Official website {{in lang>es}}|footnotes = }}Temuco ({{IPA-es|teËˆmuko}}) is a city and commune, capital of the CautÃn Province and of the AraucanÃa Region in southern Chile. The city is located {{convert|670|km|0|abbr=off}} south of Santiago. The city grew out from a fort of the same name established in 1881 during Chile's invasion of AraucanÃa.BOOK, Bengoa, JosÃ©, JosÃ© Bengoa, Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX, 2000, Seventh, LOM Ediciones, 956-282-232-X, 280â€“281, Temuco lies in the middle of the historic AraucanÃa, a traditional land of the indigenous Mapuche.Temuco's central place in AraucanÃa with easy access to the Andean valleys, lakes and coastal areas makes it a hub for tourism, agricultural, livestock and forestry operations as well as a communication and trade centre for the numerous small towns of AraucanÃa. Temuco has recently been regarded as a university city as it houses two large universities: University of the Frontier and Temuco Catholic University. Nobel laureates Gabriela Mistral and Pablo Neruda both lived in Temuco for some time.

Etymology

(File:Arrayan luma apiculata.jpg|thumb|left|Luma apiculata)The word Temuco comes from the Mapudungun language, meaning "temu water"; "temu" is the common name of two native trees of the family Myrtaceae, Luma apiculata (also known as arrayÃ¡n in Spanish) and Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii. Both species are characterized by their orange-reddish bark and by having aromatic fruits and leaves which are commonly used by the Mapuche for medicinal purposes. While Blepharocalyx cruckschankii is endangered, Luma apiculata is relatively common and in Temuco it is possible to see it in the Cerro Ã‘ielol Natural Monument (in its natural state) as well as in city gardens and sidewalks. The blend between the words "temu" and "co" (water), probably reflects the fact that these trees frequently grow beside water bodies.

History

{{see also|Mapuche uprising of 1881}}The area around Temuco began to be settled by non-indigenous Chileans in the mid-1870s, when for example Labranza began to be settled.Gobierno Regional de la AraucanÃa (GORE). 2011. Labranza. Huellas en el camino. Historia de mi localidad. Santiago de Chile: ComitÃ© de Desarrollo Local de Labranza.JOURNAL, Urban Dynamics in an Indigenous Territory: Transformation of Mapuche Ways of Living in lof Rengalil, Labranza (AraucanÃa Region, Chile), Revista de Estudios Sociales, NÃºÃ±ez, Amapola, 80, 75â€“96, Riquelme MaulÃ©n, Wladimir, 10.7440/res80.2022.05, 2022, Spanish, Urban Dynamics in an Indigenous Territory: Transformation of Mapuche Ways of Living in lof Rengalil, Labranza (AraucanÃa Region, Chile), Salazar, Gonzalo, Maturana, Francisco, Morales, Mauricio, free, The city was founded by Chilean army on February 24, 1881, as a fort during the Occupation of the AraucanÃa. Manuel Recabarren, in charge of the project, named the place Fuerte (Fort) Recabarren.Formed as a military encampment, Temuco had in its origins the attributes of a camp, and a year after its founding, the first major streets started to form in the downtown area.On April 15, 1888, the first city officers were elected including the first mayor JosÃ© del Rosario MuÃ±oz. The city grew quickly; a census in 1895 indicated a population of 7,708 people, and when Cautin was declared a province, Temuco became its capital, with its population by that time of 16,037 people.Chilean poetry has deep roots in Temuco. Nobel laureates Gabriela Mistral and Pablo Neruda (NeftalÃ Reyes) both lived in Temuco. Mistral was the principal of an all-girls school where Neruda would visit her and show her his first verses when he was around 15 years old.(File:Centro Temuco.jpg|thumb|Temuco Downtown.)In 2010 Temuco was affected by the earthquake on February 27 centered {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} to the north. It was one of the most affected regions of Chile besides Santiago, Concepcion, ValparaÃso and others.{{Clarify |date=February 2011}} The earthquake registered 8.8 Mw on the moment magnitude scale. Though landlocked Temuco avoided the tsunamis the earthquake caused, many very strong aftershocks throughout the country followed, including a 7.1 MW earthquake {{convert|70|km|0|abbr=on}} northwest of the city.WEB

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, February 10, 2011
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, March 16, 2011

