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{{short description|Mountain range on the Polish–Slovak border}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

factoids

| parent= Western Carpathians| geology= | area_km2=| coordinates= | length_km= | length_orientation=| width_km= | width_orientation=| highest= Gerlachovský Å¡tít| elevation_m= 265549N08type:mountain_scale:300000display=inline,title}}| map_image= Tatra Mountains location map.svg| map_caption= }}{{Location map }}The Tatra Mountains ({{audio|Tatra-Mountains-English.wav|pronounced}}), Tatras, or Tatra (Tatry either in Slovak ({{IPA-sk|ˈtatri|pron|Tatry-Slovak.wav}}) or in Polish ({{IPA-pl|ˈtatrɨ|pron}}) - plurale tantum), are a series of mountains within the Western Carpathians that form a natural border between Slovakia and Poland. They are the highest mountains in the Carpathians. The Tatras are distinct from the Low Tatras (), a separate Slovak mountain range further south.The Tatra Mountains occupy an area of {{convert|785|km²|0|abbr=out}}, of which about {{convert|610|km²|0|abbr=out}} (77.7%) lie within Slovakia and about {{convert|175|km²|0|abbr=out}} (22.3%) within Poland. The highest peak, called Gerlachovský Å¡tít, at 2,655 m (8710 ft), is located north of Poprad, entirely in Slovakia. The highest point in Poland, Rysy, at {{Convert|2500|m|ft}},WEB, 2020-08-23, Polskie Rysy ze zmienionÄ… wysokoÅ›ciÄ… na nowej mapie Tatr,podroze.onet.pl/aktualnosci/tatry-na-nowej-mapie-polskie-rysy-maja-2500-a-nie-2499-m-npm/097r930, dead,web.archive.org/web/20221222211135/https://podroze.onet.pl/aktualnosci/tatry-na-nowej-mapie-polskie-rysy-maja-2500-a-nie-2499-m-npm/097r930, 2022-12-22, 2023-05-09, Onet Podróże, pl, is located south of Zakopane, on the border with Slovakia.WEB,www.peaklist.org/WWlists/euro600/tatra/tatraintro.html, Introduction to the Tatras, PeakList: Mountains of the World, July 2005, 1 January 2013, Trengove, Mark, WEB,www.krakow-info.com/1tatry.htm, Tatra Mountains. Features. Weather. Wildlife, Krakow Info: National Parks, 2012, 1 January 2013, Strzala, Marek, The Tatras’ length, measured from the eastern foothills of the Kobylí vrch ({{convert|1109|m|0|abbr=out}}) to the southwestern foot of Ostrý vrch (1128 m), in a straight line, is {{convert|57|km|0|abbr=on}} (or {{convert|53|km|0|abbr=on}} according to some), and strictly along the main ridge, {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=on}}. The range is only {{convert|19|km|0|abbr=on}} wide.WEB,www.discoverzakopane.com/poprad.html, The Tatra Mountains and Tatra National Park, BAW Altius, Discover Zakopane, 2012, 1 January 2013, Krupa, Maciek, The main ridge of the Tatras runs from the village of Huty at the western end to the village of Ždiar at the eastern end.The Tatras are now protected by law by the establishment of the Tatra National Park, Slovakia and the Tatra National Park, Poland, which are jointly entered in UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves.In 1992, UNESCO jointly designated the Polish and Slovak parks a transboundary biosphere reserve in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, under its Man and the Biosphere Programme.WEB,www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/#, UNESCO: Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development, Europe & North America: 297 biosphere reserves in 36 countries, 31 January 2016,www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america," title="web.archive.org/web/20150805094626www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america,">web.archive.org/web/20150805094626www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america, 5 August 2015,

