightly link this to access control systems. Multiple log entries can occur at the main entrance, entrances to internal rooms, and at equipment cabinets. Access control at cabinets can be integrated with intelligent power distribution units, so that locks are networked through the same appliance.{{Citation|title=Systems and methods for controlling an electronic lock for a remote device|date=2016-08-01|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US9865109B2/en|access-date=2018-04-25}}

Energy use

File:Google Data Center, The Dalles.jpg|thumb|Google Data Center, The Dalles, OregonThe Dalles, OregonEnergy use is a central issue for data centers. Power draw ranges from a few kW for a rack of servers in a closet to several tens of MW for large facilities. Some facilities have power densities more than 100 times that of a typical office building.WEB,www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/program/dc_energy_consumption.html, Data Center Energy Consumption Trends, U.S. Department of Energy, 2010-06-10, For higher power density facilities, electricity costs are a dominant operating expense and account for over 10% of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of a data center.J. Koomey, C. Belady, M. Patterson, A. Santos, K.D. Lange: Assessing Trends Over Time in Performance, Costs, and Energy Use for Servers Released on the web August 17th, 2009.

Greenhouse gas emissions

In 2020, data centers (excluding cryptocurrency mining) and data transmission each used about 1% of world electricity.WEB, Data Centres and Data Transmission Networks – Analysis,www.iea.org/reports/data-centres-and-data-transmission-networks, 2022-03-06, IEA, en-GB, Although some of this electricity was low carbon, the IEA called for more “government and industry efforts on energy efficiency, renewables procurement and RD&D”, as some data centers still use electricity generated by fossil fuels.NEWS, Kantor, Alice, 2021-05-18, Big Tech races to clean up act as cloud energy use grows, Financial Times,www.ft.com/content/c719f655-149c-4ce0-a7a5-18527c7776cf,ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/c719f655-149c-4ce0-a7a5-18527c7776cf, 2022-12-10, subscription, live, 2022-03-06, They also said that lifecycle emissions should be considered, that is including embodied emissions, such as in buildings. Data centers are estimated to have been responsible for 0.5% of US greenhouse gas emissions in 2018.JOURNAL, Siddik, Md Abu Bakar, Shehabi, Arman, Marston, Landon, 2021-05-21, The environmental footprint of data centers in the United States, Environmental Research Letters, en, 16, 6, 064017, 10.1088/1748-9326/abfba1, 2021ERL....16f4017S, 235282419, 1748-9326, free, 10919/109747, free, Some Chinese companies, such as Tencent, have pledged to be carbon neutral by 2030, while others such as Alibaba have been criticized by Greenpeace for not committing to become carbon neutral.WEB, James, Greg, 2022-03-01, Tencent pledges to achieve carbon neutrality by 2030,supchina.com/2022/03/01/tencent-pledges-to-achieve-carbon-neutrality-by-2030/, 2022-03-06, SupChina, en-US, 2022-07-11,web.archive.org/web/20220711133323/https://supchina.com/2022/03/01/tencent-pledges-to-achieve-carbon-neutrality-by-2030/, dead,

