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{{Short description|Belief that a Golden Age or Paradise will occur prior to the final judgment}}{{Distinguish|Millenarianism}}{{Hatnote|For the Christian doctrine regarding Jesus Christ’s reign in heaven, see Session of Christ and Intercession of Christ. For an overview of the earthly reign of the messiah in Abrahamic religions, see Messianic age.}}{{About|the Christian concept|the Millennial generation|Millennials}}{{Eschatology}}Millennialism ({{etymology|la|mille|thousand||annus|year||-ism|}}) or chiliasm (from the Greek equivalent) is a belief which is held by some religious denominations. According to this belief, a Messianic Age will be established on Earth prior to the Last Judgment and the future permanent state of the “eternity”.WEB, 9145 Messianic age - Dictionary of Bible Themes - Bible Gateway,www.biblegateway.com/resources/dictionary-of-bible-themes/9145-Messianic-age, 2024-04-09, www.biblegateway.com, en, Christianity and Judaism have both produced messianic movements which featured millennialist teachings—such as the notion that an earthly kingdom of God was at hand. These millenarian movements often led to considerable social unrest.Some examples are given by Gerschom Scholem in Sabbatai Sevi, the mystical messiah (London: Routledge, 1973). The whole book profiles a Jewish group of this kind centered on the person of Sabbatai Zevi, but in part 1 Scholem also gives a number of comparable Christian examples, e.g. pp. 100–101.Similarities to millennialism also exist in Zoroastrianism, which identified successive thousand-year periods, each of which will end in a cataclysm of heresy and destruction, until the final destruction of evil and the final destruction of the spirit of evil by a triumphant king of peace at the end of the final millennial age. “Then Saoshyant makes the creatures again pure, and the resurrection and future existence occur” (Zand-i Vohuman Yasht 3:62).Scholars have also linked various other social and political movements, both religious and secular, to millennialist metaphors.

Christianity

Most Christian millennialist thinking is based upon the Book of Revelation, specifically Revelation 20,{{bibleverse|Revelation|20|KJV}} which describes the vision of an angel who descended from heaven with a large chain and a key to a bottomless pit, and captured Satan, imprisoning him for a thousand years:{{Blockquote|He seized the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the Devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years and threw him into the pit and locked and sealed it over him, so that he would deceive the nations no more, until the thousand years were ended. After that, he must be let out for a little while.|Revelation 20:2–3{{bibleverse|Revelation|20:2-3|KJV}}}}The Book of Revelation then describes a series of judges who are seated on thrones, as well as John’s vision of the souls of those who were beheaded for their testimony in favor of Jesus and their rejection of the mark of the beast. These souls:{{Blockquote|came to life and reigned with Christ a thousand years. (The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended.) This is the first resurrection. Blessed and holy are those who share in the first resurrection. Over these the second death has no power, but they will be priests of God and of Christ, and they will reign with him a thousand years|Revelation 20:4–6{{bibleverse|Revelation|20:4-6|KJV}}}}

