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{{Short description|Alphabet used to write the Tajik language}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Tajik_ASSR_04.1929-24.02.1931.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|The coat of arms of the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic {{circa|1929}}. "Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" is written (from top to bottom) in Tajik Latin, Tajik Arabic and Russian CyrillicRussian Cyrillic(File:Coat of Arms of Tajik ASSR.gif|thumb|250 px|right|Another version of the 1929 coat of arms without Tajik Latin. The Tajik Arabic reads )The Tajik language has been written in three alphabets over the course of its history: an adaptation of the Perso-Arabic script, an adaptation of the Latin script and an adaptation of the Cyrillic script. Any script used specifically for Tajik may be referred to as the Tajik alphabet, which is written as in Cyrillic characters, with Perso-Arabic script and in Latin script.The use of a specific alphabet generally corresponds with stages in history, with Arabic being used first, followed by Latin for a short period and then Cyrillic, which remains the most widely used alphabet in Tajikistan. The Bukhori dialect spoken by Bukharan Jews traditionally used the Hebrew alphabet but more often today is written using the Cyrillic variant.

Political context

As with many post-Soviet states, the change in writing system and the debates surrounding it is closely intertwined with political themes. Although not having been used since the adoption of Cyrillic, the Latin script is supported by those who wish to bring the country closer to Uzbekistan, which has adopted the Latin-based Uzbek alphabet. The Persian alphabet is supported by the devoutly religious, Islamists, and by those who wish to bring the country closer to Iran, Afghanistan, and their Persian heritage. As the de facto standard, the Cyrillic alphabet is generally supported by those who wish to maintain the status quo, and not distance the country from Russia.

History

{{further|Sogdian language|Sogdian alphabet|Syriac alphabet|Manichaean script|Aramaic alphabet}}As a result of the influence of Islam in the region, Tajik was written in the Persian alphabet up to the 1920s. Until this time, the language was not thought of as separate and simply considered a dialect of the Persian language. The Soviets began by simplifying the Persian alphabet in 1923, before moving to a Latin-based system in 1927. The Latin script was introduced by the Soviet Union as part of an effort to increase literacy and distance the, at that time, largely illiterate population, from the Islamic Central Asia. There were also practical considerations. The regular Persian alphabet, being an abjad, does not provide sufficient letters for representing the vowel system of Tajik. In addition, the abjad is more difficult to learn, each letter having different forms depending on the position in the word.The Decree on Romanisation made this law in April 1928. The Latin variant for Tajik was based on the work by Turcophone scholars who aimed to produce a unified Turkic alphabet, despite Tajik not being a Turkic language. The literacy campaign was successful, with near-universal literacy being achieved by the 1950s.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}As part of the "russification" of Central Asia, the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s.BOOK, Muborak Sharipova, One More War against Women: Historical and Socio-cultural Aspects of Violence against Women in Tajikstan

The Tajik alphabet in Persian

editor1-first=Christa

title=Gender Politics in Central Asia: Historical Perspectives and Current Living Conditions of Women

publisher=Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar

pages=67–94, {{pb}}LANDAU>FIRST1=YAʿAQOV (JACOB) M.

TITLE=POLITICS OF LANGUAGE IN THE EX-SOVIET MUSLIM STATES: AZERBAYJAN, UZBEKISTAN, KAZAKHSTAN, KYRGYZSTAN, TURKMENISTAN, AND TAJIKISTAN

FIRST2=BARBARA

PUBLISHER=UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS

PAGE=125

URL=HTTPS://IRANICAONLINE.ORG/ARTICLES/TAJIKISTAN-05-DICTIONARIES-AND-ENCYCLOPEDIAS

ENCYCLOPEDIA = ENCYCLOPæDIA IRANICA, The alphabet remained Cyrillic until the end of the 1980s with the disintegration of the Soviet Union. In 1989, with the growth in Tājik people

nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik the official language>state language. In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian, placing the word Farsi (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet.VITALY NAUMKIN > CHAPTER= POLITICAL AND SECURITY LINKAGES