Energy efficiency and overhead

The most commonly used energy efficiency metric for data centers is power usage effectiveness (PUE), calculated as the ratio of total power entering the data center divided by the power used by IT equipment.
mathrm{PUE} = {mbox{Total Facility Power} over mbox{IT Equipment Power}}
PUE measures the percentage of power used by overhead devices (cooling, lighting, etc.). The average USA data center has a PUE of 2.0,WEB, Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency,www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ENERGY STAR Program, meaning two watts of total power (overhead + IT equipment) for every watt delivered to IT equipment. State-of-the-art data centers are estimated to have a PUE of roughly 1.2.WEB,microsite.accenture.com/svlgreport/Documents/pdf/SVLG_Report.pdf, Data Center Energy Forecast, Silicon Valley Leadership Group, 2010-06-10,web.archive.org/web/20110707080409/https://microsite.accenture.com/svlgreport/Documents/pdf/SVLG_Report.pdf, 2011-07-07, dead, Google publishes quarterly efficiency metrics from its data centers in operation.WEB,www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/internal/, Efficiency: How we do it – Data centers, 2015-01-19, PUEs of as low as 1.01 have been achieved with two phase immersion cooling.WEB,www.networkworld.com/article/969739/immersion-cooling-firm-liquidstack-launches-as-a-stand-alone-company.html, Immersion cooling firm LiquidStack launches as a stand-alone company, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has an Energy Star rating for standalone or large data centers. To qualify for the ecolabel, a data center must be within the top quartile in energy efficiency of all reported facilities.Commentary on introduction of Energy Star for Data Centers WEB, Introducing EPA ENERGY STAR for Data Centers,www.emerson.com/edc/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx, Web site, Jack Pouchet, 2010-09-27, 2010-09-27, dead,emerson.com/edc/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20100925210539emerson.com/edc/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20100925210539emerson.com/edc/post/2010/06/15/Introducing-EPA-ENERGY-STARc2ae-for-Data-Centers.aspx, 2010-09-25, The Energy Efficiency Improvement Act of 2015 (United States) requires federal facilities — including data centers — to operate more efficiently. California’s Title 24 (2014) of the California Code of Regulations mandates that every newly constructed data center must have some form of airflow containment in place to optimize energy efficiency.The European Union also has a similar initiative: EU Code of Conduct for Data Centres.WEB,iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/ict-codes-conduct/data-centres-energy-efficiency, EU Code of Conduct for Data Centres, iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu, 2013-08-30, 2013-08-11,iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/ict-codes-conduct/data-centres-energy-efficiency," title="web.archive.org/web/20130811202339iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/ict-codes-conduct/data-centres-energy-efficiency,">web.archive.org/web/20130811202339iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/ict-codes-conduct/data-centres-energy-efficiency, dead,

Energy use analysis and projects

The focus of measuring and analyzing energy use goes beyond what is used by IT equipment; facility support hardware such as chillers and fans also use energy.WEB,www.gtsi.com/cms/documents/white-papers/green-it.pdf, UNICOM Global :: Home, www.gtsi.com, 2012-02-08, 2012-12-03,www.gtsi.com/cms/documents/white-papers/green-it.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20121203013823www.gtsi.com/cms/documents/white-papers/green-it.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20121203013823www.gtsi.com/cms/documents/white-papers/green-it.pdf, dead, In 2011, server racks in data centers were designed for more than 25 kW and the typical server was estimated to waste about 30% of the electricity it consumed. The energy demand for information storage systems is also rising. A high-availability data center is estimated to have a 1 megawatt (MW) demand and consume $20,000,000 in electricity over its lifetime, with cooling representing 35% to 45% of the data center’s total cost of ownership. Calculations show that in two years, the cost of powering and cooling a server could be equal to the cost of purchasing the server hardware.BOOK, Designing Green Networks and Network Operations: Saving Run-the-Engine Costs, Daniel Minoli, CRC Press, 2011, 9781439816394, 5, Research in 2018 has shown that a substantial amount of energy could still be conserved by optimizing IT refresh rates and increasing server utilization.JOURNAL, A Comprehensive Reasoning Framework for Hardware Refresh in Data Centres, Rabih Bashroush, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing, 3, 4, 209–220, 2018, 10.1109/TSUSC.2018.2795465, 54462006, free, In 2011, Facebook, Rackspace and others founded the Open Compute Project (OCP) to develop and publish open standards for greener data center computing technologies. As part of the project, Facebook published the designs of its server, which it had built for its first dedicated data center in Prineville. Making servers taller left space for more effective heat sinks and enabled the use of fans that moved more air with less energy. By not buying commercial off-the-shelf servers, energy consumption due to unnecessary expansion slots on the motherboard and unneeded components, such as a graphics card, was also saved.WEB, March 28, 2018, What is the Open Compute Project?, Peter Sayer, NetworkWorld,www.networkworld.com/article/965446/what-is-the-open-compute-project.html, February 3, 2019, November 29, 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231129200453/https://www.networkworld.com/article/965446/what-is-the-open-compute-project.html, live, In 2016, Google joined the project and published the designs of its 48V DC shallow data center rack. This design had long been part of Google data centers. By eliminating the multiple transformers usually deployed in data centers, Google had achieved a 30% increase in energy efficiency.WEB, March 9, 2016, OCP Summit: Google joins and shares 48V tech, Peter Judge, DCD Data center Dynamics,www.datacenterdynamics.com/news/ocp-summit-google-joins-and-shares-48v-tech/, In 2017, sales for data center hardware built to OCP designs topped $1.2 billion and are expected to reach $6 billion by 2021.