Etymology

The first written record of the name is from 999, when the Bohemian Duke Boleslaus II, on his deathbed, recalled when the Duchy of Bohemia extended to the Tritri montes. Another mention is in the 1086 document from Henry IV, wherein he referred to the Diocese of Prague with Tritri mountains. Still another is in 1125, where the Kosmas chronicles (Chronica Boemorum) mention the name Tatri.BOOK, Tatry, FrantiÅ¡ek, Kele, Lučanský, Milan, Knižní klub, 2001, Praha, cs, Machek in 1931 favored the theory of the Polish linguist Rozwadowski with a syllabic r like in the words (wiktionary:Chrt|chrt) (Czech hound), (wiktionary:Smrt|smrt) (Czech death). In Czech this syllabic is sometimes with vowels i, e or u for example črný – (wiktionary:ÄŒerný|černý), so the Czech reconstruction from Tritri/Tritry would be Trtry. In Polish, the term Tatry is firstly mentioned in 1255. Syllabic r often has vowels on both sides in Polish, so in case of Tarty we can reconstruct the name to Tartry, where the vowel a originated before the syllabic r which dissimilated. This theory is supported by Hungarian forms Turtur, Turtul and Tortol from 12th to 14th centuries. It is unclear what form the Slovak term took before the 17th century when the first references to Tatry appear, probably as a loan word from Polish that later found its way into Czech and Hungarian. The term Tatra also appears as a general term in Slovak for barren or stony land and also in Ukraine for small stones in a river. Machek stresses that the name has no Slavic origin and mentions Rozwadowski’s theory of an Illyrian origin because of a connection with a Herzegovian highland called Tatra, thus taken from local inhabitants.JOURNAL, Machek, Václav, 1931, Tatry,nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=2334, NaÅ¡e Å™eč, 15, 119–120, The name is also close to the Ukrainian word for gravel, toltry.

Overview

File:Morskie oko o swicie.jpg|thumb|Eye of the Sea, MiÄ™guszowiecki Summits, Cubryna, Mnich ]]File:Rysy 006.JPG|thumb|Mountain lakes of Czarny Staw pod Rysami and Morskie Oko seen from Poland’s highest point, the north-western summit of 2500|m|ft|0}} in elevation.The Tatras are a mountain range of a corrugated nature, originating from the Alpine orogeny, and therefore characterized by a relatively young-looking lie of the land, quite similar to the landscape of the Alps, although significantly smaller. It is the highest mountain range within the Carpathians.It consists of the internal mountain chains of:

• Eastern Tatras (Východné Tatry, Tatry Wschodnie), which in turn consist of:
  • the Belianske Tatras (Belianske Tatry, Tatry Bielskie)
  • and the High Tatras (Vysoké Tatry, Tatry Wysokie)
• Western Tatras (, )

The overall nature of the Tatras, together with their easy accessibility, makes them a favorite with tourists and researchers. Therefore, these mountains are a popular winter sports area, with resorts such as Poprad and the town Vysoké Tatry (The Town of High Tatras) in Slovakia created in 1999, including former separate resorts: Å trbské Pleso, Starý Smokovec, and Tatranská Lomnica or Zakopane, called also “winter capital of Poland”. The High Tatras, with their 24 (or 25) peaks exceeding 2,500 m above sea level, together with the Southern Carpathians, represent the only form of alpine landscape in the entire {{convert|1200|km|0|abbr=off}} length of arc of the Carpathians.

Ownership and border disputes

By the end of the First Polish Republic, the border with the Kingdom of Hungary in the Tatras was not exactly defined. The Tatras became an unoccupied borderland. On 20 November 1770, under the guise of protection against the epidemic of plague in the Podolia, an Austrian army entered into Polish land and formed a cordon sanitaire, seizing Sądecczyzna, Spiš and Podhale. Two years later, the First Partition of Poland allocated the lands to Austria. In 1824, Zakopane region and area around Morskie Oko were purchased from the authorities of the Austrian Empire by a Hungarian Emanuel Homolacs. When Austria-Hungary was formed in 1867, the Tatra Mountains have become a natural border between the two states of the dual monarchy, but the border itself still has not been exactly determined. In 1889, a Polish Count Władysław Zamoyski purchased at auction the Zakopane region along with the area around Morskie Oko. Due to numerous disputes over land ownership in the late 19th century, attempts were made at the delimitation of the border. They were fruitless until 1897, and the case went to an international court which determined on 13 September 1902 the exact course of the Austro-Hungarian border in the disputed area.A new round of border disputes between Poland and Czechoslovakia started immediately after the end of the First World War, when these two countries were established. Among other claims, Poland claimed ownership of a large part of the Spiš region. This claim also included additional parts of the Tatra Mountains. After several years of border conflicts, the first treaty (facilitated by the League of Nations) was signed in 1925, with Poland receiving a small northernmost part of the Spiš region, immediately outside (to the north-east of) the Tatra Mountains, thus not changing the border in the mountains themselves. During the Second World War there were multiple attempts by both sides of the conflict to occupy more land, but the final treaty signed in 1958 (valid until present day) preserved the border line agreed in 1925.