EDITOR-FIRST=ANOUSHIRAVAN

TITLE=FROM THE GULF TO CENTRAL ASIA: PLAYERS IN THE NEW GREAT GAME

PUBLISHER=UNIVERSITY OF EXETER PRESS

PAGE=219, The Persian alphabet was introduced into education and public life, although the banning of the Islamic Renaissance Party in 1993 slowed down the adoption. In 1999, the word Farsi was removed from the state-language law. {{As of|2004}} the de facto standard in use was the Cyrillic alphabet and {{as of|1996|lc=on}}, only a very small part of the population could read the Persian alphabet. Variants The letters of the major versions of the Tajik alphabet are presented below, along with their phonetic values. There is also a comparative table below. Persian alphabet A variant of the Persian alphabet (technically an abjad) is used to write Tajik. In the Tajik version, as with all other versions of the Arabic script, with the exception of (alef), vowels are not given unique letters, but rather optionally indicated with diacritic marks.{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:large; text-align: center;" summary="Thirty two letters of the Tajik Arabic alphabet, capital and lowercase" align=center

/z/}}

{{IPA

/χ/}}

{{IPA

/tʃ/}}

{{IPA

/s/}}

{{IPA

/p/}}

{{IPA

/ɔː/}}

/ʁ/}}

{{IPA

/z/}}

{{IPA

/z/}}

{{IPA

/ʃ/}}

{{IPA

/Ê’/}}

{{IPA

/ɾ/}}

/j/}}

{{IPA

/v/}}

{{IPA

/m/}}

{{IPA

/É¡/}}

{{IPA

/f/}}

{{IPA|/q/}}

Latin

(File:Nasimi isfara 3 mod.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The front page of Kommunisti Isfara from 15 May 1936)The Latin script was introduced after the Russian Revolution of 1917 in order to facilitate an increase in literacy and distance the language from Islamic influence. Only lowercase letters were found in the first versions of the Latin variant, between 1926 and 1929. A slightly different version used by Jews speaking the Bukhori dialect included three extra characters for phonemes not found in the other dialects: {{larger|ů}}, {{larger|}}, and {{larger|}}. {{larger|}} in particular represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative, a feature of the Bukhori dialect.JOURNAL, Ido, Shinji, 2017-06-15, The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift,weblink Journal of Jewish Languages, en, 5, 1, 81–103, 10.1163/22134638-12340078, 2213-4638, one of the ‘Bukharian’ alphabets proposed in the early 20th century contained a letter for /ħ/, namely ‹ⱨ›., Brill Publishers, free, {| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:large; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty letters of the Tajik Latin script, capital and lowercase" align=center The Tajik alphabet in Latin /æ/}} {{IPA|/b/}} {{IPA|/tʃ/}} {{IPA|/dʒ/}} {{IPA|/d/}} {{IPA|/eː/}} {{IPA|/f/}} {{IPA|/ɡ/}} {{IPA|/ʁ/}} {{IPA|/h/}} {{IPA|/i/}} /ˈi/}} {{IPA|/j/}} {{IPA|/k/}} {{IPA|/l/}} {{IPA|/m/}} {{IPA|/n/}} {{IPA|/ɔː/}} {{IPA|/p/}} {{IPA|/q/}} {{IPA|/ɾ/}} {{IPA|/s/}} /ʃ/}} {{IPA|/t/}} {{IPA|/u/}} {{IPA|/ɵː/}} {{IPA|/v/}} {{IPA|/χ/}} {{IPA|/z/}} {{IPA|/ʒ/}} {{IPA|/ʔ/}}The unusual character is called Gha and represents the phoneme {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. The character is found in Yañalif in which most non-Slavic languages of the Soviet Union were written until the late 1930s. The Latin alphabet is not widely used today, although its adoption is advocated by certain groups.