Power and cooling analysis

File:Cern datacenter.jpg|thumb|300px|Data center at CERNCERNPower is the largest recurring cost to the user of a data center.{{Citation|title = Choosing a Data Center|url =www.atlantic.net/images/pdf/choosing_a_data_center.pdf|publisher = Disaster Recovery Journal|year = 2009|author = Joe Cosmano|access-date = 2012-07-21}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Cooling it at or below {{convert|70|F|C}} wastes money and energy. Furthermore, overcooling equipment in environments with a high relative humidity can expose equipment to a high amount of moisture that facilitates the growth of salt deposits on conductive filaments in the circuitry.{{Citation|title=Heat Of The Moment|url=http://www.processor.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2Fp2628%2F21p28%2F21p28.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131214828www.processor.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles/p2628/21p28/21p28.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-31|journal=Processor |volume=26 |issue=28 |date=July 9, 2004 |author=David Garrett|access-date=2012-07-21}}A power and cooling analysis, also referred to as a thermal assessment, measures the relative temperatures in specific areas as well as the capacity of the cooling systems to handle specific ambient temperatures.WEB,www.internetnews.com/xSP/article.php/3690651/HPs+Green+Data+Center+Portfolio+Keeps+Growing.htm, HP’s Green Data Center Portfolio Keeps Growing, InternetNews, David, Needle, 25 July 2007, live,www.internetnews.com/xSP/article.php/3690651/HPs+Green+Data+Center+Portfolio+Keeps+Growing.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20201025201651www.internetnews.com/xSP/article.php/3690651/HPs+Green+Data+Center+Portfolio+Keeps+Growing.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20201025201651www.internetnews.com/xSP/article.php/3690651/HPs+Green+Data+Center+Portfolio+Keeps+Growing.htm, Oct 25, 2020, A power and cooling analysis can help to identify hot spots, over-cooled areas that can handle greater power use density, the breakpoint of equipment loading, the effectiveness of a raised-floor strategy, and optimal equipment positioning (such as AC units) to balance temperatures across the data center. Power cooling density is a measure of how much square footage the center can cool at maximum capacity.{{Citation|title=How to Choose a Data Center|url=http://www.inc.com/guides/2010/11/how-to-choose-a-data-center_pagen_2.html|date=Nov 29, 2010 |website=Inc. |access-date=2012-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308163559www.inc.com/guides/2010/11/how-to-choose-a-data-center_pagen_2.html |archive-date= Mar 8, 2013 }} The cooling of data centers is the second largest power consumer after servers. The cooling energy varies from 10% of the total energy consumption in the most efficient data centers and goes up to 45% in standard air-cooled data centers.

Energy efficiency analysis

An energy efficiency analysis measures the energy use of data center IT and facilities equipment. A typical energy efficiency analysis measures factors such as a data center’s Power Use Effectiveness (PUE) against industry standards, identifies mechanical and electrical sources of inefficiency, and identifies air-management metrics.WEB,www.triplepundit.com/2011/04/hp-launches-program-companies-integrate-manage-energy-carbon-reduction-strategies, HP Shows Companies How to Integrate Energy Management and Carbon Reduction, Siranosian, Kathryn, TriplePundit, April 5, 2011, February 8, 2012, August 22, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180822151326/https://www.triplepundit.com/2011/04/hp-launches-program-companies-integrate-manage-energy-carbon-reduction-strategies/, dead, However, the limitation of most current metrics and approaches is that they do not include IT in the analysis. Case studies have shown that by addressing energy efficiency holistically in a data center, major efficiencies can be achieved that are not possible otherwise.JOURNAL, Rabih Bashroush, Eoin Woods, Architectural Principles for Energy-Aware Internet-Scale Applications, IEEE Software, 34, 3, 14–17, 2017, 10.1109/MS.2017.60, 8984662,