, Nowadays, Temuco is a fast growing city with diversified commerce and services.(File:2023-02-17 Friday 13.34.27 (UTC-3) Tucapel neighborhood (Temuco).jpg|thumb|Tucapel neighborhood.)File:2019-09-04 Wednesday 14.03.42 (UTC-4) CONADI (Temuco).jpg|thumb|CONADI CONADI(File:2022-12-22 Thursday 18.47.21 (UTC-3) Alejandro AnabalÃ³n Gamboa, Patricio GutiÃ©rrez Morales and Javier Aguirre Ortiz (Temuco).jpg|thumb|The writers Alejandro AnabalÃ³n Gamboa, Patricio GutiÃ©rrez Morales y Javier Aguirre Ortiz at the 3rd Temuco Book Fair.)

Demographics

According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute (INE), Temuco had a communal population of 245,347 (117,071 men and 128,276 women). Of these, 232,528 (94.8%) lived in urban areas and 12,819 (5.2%) in rural areas. The population grew by 24.4% (48,111 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. The INE projected the 2010 population to be 377,495,{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} which makes it the second largest city south of Santiago (behind ConcepciÃ³n), and the fourth largest in the country. One of the distinctive features of Temuco is the strong presence of the Mapuche culture, who make up 23.1% of the population in the Temuco commune, and numerous German immigrant colonies (9.8%). Temuco proper has a population of 227,086.{{When|date=February 2011}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}(File:2022-06-05 Sunday 12.02.08 UTC-4 AmpliaciÃ³n Amanecer Neighborhood's Community Center (Temuco).jpg|thumb|Cult of ReconcÃliate con Dios Evangelistic Church, in AmpliaciÃ³n Amanecer Neighborhood's Community Center.)The locals are called temuquenses. The inhabitants have diverse origins. Temuco has a high percentage of people of Basque ancestry, as well as Castilian and other Spanish nationalities. There is a substantial indigenous component, mainly Mapuche, accounting for 13% of the population of Temuco, which makes it the city of Chile with the largest indigenous presence.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} There is also a large percentage of temuquences directly descended from European immigrants, many of whom arrived during 1883â€“1901 after the pacification of AraucanÃa. The main European sources are Switzerland, Spain, France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. Others, less numerous and from many other parts of Europe such as the Netherlands, Austria, Croatia, Armenia, Greece, Portugal, etc., arrived after that first migration, especially during the World Wars. During the Spanish Civil War (1930s), a large percentage of Aragonese, Asturians, Catalans, Galicians, Navarrese and Basques reached a significant number of immigrants from Europe (mainly Spain).There are also small communities of Jews, from Russia, Poland, Macedonia, Hungary, as well as Central and Eastern Europe in general, and Arabs, from Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. This immigration from Europe and, to a lesser extent, Jewish and Arabic areas helps to explain the various clubs, schools, and sections of the city of Temuco. There are East Asian colonies of Chinese, Japanese and Koreans in Temuco, dating back to the end of the Korean War in the 1950s when thousands of Korean refugees settled through U.N. relocation programs to Chile.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}(File:2019-09-15 Sunday 22.17.53 (UTC-3) Newwave (Temuco).jpg|thumb|Newwave, musician from Temuco.)(File:2022-12-19 Monday 15.17.19 (UTC-3) Juampayo Escorpio (Temuco).jpg|thumb|The writer Juampayo Escorpio on Alemania Avenue.)

Notable people

Yanara Aedo, professional footballer
Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt, composer
Rosa Catrileo, member of the Constitutional Convention and land rights advocate
Fuad ChahÃn, politician, former president of the Christian Democratic Party
Dagoberto Godoy, aviator
Fabiola Letelier, lawyer and human rights advocate
Marcelo Moren Brito, member of Pinochet's secret police, convicted of crimes against humanity
Pablo Neruda, 1971 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature
Leonor OyarzÃºn, former first lady of Chile
Andrea Parra, politician
Natalia Riffo, politician in Bachelet administration and psychologist
Karina Riquelme Viveros, human rights lawyerWEB, 18 July 2018, Chile: Lawyer Intimidated During Trial of Policemen,weblink Amnesty International, 10 July 2021, 5 March 2020,weblink live,
Marcelo Salas, retired footballer, chairman of local football club Deportes Temuco
Luis Salvadores Salvi, Chilean basketball player
RaÃºl Sohr, journalist, sociologist and writer
Tanza Varela, actress and model
Ena von Baer, journalist and right-wing politician

Geography

(File:Llaima eruption1.jpg|thumb|300px|Llaima volcano located in the Andes as seen from Temuco valley)Temuco is located in a valley in the center-south of Chile, equidistant between the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Andes to the east. Morphologically, the city placement corresponds to CautÃn River-originated fluvial land masses that developed in a crushed form between two hills, Ã‘ielol (350m) and Conunhueno (360m).