Cyrillic

The Cyrillic script was introduced in Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 1930s, replacing the Latin script that had been used since the October Revolution. After 1939, materials published in Persian in the Persian alphabet were banned from the country. The alphabet below was supplemented by the letters Щ and Ы in 1952.File:Tajik rouble reverse detail.png|thumb|right|220px|Text detail from the reverse of the 1 rouble note. The rouble was replaced in 2000 as a result of increasing inflation.]]{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:large; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty four letters of the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet, capital and lowercase" align=center The Tajik alphabet in Cyrillic|| {{IPA/b/}} {{IPA/ɡ/}} {{IPA/d/}} {{IPA/jɔː/}} {{IPA/z/}} {{IPA/ˈi/}}||/j/}} {{IPA/q/}} {{IPA/m/}} {{IPA/ɔː/}} {{IPA/ɾ/}} {{IPA/t/}} {{IPA|/u/}}class=unicode {{IPA/f/}} {{IPA/h/}} {{IPA/dʒ/}} {{IPA/ʔ/}} {{IPA/ju/}} {{IPA|/jæ/}}Before 1998, the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet contained 39 letters in the following order: (the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and 6 additional letters as distinct letters at the end). The letters , and were used only in loanwords; the letter was used in the combinations , , , (for {{IPA|/jeː, jɔː, ju, jæ/}} after consonants) and in loanwords. The letters , , , and were officially dropped from the alphabet in the 1998 reform. Loanwords are now respelled using native Tajik letters: after vowels, otherwise for ; for ; for ; is replaced by in (also in loanwords), dropped otherwise (including , , ). Along with the deprecation of these letters, the 1998 reform also changed the order of the alphabet, which now has the characters with diacritics following their unaltered partners, e.g. , and , , etc. leading to the present order (35 letters): . In 2010, it was suggested that the letters might be dropped as well. The letters and represent the same sound, except that э is used at the beginning of a word (ex. , "Iran"). The sound combination {{IPA|/jeː/}} is represented by at the beginning of words, otherwise by .The alphabet includes a number of letters not found in the Russian alphabet: ! DescriptionГ with Bar (diacritic)>bar И with Macron (diacritic) >К with descender >У with Macron (diacritic)>macron Х with descender Ч with descender! LetterҒ >Ӣ >Қ >Ӯ>Ҳ >| Ҷ! Phoneme/ʁ/}} {{IPA/q/}} {{IPA/h/}} {{IPA|/dʒ/}}During the period when the Cyrillicization took place, Ӷ ӷ also appeared a few times in the table of the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet.

Transliteration standards

The transliteration standards for the Tajik alphabet in Cyrillic into the Latin alphabet are as follows:{| class="wikitable"! Cyrillic! IPA! ISO 9 (1995) 1! KNAB (1981) 2! WWS (1996) 3! title="American Library Association-Library of Congress" | ALA-LC 4! Allworth 5! title="United States Board on Geographic Names/Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use" | BGN/PCGN 6/æ/}} a a a a a a/b/}} b b b b b b/v/}} v v v v v v/ɡ/}} g g g g g g/ʁ/}} ġ gh gh ḡ gh gh/d/}} d d d d d d/jeː, eː/}} e e, ye e e ye‐, ‐e‐ e/jɔː/}} ë yo ë ë yo yo/ʒ/}} ž zh zh ž zh zh/z/}} z z z z z z/i/}} i i i i i i/ɘ/}} ī ī ī ī ī í/j/}} j y ĭ j y y/kʰ/}} k k k k k k/qʰ/}} ķ q q ķ q q/l/}} l l l l l l/m/}} m m m m m m/n/}} n n n n n n/ɔː/}} o o o o o o/pʰ/}} p p p p p p/r/}} r r r r r r/s/}} s s s s s s/tʰ/}} t t t t t t/u/}} u u u u u u/ɵː/}} ū ū ū ū ū ŭ/f/}} f f f f f f/χ/}} h kh kh x kh kh/h/}} ḩ h ḩ x h h/tʃʰ/}} č ch ch č ch ch/dʒ/}} ç j j č̦ j j/ʃ/}} š sh sh š sh sh/ʔ/}} ' ' ' ' " '/eː/}} è è, e ė è e ė/ju/}} û yu i͡u ju yu yu/jæ/}} â ya i͡a ja ya yaNotes to the table above:

