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Serbian epic poetry
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{{Short description|Form of epic poetry}}File:Hercegovac pjeva uz gusle.JPG|right|thumb|185px|A SerbSerbFile:Guslar singing of the death of Lazar, at an encampent in Javor.jpg|thumb|Guslar singing of the death of Lazar, at an encampent in Javor, during the SerbianâOttoman War (1876â78)SerbianâOttoman War (1876â78)Serbian epic poetry () is a form of epic poetry created by Serbs originating in today’s Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and North Macedonia. The main cycles were composed by unknown Serb authors between the 14th and 19th centuries. They are largely concerned with historical events and personages. The instrument accompanying the epic poetry is the gusle.Serbian epic poetry helped in developing the Serbian national consciousness.{{sfn|Dragnich|1994|pp=29â30}} The cycles of Prince Marko, the Hajduks and Uskoks inspired the Serbs to restore freedom and their heroic past.{{sfn|Dragnich|1994|pp=29â30}} The Hajduks in particular, are seen as an integral part of national identity; in stories, the hajduks were heroes: they had played the role of the Serbian elite during Ottoman rule, they had defended the Serbs against Ottoman oppression, and prepared for the national liberation and contributed to it in the Serbian Revolution.BOOK, Norman M. Naimark, Holly Case, Wendy Bracewell, The Proud Name of Hajduks, Yugoslavia and Its Historians: Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s,books.google.com/books?id=u5tUbUyXtToC&pg=PA25, 2003, Stanford University Press, 978-0-8047-8029-2, 25â, - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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History
The earliest surviving record of an epic poem related to Serbian epic poetry is a ten verse fragment of a bugarÅ¡tica song from 1497 in Southern Italy about the imprisonment of Sibinjanin Janko (John Hunyadi) by ÄuraÄ BrankoviÄ,BOOK, Matica Srpska Review of Stage Art and Music,books.google.com/books?id=6OZkAAAAMAAJ, 2003, Matica, 109, ...ÑодовÑког ÑдÑÑживаÑа и кнежинÑке ÑамоÑпÑаве, а пÑема Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ñ ÑолклоÑне ÑеÑепÑи^е ÑадÑжаÑа званиÑне кÑлÑÑÑе, ÑÑпÑке епÑке ÑÑнаÑке пеÑме, поÑебно бÑгаÑÑÑиÑе, пÑва Ñе забележена Ð²ÐµÑ 1497. године, ÑÑваÑÑ ÑÑпомене и ..., BOOK, MiloÅ¡eviÄ-ÄorÄeviÄ, Nada, Srpske narodne epske pesme i balade,books.google.com/books?id=0O8XAQAAIAAJ, 2001, Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva, 10, 9788617088130, ÐÑаÑем XV века, 1497. године, поÑавÑÑÑе Ñе за Ñада пÑви познаÑи Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð´ деÑÐµÑ Ð±ÑгаÑÑÑиÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð²Ð°, коÑе Ñе Ñ Ñвом ÐµÐ¿Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ð¾ иÑалиÑанÑки ... Ðанка, еÑдеÑÑког племиÑа (ÑиÑе Ñе пÑаво име ÐÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¥ÑÑади) Ñ ÑамниÑи ÑÑпÑког деÑпоÑа ÐÑÑÑа ÐÑанковиÑа., however the regional origin and ethnic identity of its Slavic performers remains a matter of scholarly dispute.