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{{Short description|Austronesian language spoken in North Sumatra province in Indonesia}}









!colspan="2" | Nasal!rowspan="2" | Plosive/Affricate!voiceless!voiced!colspan="2" | Fricative|!colspan="2" | Trill|!colspan="2" | Approximant

factoids
name	Toba Batak| nativename = Hata Batak Tobaᯂᯖ ᯅᯖᯂ᯲ ᯖᯬᯅ| states = Indonesia| region = Samosir Island (2° 30′ N, 99°), and to the east, south, and west of Toba Lake in north Sumatra. | speakers = 1,610,000| date = 2010 census| ref = e25| familycolor = Austronesian	Malayo-Polynesian languages>Malayo-Polynesian	Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages>Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands	Batak languages>Batak| fam5 = Southern	Latin script>Latin, Batak alphabet| iso3 = bbc| image = File:Toba Bataknese script.svg| imagecaption = Batak written in Surat Batak (Batak script)| glotto = bata1289| glottorefname = Batak Toba}}(File:Batak languages.png|thumb|The distribution of Batak languages in northern Sumatra. Toba Batak is the majority language in the blue-colored areas labeled with its ISO 639-3 code "bbc".)(File:WIKITONGUES- Andi speaking Batak Toba.webm|thumb|A Toba Batak speaker.)Toba Batak ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|oʊ|b|ə|_|ˈ|b|æ|t|ə|k}}BOOK, Bauer, Laurie, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, 2007, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, ) is an Austronesian language spoken in North Sumatra province in Indonesia. It is part of a group of languages called Batak. There are approximately 1,610,000 Toba Batak speakers, living to the east, west and south of Lake Toba. Historically it was written using the Batak script, but the Latin script is now used for most writing. Nomenclature (File:Manuscript in Toba-Batak language, central Sumatra, early 1800s - Robert C. Williams Paper Museum - DSC00360.JPG|thumb|right|Manuscript in Toba Batak language, central Sumatra, early 1800s.)The name of this language arises from a rich and complex history of ethnic identity in colonial and post-colonial Indonesia. It is a generic name for the common language used by the people of the districts of Toba, Uluan, Humbang, Habinsaran, Samosir, and Silindung, centered upon the Island of Sumatra; more particularly, at Lake Toba. Linguistically and culturally these tribes of people are closely related. Other nearby communities such as Silalahi and Tongging may also be classified as speakers of Toba Batak.The term Toba Batak is, itself, a derivation of the Toba Batak language. As such, it is used both as a noun and an adjective, both to describe a language, and also to describe the people who speak the language.Among the aforementioned districts, Toba is the most densely populated and politically the most prominent district so that Toba Batak became a label for all communities speaking a dialect closely akin to the dialect spoken in Toba. In contemporary Indonesia the language is seldom referred to as Toba Batak (), but more commonly and simply as Batak (). The (Toba)-Batak refer to it in their own language as . This "Batak" language is different from the languages of other Batak people that can be divided into speaking a northern Batak dialect (Karo Batak, and Pakpak-Dairi Batak – linguistically this dialect group also includes the culturally very different Alas people), a central Batak dialect (Simalungun) and closely related other southern Batak dialects such as Angkola and Mandailing. Background File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een groep kinderen en volwassenen voor Toba Batak huizen TMnr 60004171.jpg|thumb|Toba Batak houses and residents in a photograph by Christiaan Benjamin NieuwenhuisChristiaan Benjamin NieuwenhuisThere are several dictionaries and grammars for each of the five major dialects of Batak (Angkola-Mandailing, Toba, Simalungun, Pakpak-Dairi, and Karo). Specifically for Toba Batak the most important dictionaries are that of Johannes Warneck (Toba-German) and Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk (Toba-Dutch). The latter was also involved in translating the Christian Bible into Toba Batak. Phonology This description follows Nababan (1981).{{harvp|Nababan|1981|p=1–41}} Consonants {| class"wikitable" style"text-align:center"|+ Toba Batak consonants !colspan="2" | ! Labial! Dental/Alveolar! (Alveolo-)palatal! Velar! Glottal
m}}	n}}|	Å‹}}|
p}}	t}}	t͡ɕ}}	k}}|
b}}	d}}	d͡ʑ}}	ɡ}}|
s}}||	h}}
r}}|||
w}}	l}}	j}}||

Vowels {| class"wikitable" style"text-align:center"|+ Toba Batak vowels

!! Front! Central! Back align="center"! Closei}}|u}}! Close-mide}} ({{IPA link|É™}})o}}! Open-midÉ›}}É”}} align="center"! Open|a}}|Note:

• {{IPA|/É™/}} only occurs in loanwords from Indonesian.