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis

This type of analysis uses sophisticated tools and techniques to understand the unique thermal conditions present in each data center—predicting the temperature, airflow, and pressure behavior of a data center to assess performance and energy consumption, using numerical modeling.Bullock, Michael. “Computation Fluid Dynamics - Hot topic at Data Center World,” Transitional Data Services, March 18, 2010. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103183406blog.transitionaldata.com/aggregate/bid/37840/Seeing-the-Invisible-Data-Center-with-CFD-Modeling-Software|date=January 3, 2012}} By predicting the effects of these environmental conditions, CFD analysis of a data center can be used to predict the impact of high-density racks mixed with low-density racksWEB,www.thegreengrid.org/~/media/WhitePapers/White_Paper_27_Impact_of_Virtualization_Data_On_Center_Physical_Infrastructure_020210.pdf?lang=en, Bouley, Dennis (editor). “Impact of Virtualization on Data Center Physical Infrastructure,” The Green grid, 2010., 2012-02-08,www.thegreengrid.org/~/media/WhitePapers/White_Paper_27_Impact_of_Virtualization_Data_On_Center_Physical_Infrastructure_020210.pdf?lang=en," title="web.archive.org/web/20140429215242www.thegreengrid.org/~/media/WhitePapers/White_Paper_27_Impact_of_Virtualization_Data_On_Center_Physical_Infrastructure_020210.pdf?lang=en,">web.archive.org/web/20140429215242www.thegreengrid.org/~/media/WhitePapers/White_Paper_27_Impact_of_Virtualization_Data_On_Center_Physical_Infrastructure_020210.pdf?lang=en, 2014-04-29, dead, and the onward impact on cooling resources, poor infrastructure management practices, and AC failure or AC shutdown for scheduled maintenance.

Thermal zone mapping

Thermal zone mapping uses sensors and computer modeling to create a three-dimensional image of the hot and cool zones in a data center.WEB,searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/news/1265634/HP-Thermal-Zone-Mapping-plots-data-center-hot-spots, HP Thermal Zone Mapping plots data center hot spots, 2012-02-08, 2021-01-26,web.archive.org/web/20210126131207/https://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/news/1265634/HP-Thermal-Zone-Mapping-plots-data-center-hot-spots, dead, This information can help to identify optimal positioning of data center equipment. For example, critical servers might be placed in a cool zone that is serviced by redundant AC units.

Green data centers

File:Magazin Vauban E.jpg|thumb| This water-cooled data center in the Port of Strasbourg, France claims the attribute green.]]Data centers use a lot of power, consumed by two main usages: The power required to run the actual equipment and then the power required to cool the equipment. Power efficiency reduces the first category.Cooling cost reduction through natural means includes location decisions: When the focus is avoiding good fiber connectivity, power grid connections, and people concentrations to manage the equipment, a data center can be miles away from the users. Mass data centers like Google or Facebook don’t need to be near population centers. Arctic locations that can use outside air, which provides cooling, are becoming more popular.WEB,www.gizmag.com/fjord-cooled-data-center/20938/, Fjord-cooled DC in Norway claims to be greenest, 23 December 2011, 23 December 2011, Renewable electricity sources are another plus. Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as Canada,Canada Called Prime Real Estate for Massive Data Computers - Globe & Mail Retrieved June 29, 2011. Finland,Finland - First Choice for Siting Your Cloud Computing Data Center.. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Sweden,WEB,www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN, Stockholm sets sights on data center customers, 4 August 2010,www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN," title="web.archive.org/web/20100819190918www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN,">web.archive.org/web/20100819190918www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____41724.aspx?epslanguage=EN, 19 August 2010, Norway,In a world of rapidly increasing carbon emissions from the ICT industry, Norway offers a sustainable solution {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029174125www.innovasjonnorge.no/en/start-page/invest-in-norway/industries/datacenters/ |date=2020-10-29 }} Retrieved 1 March 2016. and SwitzerlandSwiss Carbon-Neutral Servers Hit the Cloud.. Retrieved 4 August 2010. are trying to attract cloud computing data centers.