{{citation |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/45862?lang=en |language=hr |last=Å imunoviÄ |first=Petar |title=Sklavunske naseobine u južnoj Italiji i naÅ¡a prva zapisana bugarÅ¡Äica |year=1984 |journal=Narodna Umjetnost: Croatian Journal of Ethnology and Folklore Research |publisher=Institute of Ethonology and Folklore Research |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=56â61 |via=HrÄak - Portal znanstvenih Äasopisa Republike Hrvatske}}{{citation |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/26005?lang=en |language=hr |last=BoÅ¡koviÄ-Stulli |first=Maja |author-link=Maja BoÅ¡koviÄ-Stulli |title=BugarÅ¡tice |year=2004 |journal=Narodna Umjetnost: Croatian Journal of Ethnology and Folklore Research |publisher=Institute of Ethonology and Folklore Research |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=38â39 |via=HrÄak - Portal znanstvenih Äasopisa Republike Hrvatske}} From at least the Ottoman period up until the present day, Serbian epic poetry was sung accompanied by the gusle and there are historical references to Serb performers playing the gusle at the PolishâLithuanian royal courts in the 16th and 17th centuries, and later on in Ukraine and Hungary.WEB, Pejovic, Roksanda, Medieval music, The history of Serbian Culture, 1995, Rastko,www.rastko.rs/isk/rpejovic-medieval_music.html, Hungarian historian Sebestyén Tinódi wrote in 1554 that “there are many gusle players here in Hungary, but none is better at the Serbian style than Dimitrije Karaman”, and described Karaman’s performance to Turkish lord Uluman in 1551 in Lipova: the guslar would hold the gusle between his knees and go into a highly emotional artistic performance with a sad and dedicated expression on his face.{{sfn|PetroviÄ|2008|p=100}} Chronicler and poet Maciej Stryjkowski (1547â1582) included a verse mentions the Serbs singing heroic songs about ancestors fighting the Turks in his 1582 chronicle.{{sfn|GeorgijeviÄ|2003}} Józef BartÅomiej Zimorowic used the phrase “to sing to the Serbian gusle” in his 1663 idyll Åpiewacy (Singers).{{sfn|GeorgijeviÄ|2003}}In 1824, Vuk KaradžiÄ sent a copy of his folksong collection to Jacob Grimm, who was particularly enthralled by The Building of Skadar. Grimm translated it into German, and described it as “one of the most touching poems of all nations and all times”.BOOK, Alan Dundes, The Walled-Up Wife: A Casebook,archive.org/details/walledupwife00alan, registration, 1 March 2013, 1996, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 978-0-299-15073-0, 3â, BOOK, Paul Rankov Radosavljevich, Who are the Slavs?: A Contribution to Race Psychology,archive.org/details/whoareslavsacon02radogoog, skadar., 1 March 2013, 1919, Badger, 332, Many of the epics are about the era of the Ottoman occupation of Serbia and the struggle for the liberation. With the efforts of ethnographer Vuk KaradžiÄ, many of these epics and folk tales were collected and published in books in the first half of the 19th century. Up until that time, these poems and songs had been almost exclusively an oral tradition, transmitted by bards and singers. Among the books KaradžiÄ published were:- A Small Simple-Folk Slavonic-Serbian Songbook, 1814; Serbian Folk Song-Book (Vols, I-IV, Leipzig edition, 1823-8133; Vols. I-IV, Vienna edition, 1841-1862)
- Serbian Folk Tales (1821, with 166 riddles; and 1853)
- Serbian Folk Proverbs and Other Common Expressions, 1834.