Economy and environment

The city is surrounded by a landscape typical to central-southern Chile, consisting mostly of plantations of exotic species used in forestry along with prairies. The original ecosystem of the area consisting in temperate forest is present mostly in the Ã‘ielol hill. Given that burning wood is the primary source of heat during the cold months in Temuco, air pollution is a recurrent problem during autumn and winter. As a consequence, Air quality in Temuco is the third lowest in Chile.WEB,weblink News report February 2015, 16 June 2016, 1 July 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160701101935weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink Air pollution worsens in southern Chilean city of Temuco, 20 September 2016, 22 April 2022,weblink live,

Climate

Climatologically, Temuco lies at the border of Chile's central valley Mediterranean region, albeit with an Mediterranean climate (KÃ¶ppen climate classification: Csb). Through the year, cyclonic and anticyclonic influences alternate, with a distinct drier summer period (although not as dry as Santiago or other central valley cities, receiving just enough precipitation to avoid a Mediterranean climate classification). Its mean annual temperature is {{convert|13|Â°C|0|abbr=on}}, with highest median during the warmest month of {{convert|23.5|Â°C|0|abbr=on}} and lowest median during the coldest month of {{convert|3.5|Â°C|0|abbr=on}} (Ciren-Corfo, 1992). Annual mean rain during 1961-1990 (DirecciÃ³n MeteorolÃ³gica de Chile, 1991) was {{convert|1157|mm|in|1}} (Capelli de Steffens et al., 1997).{{Weather box|location = Temuco (Maquehue Airport) 1991â€“2020, extremes 1952â€“present|single line = Yes|metric first = Yes|Jan record high C = 38.0|Feb record high C = 42.0|Mar record high C = 35.1|Apr record high C = 32.0|May record high C = 24.1|Jun record high C = 20.8|Jul record high C = 20.7|Aug record high C = 23.1|Sep record high C = 26.8|Oct record high C = 30.2|Nov record high C = 34.4|Dec record high C = 36.4|year record high C = 42.0|Jan high C = 25.0|Feb high C = 25.5|Mar high C = 23.0|Apr high C = 18.3|May high C = 14.6|Jun high C = 12.0|Jul high C = 11.7|Aug high C = 13.3|Sep high C = 15.5|Oct high C = 17.6|Nov high C = 19.7|Dec high C = 22.3|year high C = 18.2|Jan mean C = 17.1|Feb mean C = 17.3|Mar mean C = 15.5|Apr mean C = 12.4|May mean C = 10.3|Jun mean C = 8.5|Jul mean C = 7.8|Aug mean C = 8.7|Sep mean C = 9.9|Oct mean C = 11.6|Nov mean C = 13.4|Dec mean C = 15.4|year mean C = 12.3|Jan low C = 9.2|Feb low C = 9.0|Mar low C = 8.1|Apr low C = 6.5|May low C = 6.0|Jun low C = 4.9|Jul low C = 3.9|Aug low C = 4.2|Sep low C = 4.3|Oct low C = 5.7|Nov low C = 7.2|Dec low C = 8.5|year low C = 6.5|Jan record low C = -0.2|Feb record low C = -1.9|Mar record low C = -2.0|Apr record low C = -4.0|May record low C = -5.4|Jun record low C = -6.9|Jul record low C = -8.1|Aug record low C = -6.7|Sep record low C = -4.3|Oct record low C = -3.0|Nov record low C = -2.4|Dec record low C = -0.2|year record low C = -8.1|precipitation colour = green|Jan precipitation mm = 27.8|Feb precipitation mm = 34.2|Mar precipitation mm = 43.8|Apr precipitation mm = 85.6|May precipitation mm = 148.0|Jun precipitation mm = 209.6|Jul precipitation mm = 156.7|Aug precipitation mm = 135.4|Sep precipitation mm = 86.4|Oct precipitation mm = 81.0|Nov precipitation mm = 57.3|Dec precipitation mm = 49.0|year precipitation mm = 1114.8|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm|Jan precipitation days = 3.6|Feb