Direct current data centers

{{See also|Power distribution unit|Inspur Server Series|Switched-mode power supply|Off-the-grid}}Direct current data centers are data centers that produce direct current on site with solar panels and store the electricity on site in a battery storage power station. Computers run on direct current and the need for inverting the AC power from the grid would be eliminated. The data center site could still use AC power as a grid-as-a-backup solution. DC data centers could be 10% more efficient and use less floor space for inverting componentswww.datacenterdynamics.com/en/opinions/could-dc-win-the-new-data-center-war-of-the-currents/WEB,datacenters.lbl.gov/direct-current-dc-power, Direct Current (DC) Power | Center of Expertise for Energy Efficiency in Data Centers,

Energy reuse

It is very difficult to reuse the heat which comes from air-cooled data centers. For this reason, data center infrastructures are more often equipped with heat pumps.WEB,stockholmdataparks.com/wp-content/uploads/white-paper-cost-efficient-and-sustainable-data-center-cooling-2017-01-23-1.pdf, Data Center Cooling with Heat Recovery, StockholmDataParks.com, January 23, 2017, An alternative to heat pumps is the adoption of liquid cooling throughout a data center. Different liquid cooling techniques are mixed and matched to allow for a fully liquid-cooled infrastructure that captures all heat with water. Different liquid technologies are categorized in 3 main groups, indirect liquid cooling (water-cooled racks), direct liquid cooling (direct-to-chip cooling) and total liquid cooling (complete immersion in liquid, see server immersion cooling). This combination of technologies allows the creation of a thermal cascade as part of temperature chaining scenarios to create high-temperature water outputs from the data center.

Dynamic infrastructure

Dynamic infrastructureWEB,www.freepatentsonline.com/y2007/0294736.html, Method for Dynamic Information Technology Infrastructure Provisioning, provides the ability to intelligently, automatically and securely move workloads within a data centerWEB,www.networkworld.com/article/2343998/the-dynamic-datacenter.html, The Dynamic Datacenter, Kerrie, Meyler, April 29, 2008, Network World, anytime, anywhere, for migrations, provisioning,WEB,www.on-demandenterprise.com/features/26054149.html, Computation on Demand: The Promise of Dynamic Provisioning, {{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} to enhance performance, or building co-location facilities. It also facilitates performing routine maintenance on either physical or virtual systems all while minimizing interruption. A related concept is Composable Infrastructure, which allows for the dynamic reconfiguration of the available resources to suit needs, only when needed.WEB,www.itprotoday.com/business-resources/just-what-heck-composable-infrastructure-anyway, Just What the Heck Is Composable Infrastructure, Anyway?, July 14, 2016, IT Pro, Side benefits include

Network infrastructure

(File:NetworkOperations.jpg|thumb|An operation engineer overseeing a network operations control room of a data center (2006))(File:Eqiadwmf 9046.jpg|thumb|left|upright|An example of network infrastructure of a data center)Communications in data centers today are most often based on networks running the Internet protocol suite. Data centers contain a set of routers and switches that transport traffic between the servers and to the outside worldJOURNAL, Mohammad Noormohammadpour, Cauligi Raghavendra, Datacenter Traffic Control: Understanding Techniques and Tradeoffs, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, July 16, 2018, 20, 2, 1492–1525, 10.1109/comst.2017.2782753, 1712.03530, 28143006, which are connected according to the data center network architecture. Redundancy of the internet connection is often provided by using two or more upstream service providers (see Multihoming).Some of the servers at the data center are used for running the basic internet and intranet services needed by internal users in the organization, e.g., e-mail servers, proxy servers, and DNS servers.Network security elements are also usually deployed: firewalls, VPN gateways, intrusion detection systems, and so on. Also common are monitoring systems for the network and some of the applications. Additional off-site monitoring systems are also typical, in case of a failure of communications inside the data center.