- “Women’s Songs” from Herzegovina (1866) - which was collected by KaradžiÄ’s collaborator and assistant Vuk VrÄeviÄ
Gusle
The gusle () instrumentally accompanies heroic songs (epic poetry) in the Balkans.{{sfn|Ling|1997|p=87}} The instrument is held vertically between the knees, with the left hand fingers on the neck.{{sfn|Ling|1997|p=87}} The strings are never pressed to the neck, giving a harmonic and unique sound.{{sfn|Ling|1997|p=87}} There is no consensus about the origin of the instrument, while some researchers believe it was brought with the Slavs to the Balkans, based on a 6th-century Byzantine source.{{sfn|BjeladinoviÄ-JergiÄ|2001|p=489}} Teodosije the Hilandarian (1246â1328) wrote that Stefan NemanjiÄ (r. 1196â1228) often entertained the Serbian nobility with musicians with drums and “gusle”.{{sfn|VlahoviÄ|2004|p=340}} Reliable written records about the gusle appear only in the 15th century.{{sfn|BjeladinoviÄ-JergiÄ|2001|p=489}} 16th-century travel memoirs mention the instrument in Bosnia and Serbia.{{sfn|BjeladinoviÄ-JergiÄ|2001|p=489}}
It is known that Serbs sang to the gusle during the Ottoman period. Notable Serbian performers played at the Polish royal courts in the 16th- and 17th centuries, and later on in Ukraine and in Hungary.WEB, Pejovic, Roksanda, Medieval music, The history of Serbian Culture, 1995, Rastko,www.rastko.rs/isk/rpejovic-medieval_music.html, There is an old mention in Serbo-Croatian literature that a Serbian guslar was present at the court of WÅadysÅaw II JagieÅÅo in 1415.{{sfn|GeorgijeviÄ|2003}} In a poem published in 1612, Kasper Miaskowski wrote that “the Serbian gusle and gaidas will overwhelm Shrove Tuesday”.{{sfn|GeorgijeviÄ|2003}} Józef BartÅomiej Zimorowic used the phrase “to sing to the Serbian gusle” in his 1663 idyll Åpiewacy (“Singers“).{{sfn|GeorgijeviÄ|2003}}Corpus
The corpus of Serbian epic poetry is divided into cycles:- Non-historic cycle (ÐеиÑÑоÑиÑÑки ÑиклÑÑ/Neistorijski ciklus) - poems about Slavic mythology, characteristically about dragons and nymphs
- Pre-Kosovo cycle (ÐÑеÑкоÑовÑки ÑиклÑÑ/Pretkosovski ciklus) - poems about events that predate the Battle of Kosovo (1389)
- Kosovo cycle (ÐоÑовÑки ÑиклÑÑ/Kosovski ciklus) - poems about events that happened just before and after the Battle of Kosovo
- Post-Kosovo cycle (ÐокоÑовÑки ÑиклÑÑ/Pokosovski ciklus) - poems about post-Battle events
- Cycle of KraljeviÄ Marko (ЦиклÑÑ ÐÑаÑевиÑа ÐаÑка/Ciklus KraljeviÄa Marka)
- Cycle of hajduks and uskoks (ХаÑдÑÑки и ÑÑкоÑки ÑиклÑÑ, ХаÑдÑÑке и ÑÑкоÑке пеÑме) â poems about brigands and rebels
- Poems about the liberation of Serbia and Montenegro (ÑиклÑÑ Ð¾ÑлобоÑеÑа СÑбиÑе, ÐеÑме о оÑлобоÑеÑÑ Ð¡ÑбиÑе и ЦÑне ÐоÑе) - poems about the 19th-century battles against the Ottomans
- Unsorted (ÐеÑазвÑÑÑане/Nerazvrstane) â poems that do not belong to any of the cycles mentioned above
Notable people
- Benedikt KuripeÄiÄ (16th century), diplomat who traveled through Ottoman Bosnia and Serbia in 1530 and recorded that epic songs about MiloÅ¡ ObiliÄ are popular not only among Serbs in Kosovo but also in Bosnia and Croatia. He also recorded some legends about the Battle of Kosovo.BOOK, Pavle IviÄ, Pavle IviÄ, Istorija srpske kulture,books.google.com/books?id=r3FpAAAAMAAJ, 9 September 2013, 1996, DeÄje novine, 160, 9788636707920, ÐÐµÐ½ÐµÐ´Ð¸ÐºÑ ÐÑÑипеÑиÑ. поÑеклом Словенаи, коÑи измеÑÑ 1530. и 1531. пÑÑÑÑе као ÑÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð°ÑÑÑÑиÑÑког поÑланÑÑва, Ñ Ñвом ÐÑÑопиÑÑ Ð¿ÑепÑиÑава део коÑовÑке легенде, ÑпомиÑе епÑко певаÑе о ÐилоÑÑ ÐбилиÑÑ Ñ ÐºÑаÑевима ÑдаÑеним од меÑÑа догаÑаÑа, Ñ ÐоÑни и Ð¥ÑваÑÑкоÑ, и запажа наÑÑаÑаÑе Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑама.,
- Dimitrije Karaman ({{floruit}} 1551), oldest known Serbian gusle player
- Avram MiletiÄ (1755âafter 1826), merchant and songwriter best known for writing the earliest collection of urban lyric poetry in Serbian.
