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Pravda
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{{short description|Russian newspaper founded in 1912}}{{Other uses}}{{distinguish|Pravda.ru|Komsomolskaya Pravda|Ukrainska Pravda|pravda DE|pravda EN|pravda ES|pravda FR|pravda PL}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Origins
Pre-revolutionary Pravda
Though Pravda officially began publication on 5 May 1912 (22 April 1912 OS), the anniversary of Karl Marx's birth, its origins trace back to 1903 when it was founded in Moscow by a wealthy railway engineer, V.A. Kozhevnikov. Pravda had started publishing in the light of the Russian Revolution of 1905.White, James D. (April 1974). "The first Pravda and the Russian Marxist Tradition". Soviet Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 181â204. Accessed 6 October 2012. At the time when the paper was founded, the name "Pravda" already had a clear historical connotation, since the law code of the Medieval Kievan Rus' was known as Russkaya Pravda;BOOK, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 12, 2003, 9780852299616, 823, 15th, Yaroslav I,weblink Under Yaroslav the codification of legal customs and princely enactments was begun, and this work served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ("Russian Justice")., ENCYCLOPEDIA, Yaroslav Padokh,weblink Ruskaia Pravda, Encyclopedia of Ukraine, 4, 1993, 5 March 2016, in this context, "Pravda" meant "Justice" rather than "Truth", "Russkaya Pravda" being "Russian Justice".{{Cn|date=April 2024}} This early law code had been rediscovered and published by 18th-century Russian scholars, and, in 1903, educated Russians with some knowledge of their country's history could have been expected to know the name.During its earliest days, Pravda had no political orientation. Kozhevnikov started it as a journal of arts, literature and social life. Kozhevnikov was soon able to form up a team of young writers including A.A. Bogdanov, N.A Rozhkov, M.N Pokrovsky, I.I Skvortsov-Stepanov, P.P Rumyantsev and M.G. Lunts, who were active contributors on 'social life' section of Pravda. Later, they became the editorial board of the journal, and, in the near future, also became the active members of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). Because of certain quarrels between Kozhevnikov and the editorial board, he had asked them to leave and the Menshevik faction of the RSDLP took over as the editorial board. But the relationship between them and Kozhevnikov was also a bitter one.The Ukrainian political party Spilka, which was also a splinter group of the RSDLP, took over the journal as its organ. Leon Trotsky was invited to edit the paper in 1908, and the paper was moved to Vienna in 1909. By then, the editorial board of Pravda consisted of hard-line Bolsheviks who sidelined the Spilka leadership soon after it shifted to Vienna.Corney, Frederick. (September 1985). "Trotskii and the Vienna Pravda, 1908â1912". Canadian Slavonic Papers. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 248â268. Accessed 6 October 2012. Trotsky had introduced a tabloid format to the newspaper and distanced itself from the intra-party struggles inside the RSDLP. During those days, Pravda gained a large audience among Russian workers. By 1910, the Central Committee of the RSDLP suggested making Pravda its official organ.(File:First Issue of PRAVDA.jpg|alt=Pravda â published on 5 May 1912 (22 April 1912 OS)|thumb|267x267px| First published Pravda dated 5 May 1912 (22 April 1912 OS))At the sixth conference of the RSDLP held in Prague in January 1912, the Menshevik faction was expelled from the party. The party under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin decided to make Pravda its official party organ. The paper was shifted from Vienna to St. Petersburg and the first issue under Lenin's leadership was published on 5 May 1912 (22 April 1912 OS).Bassow, Whitman. (February 1954) "The Pre Revolutionary Pravda and Tsarist Censorship". American Slavic and East European Review. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 47â65. Accessed 6 October 2012. It was the first time that Pravda was published as a legal political newspaper. The Central Committee of the RSDLP, workers and individuals such as Maxim Gorky provided financial help to the newspaper. The first issue published on 5 May cost two kopecks and had four pages. It had articles on economic issues, workers movement, and strikes, and also had two proletarian poems. M.E. Egorov was the first editor of St. Petersburg Pravda and Member of State Duma of the Russian Empire {{ill|Nikolay Poletaev|ru|ÐолеÑаев, Ðиколай ÐÑÑÑевиÑ}} served as its publisher.Elwood, Carter Ralph. (June 1972) "Lenin and Pravda, 1912â1914". Slavic Review. Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 355â380. Accessed 6 October 2012.Egorov was not a real editor of Pravda but this position was pseudo in nature. As many as 42 editors had followed Egorov within a span of two years, till 1914. The main task of these editors was to go to jail whenever needed and to save the party from a huge fine. On the publishing side, the party had chosen only those individuals as publishers who were sitting members of Duma because they had parliamentary immunity. Initially,{{when|date=October 2012}} it had sold between 40,000 and 60,000 copies. With the outbreak of World War I, the paper was closed down by tsarist authorities in July 1914. Over the next three years, it changed its name eight times because of police harassment:See Tony Cliff's Lenin. Vol 1: Building the Party (1893-1914) (1975). London: Pluto Press. Chapter 19. {{oclc|1110326753}}.- РабоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñавда (Rabochaya Pravda, Worker's Truth)
- СевеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñавда (Severnaya Pravda Northern Truth)
- Ðа пÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ (Za Pravdu, For Truth)
- ÐÑолеÑаÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñавда (Proletarskaya Pravda, Proletarian Truth)
- ÐÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ (Put' Pravdy, The Way of Truth)
- РабоÑий (Rabochiy, The Worker)
- ТÑÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñавда (Trudovaya Pravda, Labor's Truth)
During the 1917 Revolution
(File:Prawda.16.3.1917.png|thumb|16 March 1917: Pravda reports the declaration of Polish independence.)The abdication of Emperor Nicholas II during the February Revolution of 1917 allowed Pravda to reopen. The original editors of the newly revived Pravda, Vyacheslav Molotov and Alexander Shlyapnikov, were opposed to the liberal Russian Provisional Government. However, when Lev Kamenev, Joseph Stalin and former Duma deputy Matvei Muranov returned from Siberian exile on 12 March, they took over the editorial board â starting from 15 March.Leon Trotsky, History of the Russian Revolution, translated by Max Eastman, Chicago, Haymarket Books, 2008, p. 209Under Kamenev's and Stalin's influence, Pravda took a conciliatory tone towards the Provisional Government â "insofar as it struggles against reaction or counter-revolution" â and called for a unification conference with the internationalist wing of the Mensheviks. On 14 March, Kamenev wrote in his first editorial:{{blockquote|What purpose would it serve to speed things up, when things were already taking place at such a rapid pace?See Marcel Liebman, Leninism under Lenin, London, J. Cape, 1975, {{ISBN|978-0-224-01072-6}} p.123}}On 15 March, he supported the war effort:{{blockquote|When army faces army, it would be the most insane policy to suggest to one of those armies to lay down its arms and go home. This would not be a policy of peace, but a policy of slavery, which would be rejected with disgust by a free people.See E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, London, Macmillan Publishers, 1950, vol. 1, p. 75.}}Soviet period
File:Delegates at the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).jpg|thumb|A delegate at Bolshevik 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party holding a Pravda newspaper in 1934]](File:RIAN archive 669616 Wartime city life - Moscow in October - December 1941.jpg|thumb|left|A soldier reading Pravda during the Second World War, late 1941)Post-Soviet period
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union Pravda was sold by Russian President Boris Yeltsin to a Greek business family â the Giannikoses â in 1992, and the paper came under the control of their private company Pravda International.WEB, Black, white and red no longer: Pravda folds, Tampa Bay Times, 16 September 2005, 31 July 1996, 25 August 2022,weblink In 1996, there was an internal dispute between the owners of Pravda International and some of the Pravda journalists which led to Pravda splitting into different entities. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation acquired the Pravda paper, while some of the original Pravda journalists separated to form Russia's first online paper (and the first online English paper) Pravda.ru, which is not connected to the Communist Party, but is run by journalists associated with the defunct Soviet Pravda. After a legal dispute between the rival parties, the Russian court of arbitration stipulated that both entities would be allowed to continue using the Pravda name. The Pravda paper is today run by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, whereas the online Pravda.ru is privately owned and has international editions published in Russian, English, French and Portuguese.Pravda was a daily newspaper during the Soviet era but nowadays it is published three times a week, and its readership is largely online where it has a presence.WEB, Russian newspaper Pravda (Truth) celebrates its 100th anniversary,weblink 2022-01-21, NBC News, 4 May 2012, en, WEB,weblink The Communist Party of the Russian Federation today, Pravda still operates from the same headquarters at Pravda Street in Moscow from where journalists used to work on Pravda during the Soviet era. It operates under the leadership of journalist Boris Komotsky, who is also a member of the Russian State Duma.WEB,weblink ÐомоÑкий, ÐоÑÐ¸Ñ ÐлеговиÑ, ТÐСС, ru, 2022-05-20, On 5 May 2012, Pravda marked its centenary, with a grand celebration at the Trade Unions house organised by the Communist Party.WEB,weblink "ÐÑавда" на вÑе вÑемена. Ð Ðолонном зале Ðома СоÑзов пÑоÑÑл пÑаздниÑнÑй веÑеÑ, поÑвÑÑÑннÑй 100-леÑÐ¸Ñ Ð³Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ паÑÑийной газеÑÑ {{!, KPRF.RU |access-date=2012-05-19 |archive-date=2012-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508061545weblink |url-status=live }} The gala was attended by the former and current employees of the newspaper, its readers and party members, representatives of other communist media organisations. Gennady Zyuganov made a speech, and congratulatory messages were received from Russian president Dmitry Medvedev and Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko.WEB,weblink ÐоллекÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ ÑедакÑии газеÑÑ "ÐÑавда" {{!, ÐÑÐµÐ·Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð Ð¾ÑÑии |date=5 May 2012 |access-date=2020-04-06 |archive-date=2020-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031105013weblink |url-status=live }}McCain controversy