Borders and hiking

With the collapse of the Austrian Empire in 1918 and the creation of Poland and Czechoslovakia, the Tatra Mountains started to be divided by international border. This brought considerable difficulties to hikers, as it was illegal to cross the border without passing through an official border checkpoint, and for many decades there were no checkpoints for hikers anywhere on the border ridge. The nearest road border crossings were Tatranská Javorina - Łysa Polana and Podspády - Jurgów in the east, and Suchá Hora - Chocholów in the west. Indeed, those who did cross elsewhere were frequently fined or even detained by border police of both countries. On the other hand, the permeable border in the Tatra Mountains was also heavily used for cross-border smuggling of goods such as alcohol, tobacco, coffee, etc. between Poland and Czechoslovakia. Only in 1999, more than 80 years after the dissolution of the Austrian Empire, the governments of Poland and Slovakia signed an agreement designating several unstaffed border crossings (with only irregular spot checks by border police) for hikers and cyclists on the 444 km-long Slovak-Polish border. One of these border crossings was created in the Tatra Mountains themselves, on the summit of the Rysy peak. However, there were still many other peaks and passes where hiking trails ran across the border, but where crossing remained illegal. This situation finally improved in 2007, with both countries accessing the Schengen Area. Since then, it is legal to cross the border at any point (i.e. no further official checkpoints were designated). Rules of the national parks on both sides of the border still apply and they restrict movement to official hiking trails and (especially on the Slovak side) mandate extensive seasonal closures in order to protect wildlife.

Climate

(File:Kościelec view 6.jpg|thumb|Snow covered Tatras in May 2019.)The Tatras lie in the temperate zone of Central Europe. They are an important barrier to the movements of air masses. Their mountainous topography causes one of the most diverse climates in that region.

Precipitation

The highest precipitation figures are recorded on the northern slopes. In June and July, monthly precipitation reaches around {{convert|250|mm|0|abbr=on}}. Precipitation occurs from 215 to 228 days a year. Thunderstorms occur 36 days a year on average.BOOK, USA, IBP,books.google.com/books?id=jTv_CwAAQBAJ&q=tatra+mountains+Thunderstorms+occur+36+days+a+year+on+average.&pg=PA39, Slovakia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments, 2012-03-03, Lulu.com, 978-1-4387-7555-5, en,

Snow cover

Maximum snow cover on the summit amounts to:

• in Poland - Kasprowy Wierch: maximum {{convert|388|cm|0|abbr=on}}WEB, Wysokogórskie Obserwatorium Meteorologizne IMGW-PIB,www.pkl.pl/post/kasprowy-wierch/atrakcje/wysokogorskie-obserwatorium-meteorologiczne-imgw-pib-na-kasprowym-wierchu.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20190325182113/https://www.pkl.pl/post/kasprowy-wierch/atrakcje-kopia/wysokogorskie-obserwatorium-meteorologiczne-imgw-pib-kopia.html, 2019-03-25, 2023-12-05, PKL,
• in Slovakia - Lomnický Å tít: mean maximum of {{convert|204|cm|0|abbr=on}}WEB, Vojtek, Martin, 2010-07-31, The dynamics of snow cover in mountainous regions of Slovakia,vojtex.snailnet.sk/PhD/vojtek_PhD2010_cor.pdf, live,web.archive.org/web/20231205175343/https://vojtex.snailnet.sk/PhD/vojtek_PhD2010_cor.pdf, 2023-12-05, 2023-12-05, 76,

Peaks are sometimes covered with snow or ice throughout the year. Avalanches are frequent.