- Old Rashko, one of the most important sources of epic poetry recorded by Vuk KaradžiÄ.
- Filip ViÅ¡njiÄ (1767â1834), Serbian guslar dubbed the “Serbian Homer” both for his blindness and poetic gift.
- TeÅ¡an PodrugoviÄ (1783â1815), Serb hajduk, storyteller and guslar who participated in the First Serbian Uprising and was one of the most important sources for Serbian epic poetry.
- Živana AntonijeviÄ (d. 1822), known as “Blind Živana”, one of the favorite female singers of Vuk KaradžiÄ.
- Vuk KaradžiÄ (1787â1864) was a Serbian philologist and linguist who was the major reformer of the Serbian language. He deserves, perhaps, for his collections of songs, fairy tales, and riddles to be called the father of the study of Serbian folklore.
- Vuk VrÄeviÄ (1811-1882), collector of lyric poetry
- Petar PerunoviÄ (1880â1952), known as “Perun”, famous guslar who performed for Nikola Tesla and the first to record Serbian epic poetry in a studio.
- Äuro MilutinoviÄ the Blind (1774â1844), guslar at Serbian court.
Characters
- Medieval era
- Tsar Dušan, Emperor
- Prince Lazar, Prince and legendary Emperor
- Pavle OrloviÄ, knight
- Milan Toplica, knight
- Ivan KosanÄiÄ, knight
- JugoviÄ brothers, including BoÅ¡ko JugoviÄ
- Beg Kostadin
- MiloÅ¡ VojinoviÄ
- Voivode Prijezda
- Mali Radojica, hajduk
- Deli Radivoje
- “Zmaj Ognjeni Vuk” (Vuk the Fiery Dragon), based on Vuk GrgureviÄ, the Serbian Despot (r. 1471â85)
- Ailing DojÄin, possibly based on despots John VII Palaiologos and Andronikos Palaiologos
- Relja the Winged
- Pop Milo JovoviÄ
- Bajo Pivljanin
- Stari Vujadin
- Alil-Aga
- Sibinjanin Janko
- Jug Bogdan
- Janko od Kotara
- Starina Novak (partly)
- Musa Kesedžija, enemy of KraljeviÄ Marko, he is the result of merging several historical people including Musa Ãelebi son of Bayezid I and Musa from the Muzaka Albanian noble family while Jovan TomiÄ believes he is based on the supporter of Jegen Osman Pasha
- Djemo the Mountaineer, enemy of KraljeviÄ Marko, a member of Muzaka noble family (Gjin Muzaka) or maybe Ottoman military person Jegen Osman Pasha
- General VuÄa, enemy of KraljeviÄ Marko, Tanush Dukagjin, a member of Dukagjini noble family or Prince Eugene of Savoy or Peter Doci
- Philip the Magyar, enemy of KraljeviÄ Marko, Pipo of Ozora, an Italian condottiero, general, strategist and confidant of King Sigismund of Hungary.