Software/data backup

Non-mutually exclusive options for data backup are:
  • Onsite
  • Offsite
Onsite is traditional,MAGAZINE, Forbes,www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/10/04/protecting-data-without-blowing-the-budget-part-1-onsite-backup, Protecting Data Without Blowing The Budget, Part 1: Onsite Backup, October 4, 2018, and one of its major advantages is immediate availability.

Offsite backup storage

Data backup techniques include having an encrypted copy of the data offsite. Methods used for transporting data are:WEB,spectralogic.com/wp-content/uploads/white-paper-iron-mountain-vs-amazon-glacier.pdf, Iron Mountain vs Amazon Glacier: Total Cost Analysis, 2018-10-28, 2018-10-28,spectralogic.com/wp-content/uploads/white-paper-iron-mountain-vs-amazon-glacier.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20181028151528spectralogic.com/wp-content/uploads/white-paper-iron-mountain-vs-amazon-glacier.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20181028151528spectralogic.com/wp-content/uploads/white-paper-iron-mountain-vs-amazon-glacier.pdf, dead,

Modular data center

File:IBMPortableModularDataCenter.jpg|thumb|right|A 40-foot Portable Modular Data CenterPortable Modular Data CenterFor quick deployment or disaster recovery, several large hardware vendors have developed mobile/modular solutions that can be installed and made operational in a very short amount of time.

Micro data center

Micro Data Centers (MDCs) are access-level data centers which are smaller in size than traditional data centers but provide the same features.BOOK, Ibrahim, Rosdiazli,books.google.com/books?id=6tabEAAAQBAJ&dq=micro+data+center&pg=PA461, International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Smart Community: AISC 2020, 17–18 December, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia, Porkumaran, K., Kannan, Ramani, Nor, Nursyarizal Mohd, Prabakar, S., 2022-11-13, Springer Nature, 978-981-16-2183-3, 461, en, They are typically located near the data source to reduce communication delays, as their small size allows several MDCs to be spread out over a wide area.BOOK, Guo, Song,books.google.com/books?id=9IxVEAAAQBAJ&dq=micro+data+center&pg=PA12, Edge Learning for Distributed Big Data Analytics: Theory, Algorithms, and System Design, Qu, Zhihao, 2022-02-10, Cambridge University Press, 978-1-108-83237-3, 12–13, en, BOOK, Resources, Management Association, Information,books.google.com/books?id=hWV2EAAAQBAJ&dq=micro+data+center&pg=PA55, Research Anthology on Edge Computing Protocols, Applications, and Integration, 2022-04-01, IGI Global, 978-1-6684-5701-6, 55, en, MDCs are well suited to user-facing, front end applications.BOOK, Furht, Borko,books.google.com/books?id=29UIY9EZTzYC&dq=micro+data+center&pg=PA17, Handbook of Data Intensive Computing, Escalante, Armando, 2011-12-09, Springer Science & Business Media, 978-1-4614-1414-8, 17, en, They are commonly used in edge computing and other areas where low latency data processing is needed.BOOK, Srivastava, Gautam,books.google.com/books?id=ahvHEAAAQBAJ&dq=micro+data+center&pg=PA17, Security and Risk Analysis for Intelligent Edge Computing, Ghosh, Uttam, Lin, Jerry Chun-Wei, 2023-06-24, Springer Nature, 978-3-031-28150-1, 17, en,

See also

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Notes

{{Reflist|group=note}}

References

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External links

{{Commons category|Data centers}}{{wiktionary}} {{Cloud computing}}{{Authority control}}

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