Temperature

Extreme temperatures range from {{convert|-40|°C|0|abbr=on}} in the winter to {{convert|33|°C|0|abbr=on}} in warmer months. Temperatures also vary depending on the altitude and sun exposure of a given slope. Temperatures below {{convert|0|°C|0|abbr=on}} last for 192 days on the summits.BOOK, Slovakia Republic Country: Strategic Information and Developments, International Business Publications USA, 2012, 978-1-4387-7555-5, United States, 38,

Winds

(File:tatra storm.jpg|thumb|Visible effects of the 2004 storm in Slovakia)The average wind speed on the summits is 6 m/s (13.4 mi/hr).

• southerly winds on the northern side
• westerly winds at the base of Tatra (Orava-Nowy Targ Basin)
• foehn winds (Polish: halny) most often occur between October and May. They are warm and dry and can cause extensive damage.
• Maximum wind speed {{convert|288|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (6 May 1968).WEB,www.tpn.pl/pl/klimat/news/102/Wiatr-halny, Wiatr halny, Igor J. Zaleski, Tomasz MÄ…czka, TatrzaÅ„ski Park Narodowy, pl,tpn.pl/pl/klimat/news/102/Wiatr-halny," title="web.archive.org/web/20110109105526tpn.pl/pl/klimat/news/102/Wiatr-halny,">web.archive.org/web/20110109105526tpn.pl/pl/klimat/news/102/Wiatr-halny, 9 January 2011, dmy-all,

On 19 November 2004, large parts of the forests in the southern Slovak part of the High Tatras were damaged by a strong wind storm. Three million cubic metres (1,864 square miles) of trees were uprooted, two people died, and several villages were totally cut off. Further damage was done by a subsequent forest fire, and it will take many years until the local ecology is fully recovered.BOOK, USA, IBP, Slovakia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments, 3 March 2012, Lulu.com, 978-1-4387-7555-5,books.google.com/books?id=jTv_CwAAQBAJ&q=tetra+mountain+Three+million+cubic+metres, en,

Flora

(File:Gentiana punctata a1.jpg|thumb|Gentiana punctata)The Tatra Mountains have a diverse variety of plant life. They are home to more than 1,000 species of vascular plants, about 450 mosses, 200 liverworts, 700 lichens, 900 fungi, and 70 slime moulds. There are five climatic-vegetation belts in the Tatras.{{cn|date=February 2022}}The distribution of plants depends on altitude:

• up to 1,300 m (4,265 ft): Carpathian beech forest; almost no shrub layer, herbaceous layer occupies most of the forest floor
• to 1,550 m (5,085 ft): Spruce forest; shrub layer poorly developed, mosses are a major component
• to 1,800 m (5,905 ft): Mountain Pine, numerous herbs
• to 2,300 m (7,546 ft): high altitude grasslands
• from 2,300 m (7,546 ft) up: Subnivean - bare rock and almost no vegetation (mostly lichens)

(File:Nízké Tatry, Dereše (5).JPG|thumb|Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica))

Fauna

The Tatra Mountains are home to many species of animals: 54 tardigrades, 22 turbellarians, 100 rotifers, 22 copepods, 162 spiders, 81 molluscs, 43 mammals, 200 birds, 7 amphibians and 2 reptiles.The most notable mammals are the Tatra chamois, Alpine marmot, Tatra marmot, snow vole, brown bear, wolf, Eurasian lynx, red deer, roe deer, and wild boar. Notable fish include the brown trout and alpine bullhead.The endemic arthropod species include a caddis fly, the spider Xysticus alpicolaWEB,fauna-eu.org, Kulczynski, 1882, Fauna Europaea, Xysticus alpicola, 2.4, and a springtail.