- Arnaut Osman
- Ognjen Hadzovic, hajduk, main character in Ženidba Hadzovic Ognjena.{{sfn|KaradžiÄ|1833|pp=265â271}}
- Srbin Tukelija, hajduk, main character in Boj AraÄana s Komadincima.{{sfn|KaradžiÄ|1833|pp=271â276}}
- Strahinja BanoviÄ â ÄuraÄ II StracimiroviÄ BalÅ¡iÄ
- Jug Bogdan â Vratko NemanjiÄ
- Beg Kostadin â Constantine DragaÅ¡
- Sibinjanin Janko â John Hunyadi
- Petar DojÄin â Petar Doci
- Maksim CrnojeviÄ â StaniÅ¡a Skenderbeg CrnojeviÄ
- Bajo Pivljanin - Bajo NikoliÄ
- Mihajlo SvilojeviÄ â Michael Szilágyi
- Janko od Kotara - Janko MitroviÄ
- Manojlo GrÄiÄ - Manuel I Komnenos
- Relja the Winged - Hrelja
- Grujica Žeravica
Excerpts
{{cquote|There two pines were growing together,and among them one thin-topped fir;neither there were just some two green pinesnor among them one thin-topped fir,but those two were just some two born brothersone is Pavle, other is Raduleand among them little sis’ Jelena.}}- (KraljeviÄ Marko speaks: )
Quotes
- {{cquote|The ballads of Serbia occupy a high position, perhaps the highest position, in the ballad literature of Europe. They would, if well known, astonish Europe... In them breathes a clear and inborn poetry such as can scarcely be found among any other modern people.}} Jacob Grimm
- {{cquote|Everyone in the West who has known these poems has proclaimed them to be literature of the highest order which ought to be known better.}} Charles Simic
Modern Serbian epic poetry
Epic poetry is recorded still today. Some modern songs are published in books or recorded, and under copyright, but some are in public domain, and modified by subsequent authors just like old ones. There are new songs that mimic old epic poetry, but are humorous and not epic in nature; these are also circulating around with no known author. In the latter half of the 19th century, a certain MP would exit the Serbian parliament each day, and tell of the debate over the monetary reform bill in the style of epic poetry. Modern epic heroes include: Radovan KaradžiÄ, Ratko MladiÄ and Vojislav Å eÅ¡elj. Topics include: Yugoslav wars, NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, and the Hague Tribunal.Popular modern Serbian epic performers, guslari (Guslars) include: Milomir “Miljan” MiljaniÄ, Äoko Koprivica, BoÅ¡ko VujaÄiÄ, Vlastimir BaraÄ, Sava StaniÅ¡iÄ, MiloÅ¡ Å egrt, SaÅ¡a LaketiÄ and Milan MrdoviÄ.See also
{{Culture of Serbia}}- Gusle
- Bugarštica
- Erlangen Manuscript
- List of national poetries
- The Building of Skadar
- Serbian literature
References
{{Reflist}}Sources
- BOOK, BjeladinoviÄ-JergiÄ, Jasna, ÐбоÑник ÐÑногÑаÑÑког мÑзеÑа Ñ ÐеогÑадÑ: 1901-2001,books.google.com/books?id=EQcSAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA489, 2001, ÐÑногÑаÑÑки мÑзеÑ, 489â, 9788678910081,
- BOOK, Dragnich, Alex N., Serbia’s Historical Heritage,books.google.com/books?id=OW5pAAAAMAAJ, 1994, East European Monographs, 978-0-88033-244-6,
- WEB, GeorgijeviÄ, KreÅ¡imir, 2003, 1936, СÑпÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑваÑÑка наÑодна пеÑма Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÐºÑижевноÑÑи: СÑÑдиÑа из ÑпоÑедне иÑÑоÑиÑе ÑловенÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÐºÑижевноÑÑи,www.rastko.rs/rastko-pl/umetnost/knjizevnost/studije/kgeorgijevic-pesma.phpuvod, Rastko; СÑпÑка кÑаÑевÑка академиÑа, Belgrade,
- BOOK, KaradžiÄ, Vuk S., Narodne srpske pjesme, 4,books.google.com/books?id=T2IAAAAAcAAJ, 1833, Å¡tamparija Jermenskog manastira, Vienna,
- BOOK, Ling, Jan, A History of European Folk Music, Narrative Song in the Balkans,books.google.com/books?id=Ul_IUuB4WSMC&pg=PA86, 1997, University Rochester Press, 978-1-878822-77-2, 86â90,
