GetWiki

{{Short description|1917–1918 state in Central Asia}}{{More citations needed|date=April 2019}}

factoids

{{native name>kkkytgMuxtorijati Turkiston}}| conventional_long_name = Turkestan Autonomy| common_name = | era = Russian Civil WarUnrecognized autonomy of Russia}}| status_text = | empire = | government_type = Parliamentary republic| event_start = Established27 November 1917}}{{efn|name=date_start}}| year_start = Disestablished}}| date_end = 22 February 1918| year_end = | event_post = | date_post = Russian Turkestan}}| flag_p1 = Flag of Russia.svgTurkestan ASSR}}| flag_s1 = Turkestan Autonomous SSR Flag.svg| image_flag = Flag of the Turkestan (Kokand) Autonomy.svg| flag_alt = 256px)| image_map_alt = | image_map_caption = Approximate borders of Turkestan Autonomy| image_map2 = | image_map2_alt = | image_map2_caption = | capital = Kokand| capital_exile = | national_motto = Hymn of the Turkestan AutonomyГимн Туркестанской автономии}}Uzbek language>UzbekKazakh languageKyrgyz language>KyrgyzTajik languageRussian language>Russian| religion = Secular| demonym = | currency = | leader1 = Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev| leader2 = Mustafa Shokay| leader3 = | leader4 = | year_leader1 = 1917| year_leader2 = 1917-1918| year_leader3 = | year_leader4 = | title_leader = Minister-President| representative1 = | representative2 = | representative3 = | representative4 = | year_representative1 = | year_representative2 = | year_representative3 = | year_representative4 = | title_representative = | deputy1 = | deputy2 = | deputy3 = | deputy4 = | year_deputy1 = | year_deputy2 = | year_deputy3 = | year_deputy4 = | title_deputy = | legislature = | house1 = | type_house1 = | house2 = | type_house2 = | stat_year1 = 1918| stat_area1 = Almost 5 million}}| stat_year2 = | stat_area2 = | stat_pop2 = | stat_year3 = | stat_area3 = | stat_pop3 = | stat_year4 = | stat_area4 = | stat_pop4 = | stat_year5 = | stat_area5 = | stat_pop5 = | today = UzbekistanKazakhstanKyrgyzstanTajikistan| footnote_a = | footnote_b = | footnote_h = | area_km2 = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | life_span = 1917–1918}}The Turkestan Autonomy{{efn|; ; ; ; }} or Kokand Autonomy was a short-lived state in Central Asia that existed at the beginning of the Russian Civil War. It was formed on 27 November 1917{{efn|name=date_start|November 28 in Kazakh-language sources.{{clarify|reason=Was Kazakstan using a different calendar?|date=April 2019}}}} and existed until 22 February 1918.{{cn|date=April 2019}} It was a secular republic,{{cn|date=April 2019}} headed by a president.It was one of the first secular states where the majority of the population were Muslims.{{cn|date=April 2019}} It was the first democratic state in the history of Central Asia.{{cn|date=April 2019}} The capital of the state was Kokand, which until then was the capital of the Kokand Khanate. There were 5 official languages: Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik and Russian. The population was about 5 million people,{{cn|date=April 2019}} mostly Uzbeks as well as Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Russians and others.{{cn|date=April 2019}}

History

The Turkestan Autonomy occupied former territories of the Russian Empire, which was called the Turkestan Krai or the Russian Turkestan, more particular parts of the Semirechye, Syr-Darya and Fergana Oblasts (Provinces). From the north it bordered on the Alash Autonomy, from the east on the Republic of China, from the south on the Emirate of Afghanistan, from the south-west on the Emirate of Bukhara, on the west and north-west on the Soviet Central Asian Regions.The state was created by Jadids and {{ill|Kadimi|ru|Кадимизм|lt=Kadimis}}. The government of Turkestan autonomy in January announced its intention to convene its parliament on 20 March 1918,WEB,weblink Turkestan Autonomy and legends about Mustafa Shokay, Dauletbayeva, Altynzer, 2017, e-history.kz, Ministry of Information and Communications of the Republic of Kazakhstan, en, 2018-11-13, 2018-11-14,weblink dead, on the basis of universal, direct, equal and secret ballot. Two-thirds of the seats in parliament were intended for Muslim deputies, and one-third was guaranteed to representatives of the non-Muslim population. The existence of such a parliament was to be the first step towards the democratization of Turkestan.{{cn|date=April 2019}}In January 1918, in response to an ultimatum from the Soviets on the voluntary inclusion into Soviet Russia, Mustafa Shokay refused to recognize the authority of the Soviets. For the destruction of the self-proclaimed Turkestan Autonomy, 11 trains with troops and artillery under the command of {{ill|Konstantin Osipov|ru|Осипов, Константин Павлович}} arrived from Moscow in Tashkent. As a result of hostilities, thousands of civilians were killed.{{cn|date=July 2021}} Thus, the Turkestan autonomy was liquidated by the Bolsheviks only three months after its creation. It was replaced by Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.{{cn|date=April 2019}}In November 1917, Muhamedzhan Tynyshpaev was the first president of the state.BOOK, Central Asia: Aspects of Transition, Bergne, Paul, 2003, Psychology Press, 978-0-7007-0957-1, Everett-Heath, Tom, 30–44, en, The Kokand Autonomy 1917–1918,weblink The second and last president was Mustafa Shokay.

See also

• Alash Autonomy
• Khanate of Kokand

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{reflist}}

General references

• "Turkiston Muxtoriyati" entry in the National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan. {{inlang|uz}}