Early church

Premillennialism

During the first centuries after Christ, various forms of chiliasm (millennialism) were to be found in the Church, both East and West.WEB, 2005-01-03, Theology Today – Vol 53, No. 4 – January 1997 – ARTICLE – Paul Tillich and the Millenialist Heritage,theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jan1997/v53-4-article3.htm, 2023-06-16, 464–476,theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jan1997/v53-4-article3.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20050103083254theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jan1997/v53-4-article3.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20050103083254theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jan1997/v53-4-article3.htm, 2005-01-03, Premillennialism held by the Early Church is called “historic premillennialism”,BOOK, Blomberg, Craig L.,books.google.com/books?id=huMlsCYyI5YC&dq=Early+Church+historic+premill&pg=PT73, A Case for Historic Premillennialism: An Alternative to “Left Behind” Eschatology, Chung, Sung Wook, 2009-02-01, Baker Academic, 978-1-4412-1056-2, en, Google Books, and it was supported in the early church by Papias,BOOK, Davies and Allison, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel according to Saint Matthew, Volume 1, ICC, 13, Irenaeus, Justin Martyr,WEB, Historic Premillennialism,www.monergism.com/topics/eschatology/all-millennial-views/historic-premillennialism, 26 February 2018, Monergism, Tertullian,BOOK, Chung, Sung Wook,books.google.com/books?id=AlcXEAAAQBAJ&dq=Tertullian+premillennialism&pg=PA12, Models of Premillennialism, Mathewson, David L., 2018-08-27, Wipf & Stock Publishers, 978-1-5326-3769-8, en, Google Books, Polycarp,BOOK, Chung, Sung Wook,books.google.com/books?id=OcpwDwAAQBAJ&dq=Papias+historic+premill&pg=PT16, Models of Premillennialism, Mathewson, David L., 2018-08-27, Wipf & Stock Publishers, 978-1-5326-3771-1, en, Google Books, Pseudo-Barnabas,WEB, Philip Schaff: ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus – Christian Classics Ethereal Library,www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.vi.html, 2023-06-16, www.ccel.org, Volume 2, p. 382, Among the Apostolic Fathers Barnabas is the first and the only one who expressly teaches a pre-millennial reign of Christ on earth. He considers the Mosaic history of the creation a type of six ages of labor for the world, each lasting a thousand years, and of a millennium of rest, since with God ‘one day is as a thousand years.’ Millennial Sabbath on earth will be followed by an eight and eternal day in a new world, of which the Lord’s Day (called by Barnabas ‘the eighth day’) is the type, Methodius, Lactantius,Insruct. adv. Gentium Deos, pp. 43, 44. Commodianus,According to the Encyclopedia of the Early Church “Commodian (mid 3rd century) takes up the theme of the 7000 years, the last of which is the millennium (Instr. II 35, 8 ff.).” M. Simonetti, “Millenarism,” p. 560. Theophilus,Against Marcion, book 3, chapter 25 Melito,Simonetti writes in the Encyclopedia of the Early Church “We know that Melito was also a millenarian” regarding Jerome’s reference to him as a chiliast. M. Simonetti, “Millenarism,” p. 560. Hippolytus of Rome, Victorinus of Pettau,Note this is Victorinus of Pettau not Marcus Piav(v)onius Victorinus the Gaelic EmperorIn his Commentary on Revelation and from the fragment De Fabrica Mundi (Part of a commentary on Genesis). Jerome identifies him as a premillennialist. Nepos, Julius Africanus, TatianBOOK, Foster, K. Neill,books.google.com/books?id=xaVvBAAAQBAJ&dq=Book+of+Nepos+premillenialism&pg=PT14, Essays on Premillennialism: A Modern Reaffirmation of an Ancient Doctrine, Fessenden, David E., 2007-02-01, Moody Publishers, 978-1-60066-959-0, en, Google Books, and Montanus.BOOK, Foster, K. Neill,books.google.com/books?id=xaVvBAAAQBAJ&dq=Montanist+premillenialism&pg=PT14, Essays on Premillennialism: A Modern Reaffirmation of an Ancient Doctrine, Fessenden, David E., 2007-02-01, Moody Publishers, 978-1-60066-959-0, en, Google Books, However, the premillennial views of Montanus probably affected the later rejection of premillennialism in the Church, as Montanism was seen as a heresy. {{Christian Eschatology}}

Amillennialism

In the 2nd century, the Alogi (those who rejected all of John’s writings) were amillennial, as was Caius in the first quarter of the 3rd century.Eusebius, 3.28.1–2 With the influence of Platonism, Clement of Alexandria and Origen denied premillennialism.De Principiis, 2.11.2–3 Likewise, Dionysius of Alexandria (died 264) argued that Revelation was not written by John and could not be interpreted literally; he was amillennial.Eusebius, Church History, 7.24.3; 7.25Justin Martyr (died 165), who had chiliastic tendencies in his theology, mentions differing views in his Dialogue with Trypho the Jew, chapter 80:WEB, Schaff, Philip, Philip Schaff: ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus – Christian Classics Ethereal Library,www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.iv.lxxx.html, 2022-11-06, www.ccel.org, “I and many others are of this opinion [premillennialism], and [believe] that such will take place, as you assuredly are aware; but, on the other hand, I signified to you that many who belong to the pure and pious faith, and are true Christians, think otherwise.“Augustine in his early days affirmed premillennialism, but later changed to amillennialism, causing the view to become popularized together with Pope Gregory the Great.BOOK, Olson, Roger E.,books.google.com/books?id=jI_MdHZViPwC&dq=Amillennialism+early+Christian&pg=PA146, The SCM Press A-Z of Evangelical Theology, 2005, Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd, 978-0-334-04011-8, en, Google Books, G. Folliet, “La typologie du sabbat chez Saint Augustin. Son interpretation millénariste entre 386 et 400 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172051documents.irevues.inist.fr/handle/2042/638|date=2011-07-18}},” REAug 2 (1956):371-90. Referenced in David R. Anderson, “The Soteriological Impact of Augustine’s Change From Premillennialism to Amillennialism: Part One,” The Journal of the Grace Evangelical Society, Vol. 15 (Spring 2002), 27. Johannes Quasten also writes “Augustine made a “short shrift of millenarianism after having accepted it at first himself (De civ. Dei 20, 7; Serm 259.2) by explaining Apoc. 20:1-5 in an allegorical sense (it regards the spiritual resurrection of the body – real bodies even though no longer corruptible)” (De civ. Dei 22, 1-28).” Johannes Quasten, Patrology, Vol. 4 (Westminster, Maryland: Christian Classics, Inc.), 452.The Catholic Encyclopedia notes that the 2nd century proponents of various Gnostic beliefs (themselves considered heresies) also rejected millenarianism.Kirsch, J.P. Transcribed by Donald J. Boon. Millennium and Millenarianism