Stress

Stress is phonemic, e.g. {{IPA|/'tibbo/}} 'height' vs. {{IPA|/tib'bo/}} 'high'; {{IPA|/'itɔm/}} 'black dye' vs. {{IPA|/i'tɔm/}} 'your sibling'.

Syntax

Toba Batak has verb-initial, VOS word order, as with many Austronesian languages. In (1), the verb 'eat' precedes the object 'cake', and the verb phrase precedes 'the child'.{{interlinear|lang=bbc|number=(1)|Mangallang kue dakdanak i.|AT-eat cake child the|'The child is eating a cake.' (Silitonga 1973:3)}}SVO word order (as in English), however, is also very common (Cole & Hermon 2008). In (2), the subject 'this child' precedes the verb phrase 'hit the dog'.{{interlinear|lang=bbc|number=(2)|Dakdanak-on mang-atuk biang-i.ACTDEF|definite determiner}}|'This child hit the dog.' (Cole & Hermon 2008)}}(File:VP movement to derive VOS.png|thumb|right|Figure 1: VP movement to derive VOS word order.)Cole and Hermon (2008) claim that VOS order is the result of VP-raising (specifically, of VoiceP) (Figure 1). Then, the subject may optionally raise over the verb phrase because of information structure. This analysis provides a basis for understanding Austronesian languages that have more fully become SVO (e.g. Indonesian: Chung 2008;JOURNAL, Chung, Sandra, 2008, Indonesian clause structure from an Austronesian perspective, Lingua, 118, 10, 1554–1582, 10.1016/j.lingua.2007.08.002, Jarai: Jensen 2014BOOK, Jensen, Joshua, Jarai Clauses and Noun Phrases, 2014, Mouton de Gruyter, Pacific Linguistics, ).Like many Austronesian languages (e.g. Tagalog), DP wh-movement is subject to an extraction restriction (e.g. Rackowski & Richards 2005). The verb in (3a) must agree with 'what' (in (3a): TT or "theme-topic") for it to be extracted in front of the verb. If the verb agrees with the subject, 'John' (in (3b): AT or "actor-topic"), aha 'what' may not extract.{{interlinear|lang=bbc|number=(3a)|Aha diida si John?|what TT.see PM John|'What did John see?' (Cole & Hermon 2008)}}{{interlinear|lang=bbc|number=(3b)|*Aha mangida si John?|what AT.see PM John|Intended: 'What did John see?' (Schachter 1984:126)}}TT:theme-topicAT:actor-topic{{clear}}

Notes

{{Reflist}}

References

• Musgrave, Simon (2001). Non-subject Arguments in Indonesian. Ph.D. Thesis. See page 101 and reference to Cole, Peter & Gabriella Hermon (2000) Word order and binding in Toba Batak. Paper presented at AFLA 7, Amsterdam
• BOOK, A Grammar of Toba-Batak, Nababan, P. W. J., 1981, Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Pacific Linguistics Series D – No. 37, Canberra, 10.15144/pl-d37, 1885/145092, free, free,
• BOOK, Tuuk, Hermanus Neubronner van der, A Grammar of Toba-Batak, 1971, M. Nijhoff, Teeuw, A., The Hague, Scott-Kemball, J., first published in Dutch 1864–1867, Roolvink, R.,
• BOOK, A Grammar of the Urbanised Toba-Batak of Medan, Percival, W.K., 1981, Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, 0-85883-237-2, Pacific Linguistics Series B - No. 76, Canberra, 10.15144/pl-b76, 1885/144535, free, free, registration,weblink
• JOURNAL, Rackowski, Andrea, Richards, Norvin, 2005, Phase Edge and Extraction: A Tagalog Case Study, Linguistic Inquiry, 36, 4, 565–599, 10.1162/002438905774464368, 57570090,
• JOURNAL, Cole, Peter, Hermon, Gabriella, 2008, VP Raising in a VOS Language, Syntax, 11, 2, 144–197, 10.1111/j.1467-9612.2008.00106.x,
• {{Citation |last=Schachter |first=Paul |date=1984 |title=Semantic-Role-Based Syntax in Toba Batak |journal=UCLA Occasional Papers in Linguistics |volume=5 |pages=122–149 }}
• THESIS, Silitonga, Mangasa, Some Rules Reordering Constituents and their Constraints in Batak, 1973, Ph.D, University of Illinois,

External links

{{InterWiki|code=bbc|Toba Batak}}

• OLAC resources in and about the Batak Toba language
• Reference to contemporary Batak Bible
• Example translation of Biblical Scripture (published by the Language Museum, a site published by Zhang Hong, an internet consultant and amateur linguist in Beijing China)
• Sejara Indonesia An Online Outline of Indonesia History.

{{Austronesian languages}}{{Authority control}}