1. ISO 9 — The International Organization for Standardization ISO 9 specification.
2. KNAB — From the placenames database of the Institute of the Estonian Language.
3. WWS — From World’s Writing Systems, Bernard Comrie (ed.)
4. ALA-LC — The standard of the Library of Congress and the American Library Association.
5. Edward Allworth, ed. Nationalities of the Soviet East. Publications and Writing Systems (NY: Columbia University Press, 1971)
6. BGN/PCGN — The standard of the United States Board on Geographic Names and the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use.

Hebrew

The Hebrew alphabet (an abjad like the Persian alphabet) is used for the Jewish Bukhori dialect primarily in Samarkand and Bukhara.BOOK, Gitelman, Zvi Y, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present, 2001, Indiana University Press, 9780253214188, 203, JOURNAL, Изд-во Академии наук СССР, Вопросы языкознания, 1975, 39,weblink Вопросы языкознания, Additionally, since 1940, when Jewish schools were closed in Central Asia, the use of the Hebrew Alphabet outside Hebrew liturgy fell into disuse and Bukharian Jewish publications such as books and newspapers began to appear using the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet. Today, many older Bukharian Jews who speak Bukharian and went to Tajik or Russian schools in Central Asia only know the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet when reading and writing Bukharian and Tajik.{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size: large; text-align: center;" summary="Thirty two letters of the Tajik Arabic alphabet, capital and lowercase" The Tajik alphabet in Hebrew/dʒ/}} {{IPA/ʁ/}} {{IPA/b/}} {{IPA/e/}} {{IPA/u/}} {{IPA/ɔ/}} {{IPA|/a/}}/m/}} {{IPA/k/}} {{IPA/j/}} {{IPA/s/}} {{IPA/ʒ/}} {{IPA/v/}} {{IPA/d/}} {{IPA|/z/}} >/t/}} {{IPA/s/}} {{IPA/r/}} {{IPA/ts/}} {{IPA/f/}} {{IPA/s/}} {{IPA|/n/}}{|class="wikitable"!Sample text!!Corresponding Cyrillic text||

Samples

Tajik Cyrillic, Tajik Latin and Persian alphabet{|valign"top" cellpadding"8"

! Cyrillic || Latin || Persian || Hebrew || English Translation align="right"تمام آدمان آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و از لحاظ منزلت و حقوق با هم برابرند. همه صاحب عقل و وجدانند، باید نسبت به یکدیگر برادروار مناسبت نمایند.}} תמאם אדמאן אזאד בה דניא מיאינד ואז לחאז מנזלת וחקוק בא הם בראברנד. המה צאחב עקל וג׳דאננד، באיד נסבת בה יכדיגר בראדרואר מנאסבת נמאינד. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.For reference, the Persian script variant transliterated letter-for-letter into the Latin script appears as follows:{{transl|tg|tmạm ậdmạn ậzạd bh dnyạ my̱ ậynd w ạz lḥạẓ mnzlt w ḥqwq bạ hm brạbrnd. hmh ṣḥb ʿql w wjdạnnd, bạyd nsbt bh ykdygr brạdrwạr mnạsbt nmạynd.}}And the BGN/PCGN transliteration of the Cyrillic text:{{transl|tg|Tamomi odamon ozod ba dunyo meoyand va az lihozi manzilatu huquq bo ham barobarand. Hama sohibi aqlu vijdonand, boyad nisbat ba yakdigar barodarvor munosabat namoyand.}}