Reformation and beyond

{{more citations needed|section|date=June 2020}}(File:Millennial views.svg|right|thumb|360px|Comparison of Christian millennial interpretations)Christian views on the future order of events diversified after the Protestant reformation ({{circa|1517}}). In particular, new emphasis was placed on the passages in the Book of Revelation which seemed to say that as Christ would return to judge the living and the dead, Satan would be locked away for 1000 years, but then released on the world to instigate a final battle against God and his Saints.{{bibleverse|Revelation|20:1–6|KJV}} Previous Catholic and Orthodox theologians had no clear or consensus view on what this actually meant (only the concept of the end of the world coming unexpectedly, “like a thief in a night”, and the concept of “the antichrist” were almost universally held). Millennialist theories try to explain what this “1000 years of Satan bound in chains” would be like.Various types of millennialism exist with regard to Christian eschatology, especially within Protestantism, such as Premillennialism, Postmillennialism, and Amillennialism. The first two refer to different views of the relationship between the “millennial Kingdom” and Christ’s second coming.Premillennialism sees Christ’s second advent as preceding the millennium, thereby separating the second coming from the final judgment. In this view, “Christ’s reign” will be physically on the earth.Postmillennialism sees Christ’s second coming as subsequent to the millennium and concurrent with the final judgment. In this view “Christ’s reign” (during the millennium) will be spiritual in and through the church.Amillennialism sees the 1000 year kingdom as being metaphorically described in Rev. 20:1–6 in which “Christ’s reign” is current in and through the church. Thus, while this view does not hold to a future millennial reign, it does hold that the New Heavens and New Earth will appear upon the return of Christ.The Catholic Church strongly condemns millennialism as the following shows:{{Blockquote|The Antichrist’s deception already begins to take shape in the world every time the claim is made to realize within history that messianic hope which can only be realized beyond history through the eschatological judgment. The Church has rejected even modified forms of this falsification of the kingdom to come under the name of millenarianism, especially the “intrinsically perverse” political form of a secular messianism.|Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger|Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1995Catechism of the Catholic Church. Imprimatur Potest +Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger. Doubleday, New York, 1995, p. 194.|source=p. 194}}

19th and 20th centuries

Bible Student movement

The Bible Student movement is a millennialist movement based on views expressed in “The Divine Plan of the Ages,” in 1886, in Volume One of the Studies in the Scriptures series, by Pastor Charles Taze Russell. (This series is still being published, since 1927, by the Dawn Bible Students Association.) Bible Students believe that there will be a universal opportunity for every person, past and present, not previously recipients of a heavenly calling, to gain everlasting life on Earth during the Millennium.Studies in the Scriptures, Volume One, The Divine Plan of the Ages, Study IX, “Ransom and Restitution,” pp. 149–152

Jehovah’s Witnesses

Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that Christ will rule from heaven for 1,000 years as king over the earth, assisted by the 144,000 ascended humans. According to them this 1,000 year reign the earth will become a paradise, like the Garden of Eden, and humans will themselves return to the perfection lost by Adam and Eve.WEB, Who Goes to Heaven?,www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/go-to-heaven/, live,web.archive.org/web/20210529173319/https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/go-to-heaven/, 29 May 2021, 19 July 2021, Jehovah’s Witnesses,