- WEB, MiloÅ¡eviÄ-ÄorÄeviÄ, Nada, 1995, The history of Serbian Culture, The oral tradition,www.rastko.rs/isk/nmilosevic-oral_tradition.html, Rastko,
- BOOK, PetroviÄ, Sonja, Oral and Written Art Forms in Serbian Medieval Literature, Oral Art Forms and Their Passage Into Writing, Mundal, Else, Wellendorf, Jonas, 2008, Museum Tusculanum Press, 978-87-635-0504-8,books.google.com/books?id=dPBPHVf3kdoC&pg=PA85, 85â108,
- BOOK, PopoviÄ, Tatyana, 1988, Prince Marko: The Hero of South Slavic Epics, New York, Syracuse University Press, 9780815624448,books.google.com/books?id=ok93aZ27r-oC,
- BOOK, VlahoviÄ, Petar, Serbia: the country, people, life, customs,books.google.com/books?id=Dx4qAQAAMAAJ, 2004, Ethnographic Museum, 978-86-7891-031-9,
Further reading
- JOURNAL, BuriÄ, Ranko, 1989, KOSOVSKI CIKLUS, EtnoloÅ¡ke sveske, 10, 119â125,www.anthroserbia.org/Content/PDF/Articles/ES-X_(1989)_11_Ranko_Buric.pdf,
- BOOK, Jakobson, Roman, Slavic Epic Studies,books.google.com/books?id=j4BpFO2ARCsC, 1966, Walter de Gruyter, 978-3-11-088958-1,
- BOOK, Locke, Geoffry N. W., The Serbian epic ballads: an anthology,books.google.com/books?id=SwNjAAAAMAAJ, 1997, Nolit, 9788619021562,
- BOOK, Meredith, Owen, Serbski Pesme, Or, National Songs of Serbia, 1861, Chapman and Hall, London,archive.org/stream/serbskipesmeorn00lyttgoog, {{PD-icon}}
- BOOK, Noyes, George Rapall, Bacon, Leonard, Heroic Ballads of Servia,archive.org/stream/heroicballadsofs00noyeiala, 1913, Sherman, French & Company, Boston, {{small|(Public Domain)}}
- JOURNAL, PeriÄ, Dragoljub Ž., Temporal formulas in Serbian oral epic songs, Balcanica, 2013, 44, 44, 159â180, 10.2298/BALC1344159P,www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531344159P, free,
- JOURNAL, PetroviÄ, Sonja, Charity, good deeds and the poor in Serbian epic poetry, Balcanica, XXXVI, 2005, 36, 51â71, 10.2298/BALC0536051P, free,
- BOOK, Petrovitch, Woislav M., Hero Tales and Legends of the Serbians,books.google.com/books?id=5axDirx6IbAC, 2007, 1915, Cosimo, Inc., 978-1-60206-081-4,
- WEB, Petrovitch, Woislav M., Hero Tales and Legends of the Serbians,archive.org/stream/herotaleslegends00petr, 1915, {{small|(illustrated)}} {{PD-icon}}
- BOOK, Miodrag StojanoviÄ, Radovan SamardžiÄ, ХаÑдÑÑи и клеÑÑи Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñодном пеÑниÑÑвÑ,books.google.com/books?id=whcMAAAAIAAJ, 1984, СÑпÑка академиÑа наÑка и ÑмеÑноÑÑи, ÐалканолоÑки инÑÑиÑÑÑ,
External links
{{Wikisource|Ploughing of Marko Kraljevic}}{{Wikisource|Marko and the Turks}}- WEB, Lew, Mark D., Serbian Epic Poetry, 1999,home.earthlink.net/~markdlew/SerbEpic/index.htm,
- The Battle of Kosovo - Serbian Epic Poems Preface by Charles Simic Swallow Press/Ohio University Press, Athens 1987
- Audio
- Lesson in rhyme{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
- Poem for Karadjordje{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
- Fate of vizier Mahmud-pasha in the village of Krusa{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
- www.slobodnasrpska.org/muzika/jama/KoritskaJama1.mp3" title="web.archive.org/web/20051108110303www.slobodnasrpska.org/muzika/jama/KoritskaJama1.mp3">Pit of Korich www.slobodnasrpska.org/muzika/jama/KoritskaJama2.mp3" title="web.archive.org/web/20051108104557www.slobodnasrpska.org/muzika/jama/KoritskaJama2.mp3">Part 2 www.slobodnasrpska.org/muzika/jama/KoritskaJama3.mp3" title="web.archive.org/web/20051108103211www.slobodnasrpska.org/muzika/jama/KoritskaJama3.mp3">Part 3
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