Summits

Gerlach south face B.jpg|Gerlachovský Å¡tít ({{convert|2655|m|ft|abbr=off|disp=or}}), the highest peak in SlovakiaKriváň.JPG|Kriváň ({{convert|2495|m|ft|abbr=off|disp=or}}), the country’s symbol on 1,2 and 5 euro cents STANICA LANOVKY S OBSERVATÓRIOM - výhlad.JPG|View from Lomnický Å¡tít ({{convert|2634|m|ft|abbr=off|disp=or}}) Observatory Skalnate pleso.jpg|Skalnaté pleso Observatory ({{convert|1751|m|ft|abbr=off|disp=or}}) Bystra a4.jpg|Bystrá ({{convert|2248|m|ft|abbr=off|disp=or}})KoÅ›cielec view 4.jpg|KoÅ›cielec ({{convert|2155|m|ft|abbr=off|disp=or}})

Eastern Tatras

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}

• Gerlachovský Å¡tít - 2655 m (Slovakia)
• Lomnický Å¡tít - 2634 m (Slovakia)
• Ľadový Å¡tít - 2627 m (Slovakia)
• PyÅ¡ný Å¡tít - 2621 m (Slovakia)
• Zadný Gerlach - 2616 m (Slovakia)
• Lavínový Å¡tít - 2606 m (Slovakia)
• Ľadová kopa - 2602 m (Slovakia)
• Kotlový Å¡tít - 2601 m (Slovakia)
• Malý PyÅ¡ný Å¡tít - 2592 m (Slovakia)
• Kežmarský Å¡tít - 2558 m (Slovakia)
• Vysoká - 2547 m (Slovakia)
• Končistá - 2538 m (Slovakia)
• Baranie rohy - 2526 m (Slovakia)
• Dračí Å¡tít - 2523 m (Slovakia)
• Ťažký Å¡tít - 2520 m (Slovakia)
• Malý Kežmarský Å¡tít - 2513 m (Slovakia)
• Rysy - 2503 m, 2499 m (Slovakia/Poland)
• Kriváň - 2495 m (Slovakia)
• Slavkovský Å¡tít - 2452 m (Slovakia)
• Batizovský Å¡tít - 2448 m (Slovakia)
• Veľký Mengusovský Å¡tít (Slovak); MiÄ™guszowiecki Szczyt Wielki (Polish) - 2438 m (Slovakia/Poland)
• Malé Rysy (Slovak); Niżnie Rysy (Polish) - 2430 m (Slovakia/Poland)
• Východná Vysoká - 2429 m (Slovakia)
• Východný Mengusovský Å¡tít (Slovak); MiÄ™guszowiecki Szczyt Czarny (Polish) - 2410 m (Slovakia/Poland)
• Prostredný Mengusovský Å¡tít (Slovak); MiÄ™guszowiecki Szczyt PoÅ›redni (Polish) - 2393 m (Slovakia/Poland)
• ÄŒubrina (Slovak); Cubryna (Polish) - 2376 m (Slovakia/Poland)
• Svinica (Slovak); Åšwinica (Polish) - 2301 m (Slovakia/Poland)
• Kozi Wierch - 2291 m (Poland)
• Jahňaci Å¡tít - 2230 m (Slovakia)
• ZamarÅ‚a Turnia - 2179 m (Poland)
• KoÅ›cielec - 2155 m (Poland)
• Mnich - 2068 m (Poland)