Tajik Cyrillic and Persian alphabet

Vowel-pointed Persian includes the vowels that are not usually written.{|valign="top" cellpadding="8"! Cyrillic || vowel-pointed Persian || Persian || vowel-pointed Hebrew || Hebrew Баниодам аъзои як пайкаранд, ки дар офариниш зи як гавҳаранд. Чу узве ба дард оварад рӯзгор, дигар узвҳоро намонад қарор. Saadi Shirazi > }} }}>}} }} >| בני־אדם אעזאי יך פיכרנד, כה דר אפרינש ז יך גוהרנד. ג׳ו עזוי בה דרד אורד רוזגאר דגר עזוהא רא נמאינד קראר סעדי. Мурда будам, зинда шудам; гиря будам, xанда шудам. Давлати ишқ омаду ман давлати поянда шудам. Rumi > }} }}>}} }} >| מרדה בדם זנדה שדם; גריה בדם, כנדה שדם. דולת עשק אמד ומן דולת פאינדה שדם. מולוי

Comparative table

File:Akademijai ilmxhoi jumxhurii tojikiston.jpg|thumb|right|Advertisement in Cyrillic for the admission of the graduate students by the research institutes of the Tajik Academy of SciencesTajik Academy of Sciences(File:Zenith thuraya.jpg|thumb|right|A biscriptal sign incorporating an English word, "Zenith", written in the Latin script, and Tajik written in Cyrillic)File:Nasimi isfara dekabr 29.jpg|thumb|right|An illustration from Kommunisti Isfara, a newspaper published in (Isfara]] in northern Tajikistan, inviting citizens to vote in the local labor councils elections on 29 December 1939. The text reads: .)A table comparing the different writing systems used for the Tajik alphabet. The Latin here is based on the 1929 standard, the Cyrillic on the revised 1998 standard, and Persian letters are given in their stand-alone forms.{| class="wikitable sortable"! Cyrillic! Latin! Modern Latin script! Persian! Phonetic value (IPA)! Examples align="center"| А а| A a| A a| اَ، ـَ، ـَه/a/}}| санг = سَنگ align="center"| Б б| B b| B b| ﺏ/b/}}| барг = بَرگ align="center"| В в| V v| V v| و/v/}}| номвар = ناموَر align="center"| Г г| G g| G g| گ/ɡ/}}| санг = سَنگ align="center"| Ғ ғ| Ƣ ƣ| Gh gh| ﻍ/ʁ/}}| ғор = غار, Бағдод = بَغداد align="center"| Д д| D d| D d| ﺩ/d/}}| модар = مادَر, Бағдод = بَغداد align="center"| Е е| E e| E e| ای، ـی/e/}}| шер = شیر, меравам = می‌رَوَم align="center"| Ё ё| Jo jo| Yo yo| یا/jɔ/}}| дарё = دَریا, осиёб = آسِیاب align="center"| Ж ж| Ƶ ƶ| Zj zj| ژ/ʒ/}}| жола = ژالَه, каждум = کَژدُم align="center"| З з| Z z| Z z| ﺯ، ﺫ، ﺽ، ﻅ/z/}}| баъз = بَعض, назар = نَظَر, заҳоб = ذَهاب, замин = زَمِین align="center"| И и| I i| I i; 'I, 'i (after vowel)| اِ، ـِ، ـِه؛ اِیـ، ـِیـ/i/}}| ихтиёр = اِختِیار align="center"| Ӣ ӣ| Ī ī| Yí yí| ـِی/ˈi/}}| зебоӣ = زیبائِی align="center"| Й й| J j| Y y| ی/j/}}| май = مَی align="center"| К к| K k| K k| ک/k/}}| кадом = کَدام align="center"| Қ қ| Q q| Q q| ﻕ/q/}}| қадам = قَدَم align="center"| Л л| L l| L l| ﻝ/l/}}| лола = لالَه align="center"| М м| M m| M m| ﻡ/m/}}| мурдагӣ = مُردَگِی align="center"| Н н| N n| N n| ﻥ/n/}}| нон = نان align="center"| О о| O o| O o| آ، ـا/ɔ/}}| орзу = آرزُو align="center"| П п| P p| P p| پ/p/}}| панҷ = پَنج align="center"| Р р| R r| R r| ﺭ/ɾ/}}| ранг = رَنگ align="center"| С с| S s| S s| ﺱ، ﺙ، ﺹ/s/}}| сар = سَر, субҳ = صُبح, сурайё = ثُرَیا align="center"| Т т| T t| T t| ﺕ، ﻁ/t/}}| тоҷик = تاجِیک, талаб = طَلَب align="center"| У у| U u| U u| اُ، ـُ؛ اُو، ـُو/u/}}| дуд = دُود align="center"| Ӯ ӯ| Ū ū| Uo uo| او، ـو/ɵ/}}| хӯрдан = خوردَن, ӯ = او align="center"| Ф ф| F f| F f| ﻑ/f/}}| фурӯғ = فُروغ align="center"| Х х| X x| X x| ﺥ/χ/}}| хондан = خواندَن align="center"| Ҳ ҳ| H h| H h| ﺡ، ه/h/}}| ҳофиз = حافِظ, ҳар = هَر align="center"| Ч ч| C c| Ch ch| چ/tʃ/}}| чӣ = چِی align="center"| Ҷ ҷ| Ç ç| J j| ﺝ/dʒ/}}| ҷанг = جَنگ align="center"| Ш ш| Ş ş| Sh sh| ﺵ/ʃ/}}| шаб = شَب align="center"| Ъ ъ| '| '| ء; ﻉ/ʔ/}}| таъриф = تَعرِیف align="center"| Э э| E e| E e| ای، ـی/e/}}| Эрон = ایران align="center"| Ю ю| Ju ju| Yu yu| یُ, یُو/ju/}}| июн = اِیُون align="center"| Я я| Ja ja| Ya ya| یَ, یَه/ja/}}| ягонагӣ = یَگانَگِی