precipitation days = 3.6|Mar precipitation days = 5.5|Apr precipitation days = 8.6|May precipitation days = 12.5|Jun precipitation days = 16.5|Jul precipitation days = 15.3|Aug precipitation days = 14.6|Sep precipitation days = 10.8|Oct precipitation days = 9.6|Nov precipitation days = 7.2|Dec precipitation days = 6.0|year precipitation days = 114.0|Jan humidity = 72|Feb humidity = 72|Mar humidity = 77|Apr humidity = 83|May humidity = 87|Jun humidity = 88|Jul humidity = 87|Aug humidity = 84|Sep humidity = 81|Oct humidity = 79|Nov humidity = 78|Dec humidity = 75|year humidity = 80|Jan sun = 303.8|Feb sun = 265.6|Mar sun = 226.3|Apr sun = 147.0|May sun = 111.6|Jun sun = 75.0|Jul sun = 89.9|Aug sun = 124.0|Sep sun = 171.0|Oct sun = 179.8|Nov sun = 210.0|Dec sun = 272.8|year sun = 2176.8|Jand sun = 9.8|Febd sun = 9.4|Mard sun = 7.3|Aprd sun = 4.9|Mayd sun = 3.6|Jund sun = 2.5|Juld sun = 2.9|Augd sun = 4.0|Sepd sun = 5.7|Octd sun = 5.8|Novd sun = 7.0|Decd sun = 8.8|yeard sun = 6.0|source 1 = DirecciÃ³n MeteorolÃ³gica de ChileWEB,weblink 30 May 2023,weblink Datos Normales y Promedios HistÃ³ricos Promedios de 30 aÃ±os o menos, DirecciÃ³n MeteorolÃ³gica de Chile, es, 30 May 2023, WEB,weblink 30 May 2023,weblink Temperatura HistÃ³rica de la EstaciÃ³n Maquehue, Temuco Ad. (380013), DirecciÃ³n MeteorolÃ³gica de Chile, es, 30 May 2023, WEB,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160303180012weblink">weblink 3 March 2016,weblink Estadisca Climatologica Tomo II, December 25, 2012, DirecciÃ³n General de AeronÃ¡utica Civil, es, March 2001, |source 2 = NOAA (precipitation days 1991â€“2020),WEB,weblink 6 August 2023,weblink Maquehue Aerodromo Temuco Climate Normals 1991â€“2020, World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991â€“2020), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 6 August 2023, Universidad de Chile (sunshine hours only)WEB,weblink Tabla 4.6: Medias mensuales de horas de sol diarias extraÃdas del WRDC ruso (en (hrs./dia)), Elementos Para La CreaciÃ³n de Un Manual de Buenas PrÃ¡cticas Para Instalaciones Solares TÃ©rmicas Domiciliarias, Universidad de Chile, es, PDF, 81, 21 January 2015, September 2007, 4 January 2020,weblink live, |date=April 2012}}

Administration

As a commune, Temuco is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Miguel Becker Alvear (RN).Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Temuco is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by GermÃ¡n Becker (RN) and RenÃ© Saffirio (PDC) as part of the 50th electoral district, together with Padre Las Casas. The commune is represented in the Senate by JosÃ© Garcia Ruminot (RN) and Eugenio Tuma Zedan (PPD) as part of the 15th senatorial constituency (AraucanÃa-South).

Sports

Temuco, is as well known as "La ciudad del deporte" which means, the city of sports. Temuco hosts one of the newest as well as biggest stadiums in the country, the "German Becker" stadium; home to the local soccer team "Deportes Temuco".WEB, Estadio GermÃ¡n Becker Baechler CDT - PASION IMBATIBLE, CDT - PASION IMBATIBLE,weblink es, 2023-08-14, 14 August 2023,weblink live, This stadium has hosted numerous local sports events, as well as international ones. They are as follows:

FIFA U20 Women's World Cup in 2008
WORLD RUGBY's U20 RUGBY WORLD TROPHY in 2013
AMERICAN CUP's in 2015

Temuco was also one of the host cities of the official 1959 Basketball World Cup, where Chile won the bronze medal. Further to that, Temuco has numerous gyms and parks where people can go on their leisure time.