Western Tatras

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}

• Bystrá - 2248 m (Slovakia)
• Jakubina - 2194 m (Slovakia)
• Baranec - 2184 m (Slovakia)
• Baníkov - 2178 m (Slovakia)
• Klin (Slovak); StarorobociaÅ„ski Wierch (Polish) - 2176 m (Slovakia/Poland)
• Pachoľa - 2167 m (Slovakia)
• Hrubá kopa - 2166 m (Slovakia)
• Nižná Bystrá - 2163 m (Slovakia)
• Å trbavy - 2149 m (Slovakia)
• Jalovecký príslop - 2142 m (Slovakia)
• Hrubý vrch (Slovak); JarzÄ…bczy Wierch (Polish) - 2137 m (Slovakia/Poland)
• Tri kopy - 2136 m (Slovakia)
• Veľká Kamenistá (Slovak); Kamienista (Polish) - 2126 m (Slovakia/Poland)
• Krzesanica - 2122 m (Slovakia/Poland) - summit of Czerwone Wierchy / Red Mountains
• Volovec (Slovak); WoÅ‚owiec (Polish) - 2064 m (Slovakia/Poland)
• Kasprov vrch (Slovak); Kasprowy Wierch (Polish) - 1987 m (Slovakia/Poland)
• Giewont - 1894 m (Poland)
• Sivý vrch - 1809 m (Slovakia)

Tourism

File:Zakopane Poland 1938.jpg|thumb|Tourists in Zakopane enjoying views of GiewontGiewontIn 1683, an anonymous author published a book of adventures and excursions in the Tatras. It became very popular in Europe and contributed to the growth of tourism in the Tatras. As it later turned out, its author was Daniel Speer, born in WrocÅ‚aw, who for a time lived in the sub-Tatra region.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}A popular tourist destination in Poland is Zakopane but the developed tourist base also includes KoÅ›cielisko, Poronin, BiaÅ‚y Dunajec, Bukowina TatrzaÅ„ska, BiaÅ‚ka TatrzaÅ„ska, Murzasichle, MaÅ‚e Ciche, ZÄ…b, Jurgów, Brzegi.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}In Slovakia, the most important tourist base is the city Vysoké Tatry, consisting of three parts: Å trbské Pleso, Starý Smokovec and Tatranská Lomnica.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}The Polish “national mountain” (featured prominently in myths and folklore) is Giewont, while the Slovak one is Kriváň.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Trails

File:Orla Perc, Mala Buczynowa Turnia 2023-09-05.jpg|thumb|Red trail marker on the Orla PerćOrla Perć(File:Tatra Hike 2023-09-08.jpg|thumb|Hiking in the Polish Tatras)(File:Rysy 2.jpg|thumb|Crowded Rysy peak)Orla Perć is considered the most difficult and dangerous mountain trail in the Tatras, a suitable destination only for experienced tourists and climbers. It lies exclusively within the Polish part of the Tatras, was conceived in 1901 by Franciszek Nowicki, a Polish poet and mountain guide, and was built between 1903 and 1906. Over 100 individuals have died on the route since it was established. The path is marked with red signs.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} The death of Polish philosopher Bronisław Bandrowski is often used by guides as a cautionary tale for tourists. He committed suicide after he was trapped for days on a rocky ledge in one of the trails near Zakopane.Brożek, Anna; Chybińska, Alicja; Jadacki, Jacek; Woleński, Jan (2015). Tradition of the Lvov-Warsaw School: Ideas and Continuations. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 265, 271. {{ISBN|978-90-04-31175-6}}.The highest point in the Tatra Mountains that can be freely accessed by a labeled trail is Rysy.WEB, Zabi Szczyt Wyzni : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering: SummitPost,www.summitpost.org/zabi-szczyt-wyzni/506053, 2022-10-10, www.summitpost.org, Most of the peaks in the Western Tatras (on both sides of the border), including the main ridge are freely accessible by hiking trails. In the Slovak part of the Eastern Tatras, only seven peaks (out of 48 with prominence of at least 100 m) are accessible by hiking trails (Rysy, Svinica/Świnica, Slavkovský štít, Kriváň, Kôprovský štít, Východná Vysoká, and Jahňací štít). Two of these (Rysy and Svinica/Świnica) are located on the border with Poland and accessible from the Polish side. The rest of the peaks on the Slovak side (including the highest one, Gerlachovský štít) can only be accessed when accompanied by a certified mountain guide. UIAA members can climb them without a certified guide, but not using the normal (easiest) routes (from the III degree of difficulty).{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}In the Slovak part most of the hiking trails in the Tatras are closed from 1 November to 15 June. Only trails from settlements up to the mountain huts are open. In Poland, the trails are open year-round.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Human engagement