The Church of Almighty God

Also known as Eastern Lightning, The Church of Almighty God mentions in its teachings the Age of Millennial Kingdom, which will follow the catastrophes prophesied in the Book of Revelation in the Bible.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=SA15CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96, Lightning from the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China, 9789004297258, Dunn, Emily, 27 May 2015, BRILL, Google Books,

Judaism

{{expand section|date=November 2018}}Millennialist thinking first emerged in Jewish apocryphal literature of the tumultuous Second Temple period,Compare:BOOK, Tabor, James D.,books.google.com/books?id=zgUTDAAAQBAJ, The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism, Oxford University Press, 2011, 9780190611941, Wessinger, Catherine, Catherine Wessinger, reprint, Oxford Handbooks, New York, 2016, 254, 13: Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Millennialism, Millennialism, as it developed in emerging forms of Judaism around 200 B.C.E., was a response to a much older conceptual problem and a specific historical crisis brought on by a program of Hellenization initiated by the Macedonian ruler, Antiochus IV (r. 175–164 B.C.E.), a successor of Alexander the Great (256–323 B.C.E.), who had conquered Syria-Palestine in 332 B.C.E., James Tabor, 2019-02-05, Google Books, Gerschom Scholem profiles medieval and early modern Jewish millennialist teachings in his book Sabbatai Sevi, the mystical messiah, which focuses on the 17th-century movement centered on the self-proclaimed messiahship (1648) of Sabbatai ZeviGerschom Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, the mystical messiah (London: Routledge, 1973). Scholem also gives examples of other Jewish millennialist movements.

Baha’i Faith

{{See also|Progressive revelation (Baha’i)}}Bahá’u’lláh mentioned in the Kitáb-i-Íqán that God will renew the “City of God” about every thousand years,WEB, Bahá’í Reference Library – The Kitáb-i-Íqán, Pages 161–200,reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-6.html.utf8, 2023-06-16, reference.bahai.org, 199 specifically, and specifically mentioned that a new Manifestation of God would not appear within 1,000 years (1852–2852 CE) of Bahá’u’lláh’s Dispensation, but that the authority of Bahá’u’lláh’s message could last up to 500,000 years.BOOK, Michael D., McMullen, 2000, The Baha’i: The Religious Construction of a Global Identity, Rutgers University Press, Atlanta, Georgia, 0-8135-2836-4, 7,books.google.com/books?id=lF0UquZAZW8C, Google Books, WEB, Bahá’í Reference Library – The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Pages 19–34,reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/ka-4.html.utf8, 2023-06-16, reference.bahai.org, gr. 37,

Theosophy

The Theosophist Alice Bailey taught that The Christ or The World Teacher would return “sometime after AD 2025”, and that this would be the New Age equivalent of the Christian concept of the Second Coming of Christ. Note that the being she speaks of The World Teacher is the same as that spiritual being best known to other Theosophists as Maitreya.Bailey, Alice A. The Externalisation of the Hierarchy New York: 1957 Lucis Publishing Co., p. 530Bailey, Alice A. The Reappearance of the Christ, New York: 1948 Lucis Publishing Co.

Social movements

Millennial social movements, a specific form of millenarianism, have as their basis some concept of a cycle of one-thousand years. Sometimes{{quantify|date=August 2020}} the two terms{{which|date=August 2020}} are used{{by whom|date=August 2020}} as synonyms, but purists regard this as not entirely accurate.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} Millennial social movements need not have a religious foundation, but they must{{request quotation|date=August 2020}} have a vision of an apocalypse that can be utopian or dystopian. Those associated with millennial social movements are “prone to be violent”,{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} with certain types of millennialism connected to violence.BOOK , Compare:BOOK, Walliss, John,books.google.com/books?id=zgUTDAAAQBAJ, The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism, Oxford University Press, 2011, 9780190611941, Wessinger, Catherine, Catherine Wessinger, reprint, Oxford Handbooks Series, Oxford, 2016, 224, Fragile Millennial Communities and Violence, Like all religious groups, Wessinger argues, millennial groups possess an ‘ultimate concern’ [...] When this concern – or ‘millennial goal’ – is threatened in some way, a group that possesses a radically dualistic perspective may in some cases seek to preserve or fulfill their goal through acts of violence. [...] By contrast, revolutionary millennial movements are likely to engage in pre-emptive, offensive actions, believing ‘that revolutionary violence is necessary to become liberated from their persecutors and to set up the righteous government and society’ [...]. [...] Finally, [...] Wessinger adds the category of fragile millennial groups, where violence stems from a combination of internal pressures and the perception or experience of external opposition., 30 August 2020, Google Books, In progressive millennialism, the “transformation of the social order is gradual and humans play a role in fostering that transformation”.BOOK , Catastrophic millennialism “deems the current social order as irrevocably corrupt, and total destruction of this order is necessary as the precursor to the building of a new, godly order”.BOOK , However the link between millennialism and violence may be problematic, as new religious movements may stray from the catastrophic view as time progresses.BOOK, Lewis, The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, Lewis, James R., Oxford University Press, 2004, 0-19-514986-6, {{request quotation|date=August 2020}}