In 2013, after Russian President Vladimir Putin published an op-ed in The New York Times in support of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad,NEWS, Putin, Vladimir V., 2013-09-12, Opinion {{!, A Plea for Caution From Russia|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/putin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.html|access-date=2022-01-21|issn=0362-4331}} US senator John McCain announced that he would publish a response article in Pravda, referring to the newspaper owned by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. McCain, however, eventually published his op-ed in Pravda.ru.WEB, McCain, John, 2013-09-19, Senator John McCain: Russians deserve better than Putin,weblink Pravda.ru, en, This caused protests from the editor of communist Pravda Boris Komotsky and a response from the editor of Pravda.ru Dmitry Sudakov: Komotsky claimed that "there is only one Pravda in Russia, it is the organ of the Communist Party, and we have heard nothing about the intentions of the Republican senator" and dismissed Pravda.ru as an "Oklahoma-City-Pravda", while Sudakov derided Komotsky, claiming that "the circulation of the Communist Party Pravda is like a factory newspaper of AvtoVAZ from the Soviet times".WEB, Guardian Staff, 2013-09-19, Which Pravda did John McCain write about Syria for?,weblink 2022-01-21, the Guardian, en, WEB, Sudakov, Dmitry, 2013-09-16, There is no Pravda. There is Pravda.Ru,weblink 2022-01-21, Pravda.ru, en, WEB, McCain claim leaves Communist Party baffled {{!, eNCA|url=https://www.enca.com/world/mccain-claim-leaves-communist-party-baffled|access-date=2022-01-21|website=eNCA|language=en}} McCain later attempted to publish his op-ed in the Communist Pravda as well, but the paper refused to publish it "because it was not aligned to the political positions of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation".WEB, Kopan, Tal, 19 September 2013, Truthfully, McCain in wrong Pravda,weblink Politico, en,Editors-in-chief NEWS, last, first, dateMay 5, 2000, titleWho edited Pravda? Pravda No. 50., workPravda, url, access-date,
- M. E. Egorov (1912)WEB, Who stood at the origins of the newspaper "Pravda",weblink
- Editorial Board: P. G. Zhibarov, F. P. Saburov, K. P. Mikhailov, N. A. Klerikov, V. A. Shelgunov, M. D. Shumilov (1912â1914)
- Editorial Board: K. S. Eremeev, M. I. Kalinin, M. S. Olminsky, J. V. Stalin, M. I. Ulyanova, L. B. Kamenev, M. K. Muranov, V. I. Lenin, V. M. Molotov (as secretary editor), (MarchâDecember 1917)
- Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Mikhail S. Olminsky (1918â1929)
- Bureau of the editorial board: H. I. Krumin (supervising editor), N. N. Popov and E. M. Yaroslavsky (1929â1930)
- Maximilian Alexandrovich Savelyev, (1930)
- Lev Z. Mehlis, (1930â1937)
- Ivan E. Nikitin, (1937â1938)
- Pyotr Nikolayevich Pospelov, (1940â1949)
- Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov, (1949â1950)
- Leonid Fedorovich Ilichev, (1951â1952)
- Dmitry Trofymovych Shepilov, (1952â1956)
- Pavel Satyukov, (1956â1964)
- Aleksei Matveevich Rumyantsev, (1964â1965)
- Mikhail Vasilyevich Zimyanin, (1965â1976)
- Victor G. Afanasiev, (1976â1989)
- Ivan T. Frolov, (1989â1991)
- Boris Komotsky (1993âcurrently)
Similar newspapers in current socialist countries
- People's Daily â People's Republic of China, official newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party;
- Rodong Sinmun â North Korea, official newspaper of the Workers' Party of Korea;
- Granma â Cuba, official newspaper of the Communist Party of Cuba;
- Nhân Dân â Vietnam, official newspaper of the Communist Party of Vietnam;
- Pasaxon â Laos, official newspaper of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party;
See also
- Kommunist
- Komsomolskaya Pravda
- Kommunistka
- Iskra
- Izvestia
- Krasnaya Zvezda
- Central newspapers of the Soviet Union
- Eastern Bloc information dissemination
- Freedom of the press in Russia
- Vitali Korionov
- Mass media in Russia
- People's correspondent
- Zreniye
- Völkischer Beobachter
Notes and references
{{Reflist}}Further reading
- Brooks, Jeffrey. Thank You, Comrade Stalin!: Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (Princeton Up, 2001) on the language of Pravda and Izvestia
- Cookson, Matthew (11 October 2003). The spark that lit a revolution {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514104438weblink |date=14 May 2013 }}. Socialist Worker, p. 7.
- Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp 242â49
- Pöppel, Ludmila. "The rhetoric of Pravda editorials: A diachronic study of a political genre." (Stockholm U. 2007). online
External links
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