See also

• {{annotated link|Language planning}}
• {{annotated link|Official script}}
• {{annotated link|Tajik Braille}}

Notes

Keller, S. (2001) To Moscow, Not Mecca: The Soviet Campaign Against Islam in Central Asia, 1917-1941Dickens, M. (1988) Soviet Language Policy in Central Asia {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607162900weblink |date=7 June 2011 }}Khudonazar, A. (2004) "The Other" in Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, 1 November 2004.Perry, J. R. (2005) A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar (Boston : Brill) p. 34Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in Media Insight Central Asia #27, August 2002CONFERENCE, Summary record of the 1659th meeting work = 65th session via= UN Digital Library, CERD/C/SR.1659 BOOK, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan : country studies, 97005110publisher=Library of Congress date= 1997, Perry, J. R. (2005) A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar (Boston : Brill) p. 35{{Citation|date=2003|title=Sociolinguistic Changes in Transformed Central Asian Societiesurl=http://orient4.orient.su.se/centralasia/FocasSociolinguistic.html| work = Terminogramme| trans-title= L’évolution sociolinguistique dans les sociétés en mutation de l'Asie centrale isbn = 2-551-19529-2| issn = 0225-3194weblink >archive-date=22 December 2007 }}Perry, J. R. (1996) "Tajik literature: Seventy years is longer than the millennium" in World Literature Today, Vol. 70 Issue 3, p. 571Perry, J. R. (2005) A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar (Boston : Brill) p. 36WEB, Ислам в СНГ: Судьба «русских букв» в таджикском алфавите будет решаться,weblink 2023-03-10, www.islamsng.com, 15 November 2010, Ido, S. (2005) Tajik (München : Lincom GmbH) p. 8Rzehak, L. (2001) Vom Persischen zum Tadschikischen. Sprachliches Handeln und Sprachplanung in Transoxanien zwischen Tradition, Moderne und Sowjetunion (1900–1956) (Wiesbaden : Reichert)}}

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External links

• {{Commons-inline}}
• Omniglot – Tajik (Тоҷики / ToçikÄ« / تاجیكی)
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080206093337weblink">View Cyrillic-script Tajik websites transliterated into the 1920s Latin orthography

{{Good article}}{{Arabic alphabets}}{{Persian languages}}