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the mountains were used for sheep grazing and mining. Many trees were cut down to make way for humans. Although these activities were stopped, the impact is still visible. Moreover, pollution from the industrialized regions of Kraków in Poland or Ostrava in Czech Republic, as well as casual tourism, cause substantial damage.WEB, lter-europe.net, Multi-scale interactions between disturbances and ecological and socioeconomical changes – case study High Tatra Mts. (Slovakia),www.lter-europe.net/projects/ecosystem-services-initiative-esi/ESI%20Tatra%20Mts%20Slovakia%20v4.pdf, 14 June 2015, Volunteers however initiate litter removal events frequently, on both sides of the border.The Slovak Tatra National Park (Tatranský národný park; TANAP) was founded in 1949 ({{convert |738|km² |abbr=on |disp= comma}}), and the contiguous Polish Tatra National Park (TatrzaÅ„ski Park Narodowy) in 1954 ({{convert| 215.56|km²|2 |abbr=on |disp= comma}}).WEB,www.tpn.pl/pl/poznaj, Official website of Polish Tatra National Park, www.tpn.pl, pl, 10 March 2011,tpn.pl/pl/poznaj," title="web.archive.org/web/20110225010036tpn.pl/pl/poznaj,">web.archive.org/web/20110225010036tpn.pl/pl/poznaj, 25 February 2011, The two parks were added jointly to the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve list in 1993.In 2013, the International Union for Conservation of Nature threatened to cancel the Slovak TANAP’s status of a national park because of the large investments (mainly in skiing infrastructure) in the park, which seriously interfere with the landscape and nature.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

In popular culture

• The theme of the song “Nad Tatrou sa blýska” is that there is a storm in the Tatras. The song was the second part of the dual national anthem of Czechoslovakia from 1918 to its dissolution in 1993, and since became the national anthem of Slovakia.
• Czech composer VítÄ›zslav Novák’s 1902 symphonic poem V Tatrách (’In the Tatras’, Op.26) was directly inspired by the mountains.
• WEB,www.nevasport.com/nevablogs/d/tatras---1930/4580,www.nevasport.com/nevablogs/d/tatras---1930/4580," title="archive.today/20070621032604www.nevasport.com/nevablogs/d/tatras---1930/4580,">archive.today/20070621032604www.nevasport.com/nevablogs/d/tatras---1930/4580, 2007-06-21, A 1930’s ski-movie, filmed in Tatras, Poland, nevaasport.com,
• The 1999 film Ravenous was filmed in the Tatra Mountains.WEB,www.imdb.com/title/tt0129332/locations, Ravenous filming locations, imdb.com,
• In 2006, the Bollywood film Fanaa, portraying places in Kashmir, was filmed at Zakopane, mainly because of the risks associated with insurgency in Kashmir, as well due to some similarities in a mountain landscape.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}WEB,www.krakowpost.com/5656/2012/08/bollywood-beats-a-path-to-krakow, Bollywood Beats a Path to Krakow, Sedia, Giuseppe, 11 August 2012, The Krakow Post, en-US, 2019-03-24,
• Leo Frankowski mentions the Tatras several times in his science fiction novels in the Conrad Stargard series.
• The Tatra Mountains are the setting of the 2024 Netflix crime drama television series Detective Forst, based on the Forst series by Remigiusz Mróz.WEB, Wawrzyn, Marta, Detektyw Forst - ruszyÅ‚y zdjÄ™cia! Co już wiemy o polskim serialu Netfliksa?,www.serialowa.pl/366508/detektyw-forst-serial-netflix-zdjecia-borys-szyc/, Serialowa, 27 November 2023, pl, 21 October 2022,

Notable people

(Alphabetical by surname)