Transportation

(File:Rodoviario de Temuco.jpg|thumb|right|Terminal Rodoviario.)(File:2022-05-04 Wednesday 19.17.42 (UTC-4) Manuel Recabarren and Francisco Salazar avenues (Temuco).jpg|thumb|Crossing of Manuel Recabarren and Francisco Salazar avenues, in Amanecer quarter.)Buses and collective taxis are the most popular modes of mass transit. The bus fare is CLP$150 for students and $450 for adults; the colectivos charge $500 ($650 at night). {{citation needed|date=March 2022}}La AraucanÃa Airport is commercial air terminal for Temuco located to the south of the city, near the town of Freire, about 20 minutes south of Temuco.The railroad connects Temuco with Victoria to the north and points in between.Temuco does not have a rapid transit rail system.Long-haul buses run from the Terminal Rodoviario de la Araucania,WEB,weblink Sur Chico travel, 26 September 2015, 27 September 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150927223105weblink">weblink live, at the northern approach to town.Private transport by car is commonly used which causes traffic congestion at peak hours.The recent proliferation of bike lanes has placed transportation by bicycle as an emerging trend. By 2017, {{cvt|35|km}} of bike lanes are expected to be operative.WEB,weblink dead,weblink 2019-11-24, LA ARAUCANÃA CONTARÃ CON 35 KILÃ“METROS DE CICLOVÃAS PARA EL AÃ‘O 2017, (File:Edificio Marsano de 1923 - Frente.JPG|thumb|Marsano building beside Feria Pinto|alt=Edificio Marsano de 1923 - Frente.JPG)

Important places

Cerro Ã‘ielol

The Ã‘ielol Hill houses the original temperate forest at this latitude in southern Chile as it was before the Spanish people colonised it. Currently, it has the status of natural monument and as such, it is a protected area. It has also a special meaning for the Mapuche people living in the Region, housing near the top a ceremonial area called La Patagua. We can also find a restaurant at the top of the Hill and a viewpoint of the east side of the city and Padre Las Casas, across the river. It is easily accessed by foot or car. The Southern Andean Volcano Observatory has its office there.

Central market

The central market is one of the best places to get Mapuche crafts. It has a meat market and shops selling woodcrafts, artifacts, wool knits, and similar goods. A fire has recently affected its structure. Reconstruction is planned, but the original market is currently closed.

Feria Pinto

One of the most traditional places in the city. Fresh fruits and vegetables are sold here in a daily basis. People from the city and from rural nearby towns come here for trade.File:2019-09-13 Friday 18.23.17 UTC-3 Malmus Mansion (Temuco).jpg|thumb|Campus Menchaca Lira Campus of Temuco Catholic University Temuco Catholic University

Alemania Avenue

Is the principal artery in Temuco. Here we can find The Araucaria Museum building (19th century Chilean style); the Menchaca Lira Campus of Art Building (a Victorian Style building, recently restored); The English Alley, where we can find the Red Cross Building and not long ago a blue house which was dismantled to be rebuilt elsewhere (as a Heritage recovery project by the school of architecture of a known University of Temuco), both Neoclassical styled.Recently, Alemania Av. has become an important commercial centre. Several restaurants, night clubs, pubs, bistros, pharmacies, boutiques, banks, supermarkets and two shopping malls have been opened there. There is also a Casino and a five stars hotel in the same avenue.

Anibal Pinto Square

The core of Downtown Temuco is the Main Square Anibal Pinto. Temuco's Main Square is the only one in Chile that was not built with a water fountain in its centre; an art gallery was built in 1981 as part of a total renewal. Compared to other main squares of southern Chile, Temuco's looks very modern. It was named one of Chile's most beautiful plazas.It is a tradition, in all creole cities in Chile, that some specific buildings must be in front of the main square; in Temuco, this tradition has been broken. Main Squares are supposed to be surrounded by: a Cathedral (which is in front of Temuco's main square, as traditionally), the Municipality (which also, is located in front of the square), a Theatre (there used to be a film theatre in front of it), a Fire Station (there is not a fire station in front of the square, as it should), a School (there is no school in front of the main square), and a Bank (there are four banks around the main square).

References

External links

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