Nazism

The most controversial interpretation of the three-age system and of millennialism in general involves Adolf Hitler’s “Third Reich” (“”), which in his vision would last for a thousand years to come (”Tausendjähriges Reich“) but ultimately lasted for only 12 years (1933–1945).The German thinker Arthur Moeller van den Bruck coined the phrase “Third Reich” and in 1923 published a book titled Das Dritte Reich. Looking back at German history, he distinguished two separate periods, and identified them with the ages of the 12th-century Italian theologian Joachim of Fiore:

• the Holy Roman Empire (beginning with Charlemagne in AD 800): the “First Reich”, The Age of the Father and
• the German Empire, under the House of Hohenzollern (1871–1918): the “Second Reich”, The Age of the Son.

After the interval of the Weimar Republic (1918 onwards), during which constitutionalism, parliamentarianism and even pacifism dominated, these were then to be followed by:

• the “Third Reich”, The Age of the Holy Spirit.

Although van den Bruck was unimpressed by Hitler when he met him in 1922 and did not join the Nazi Party, nevertheless the Nazis adopted the term “Third Reich” to label the totalitarian state they wanted to set up when they gained power, which they succeeded in doing in 1933. Later, however, the Nazi authorities banned the informal use of “Third Reich” throughout the German press in the summer of 1939, instructing it to use more official terms such as “German Reich”, “Greater German Reich”, and “National Socialist Germany” exclusively.BOOK, Schmitz-Berning, Cornelia, 2000, Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus, de, Vocabulary of National Socialism, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, 159–160,books.google.com/books?id=9jmWOMks6bkC&q=drittes+reich&pg=PA607, Google Books, During the early part of the Third Reich many Germans also referred to Hitler as being the German Messiah, especially when he conducted the Nuremberg rallies,{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} which came to be held annually (1933–1938) at a date somewhat before the September equinox in Nuremberg.In a speech held on 27 November 1937, Hitler commented on his plans to have major parts of Berlin torn down and rebuilt:{{blockquote|[...] einem tausendjährigen Volk mit tausendjähriger geschichtlicher und kultureller Vergangenheit für die vor ihm liegende unabsehbare Zukunft eine ebenbürtige tausendjährige Stadt zu bauen [...].}}{{blockquote|[...] to build a millennial city adequate [in splendour] to a thousand-year-old people with a thousand-year-old historical and cultural past, for its never-ending [glorious] future [...]}}After Adolf Hitler’s unsuccessful attempt to implement a thousand-year-reign, the Vatican issued an official statement that millennial claims could not be safely taught and that the related scriptures in Revelation (also called the Apocalypse) should be understood spiritually. Catholic author Bernard LeFrois wrote:{{blockquote|text={{sic|Millenium}}: [...] Since the Holy Office decreed (July 21, 1944) that it cannot be safely taught that Christ at His Second Coming will reign visibly with only some of His saints (risen from the dead) for a period of time before the final and universal judgment, a spiritual millenium is to be seen in Apoc. 20:4–6. St. John gives a recapitulation of the activity of Satan, and the spiritual reign of the saints with Christ in heaven and in His Church on earth.|source=LeFrois, Bernard J. Eschatological Interpretation of the Apocalypse. The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, Vol. XIII, pp. 17–20; Cited in: Culleton R. G. The Reign of Antichrist, 1951. Reprint TAN Books, Rockford (IL), 1974, p. 9 and in:BOOK , }}

Utopianism

{{See also|Three Eras}}The early Christian concepts of millennialism had ramifications far beyond strictly religious concerns during the centuries to come, as various theorists blended and enhanced them with ideas of utopia.In the wake of early millennial thinking, the Three Ages philosophy developed. The Italian monk and theologian Joachim of Fiore (died 1202) saw all of human history as a succession of three ages:

1. the Age of the Father (the Old Testament)
2. the Age of the Son (the New Testament)
3. the Age of the Holy Spirit (the age begun when Christ ascended into heaven, leaving the Paraclete, the third person of the Holy Trinity, to guide the faithful)

It was believed{{by whom|date=August 2020}} that the Age of the Holy Spirit would begin at {{circa|1260}}, and that from then on all believers would live as monks, mystically transfigured and full of praise for God, for a thousand years until Judgment Day would put an end to the history of our planet.Joachim of Fiore’s divisions of historical time also highly influenced the New Age movement, which transformed the Three Ages philosophy into astrological terminology, relating the Northern-hemisphere vernal equinox to different constellations of the zodiac. In this scenario the Age of the Father was recast{{by whom|date=August 2020}} as the Age of Aries, the Age of the Son became the Age of Pisces, and the Age of the Holy Spirit was called the Aquarian New Age. The current so-called “Age of Aquarius” will supposedly witness the development of a number of great changes for humankind,BOOK , Compare:BOOK ,

See also

• Christian eschatology
• Christian Zionism
• Council of Ephesus
• Cult of the Holy Spirit
• Immanentize the eschaton
• Millenarianism
• Millennial Day Theory
• Preterism
• The Pursuit of the Millennium
• Year 1000
• Year 6000

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

• Barkun, Michael. Disaster and the Millennium (Yale University Press, 1974) ({{ISBN|0-300-01725-1}})
• Case, Shirley J. The Millennial Hope, The University of Chicago Press, 1918.
• Cohn, Norman. The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages, (2nd ed. Yale University Press, 1970).
• Desroches, Henri, , The Hague: Mouton, 1969,
• Ellwood, Robert. “Nazism as a Millennialist Movement”, in Catherine Wessinger (ed.), Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases (Syracuse University Press, 2000). ({{ISBN|0-8156-2809-9}} or {{ISBN|0-8156-0599-4}})
• Fenn, Richard K. The End of Time: Religion, Ritual, and the Forging of the Soul (Pilgrim Press, 1997). ({{ISBN|0-8298-1206-7}} or {{ISBN|0-281-04994-7}})
• Hall, John R. Apocalypse: From Antiquity to the Empire of Modernity, (Cambridge, UK: Polity 2009). ({{ISBN|978-0-7456-4509-4}} [pb] and {{ISBN|978-0-7456-4508-7}})
• Kaplan, Jeffrey. Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah (Syracuse University Press, 1997). ({{ISBN|0-8156-2687-8}} or {{ISBN|0-8156-0396-7}})
• Landes, Richard. Heaven on Earth: The Varieties of the Millennial Experience, (Oxford University Press 2011)
• Pasquier, Cyril. Approches du millénium: Et si Irénée de Lyon avait raison?, (Münster, Aschendorff Verlag, Studia Oecumenica Friburgensia 103, 2021, 807 p.). ({{ISBN|978-3-402-12237-2}})
• Pentecost, J. Dwight. Things to Come: A study in Biblical Eschatology (Zondervan, 1958) {{ISBN|0-310-30890-9}} and {{ISBN|978-0-310-30890-4}}.
• Redles, David. Hitler’s Millennial Reich: Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation (New York University Press, 2005). ({{ISBN|978-0-8147-7621-6}} or {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7524-0}})
• Stone, Jon R., ed. Expecting Armageddon: Essential Readings in Failed Prophecy (Routledge, 2000). ({{ISBN|0-415-92331-X}})
• Underwood, Grant. (1999) [1993]. The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. {{ISBN|978-0252068263}}
• Wessinger, Catherine. ed. The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism (Oxford University Press, 2011) 768 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-19-530105-2}} online review
• Wistrich, Robert. Hitler’s Apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi Legacy (St. Martin’s Press, 1985). ({{ISBN|0-312-38819-5}})
• BOOK, The End of the World as We Know It: Faith, Fatalism, and Apocalypse in America, Wojcik, Daniel, 1997, New York University Press, 0-8147-9283-9,

External links

• Catholic Encyclopedia “Millennium and Millenarianism”
• Anthology of Chiliasm and Chillegorism (Compiler V.Sterkh)
• Millennials Are in Worse Financial Health Than Previous Generations

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