• Adam Asnyk, poet and dramatist, one of the first members of the Tatra Society
• Klemens Bachleda (1851–1910), Polish mountain guide and mountain rescuer
• Oswald Balzer
• Tytus ChaÅ‚ubiÅ„ski, founder of the Polish Tatra Society
• Jan DÅ‚ugosz (mountaineer)
• Walery Eljasz-Radzikowski
• Julian FaÅ‚at
• Jan Nepomucen GÅ‚owacki, considered the father of Polish school of landscape painting, was the first to devote an entire series of works to Tatra Mountains
• Seweryn GoszczyÅ„ski, Polish Romantic poet who escaped there from the Austrian invader
• Ludwig Greiner, identified Gerlachovský Peak as the summit of the Tatras and Carpathians
• (:pl:Ruth Hale (alpinistka)|Ruth Hale (alpinist))
• WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Hasior
• William Horwood (novelist), whose novel Wolves of Time largely takes place in the Tatra mountains
• MieczysÅ‚aw KarÅ‚owicz
• Jan Kasprowicz
• Kornel MakuszyÅ„ski
• Franciszek Nowicki
• WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Orkan
• Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer
• Daniel Speer, Baroque composer and writer
• StanisÅ‚aw Staszic
• MieczysÅ‚aw Szczuka
• Karol Szymanowski
• Göran Wahlenberg
• StanisÅ‚aw Witkiewicz
• Leon Wyczółkowski
• WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Zamoyski
• Mariusz Zaruski
• (:pl:Ludwik Zejszner|Ludwik Zejszner)
• Stefan Å»eromski

Rankings

(File:Morskie Oko o poranku.jpg|thumb|Morskie Oko)

• Polish Tatra National Park is ranked 12th place by CNN

WEB,wiadomosci.onet.pl/podhale/tatrzanski-park-narodowy-na-12-miejscu-w-rankingu-cnn/dkplf

• The Wall Street Journal recognized Morskie Oko as one of the five most beautiful lakes in the worldNEWS,online.wsj.com/articles/great-lakes-around-the-world-1405509454?mod=trending_now_1, Great Lakes Around the World, Styles, Ruth, 22 July 2014, The Wall Street Journal, 2021-02-04,

See also

• Mountain Rescue Service (Slovakia)
• Sudetes
• TatrzaÅ„skie Ochotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe (Tatra Volunteer Search and Rescue (Poland))
• Tourism in Poland

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

• BOOK, Tatras, 2nd, Lacika, Ján, 2006, Bratislava

• BOOK, Walking in the High Tatras, 2nd, Saunders, Colin, Nárožná, Renáta, 2006, Cicerone Press (Milnthorpe), 978-1-85284-482-0,

External links

{{Commons category|Tatra Mountains}}

• WEB,www.travelzenith.com/2014/04/tatras-mountains/, Places to visit Tatras Mountains, travelzenith.com, April 2014, – (available in: ENG)
• WEB,www.tatry.sk/, Town of Vysoké Tatry, tatry.sk, sk, Municipal website (available in: ENG, SLV)
• Zakopane – municipal website (available in: POL, ENG)
• tanap.org/en/" title="web.archive.org/web/20050404064007tanap.org/en/">TANAP – Slovak Tatra National Park (available in: SLV, ENG, POL)
• TPN – Polish Tatra National Park (available in POL only)

Commercial tourism-oriented websites

• The High Tatras - Accommodation and Tourism (available in: SLV, CZE, POL, ENG, GER)
• Vysoké Tatry, Slovakia (available in: ENG, GER, SLV, POL)
• Tatry - The smallest mountains in the biggest detail. (available in: ENG, CZE)
• Tatra auf Travelia.sk

Mountaineering

• Tatra Volunteer Rescue Service (available in POL only)
• Mountaineering in Tatra Mountains (practical info about climbing in Tatras)

Photography

• K2 Studio - photographs of the Tatras (available in: SLV, ENG)
• 360 - a spherical panoramic journey in 1583 pieces (available in: POL, ENG)
• CinemaPhoto.pl - photographs in Tatras (available in: POL, ENG)
• Astonishing Vintage Images of the Tatra Mountains

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