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{{short description|Linguistic comparison}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}Indonesian and Malaysian Malay are two standardised varieties of the Malay language, the former used officially in Indonesia (and in Timor Leste as a working language) and the latter in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore. Both varieties are generally mutually intelligible, yet there are noticeable differences in spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, as well as the predominant source of loanwords.BOOK,weblink The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar, Adelaar, K. Alexander, Himmelmann, Nikolaus, 7 March 2013, Routledge, 9781136755095, en, BOOK,weblink Indonesia-Malaysia Relations: Cultural Heritage, Politics and Labour Migration, Clark, Marshall, Pietsch, Juliet, 26 March 2014, Routledge, 9781317808886, en, BOOK,weblink Kesenjangan leksikal bahasa Melayu Malaysia dan bahasa Indonesia, Ahmad, Ibrahim, 2011, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 9789834605209, ms, The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another, to those having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict, especially in higher education.JOURNAL,weblink The Reality of Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Indonesia in Academia, Hafriza Burhanudeen, Nor Zakiah Abdul Hamid, Norsimah Mat Awal, Mohd Azlan Mis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, The International Journal of Language Society and Culture, 9 July 2012, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080726045845weblink">weblink 26 July 2008, BOOK,weblink A Critical Survey of Studies on Malay and Bahasa Indonesia: Bibliographical, Teeuw, A., 17 April 2013, Springer Science & Business Media, 9789401187886, en, BOOK,weblink Consequences of Contact: Language Ideologies and Sociocultural Transformations in Pacific Societies, Makihara, Miki, Schieffelin, Bambi B., 27 September 2007, Oxford University Press, 9780190295936, en,

Perception

To non-native speakers the two varieties may seem identical, but to native speakers the differences are noticeable through both diction and accent. They affect the broadcasting industry with regard to foreign language subtitling, for example, in DVD movies and on cable TV. In order to reach a wider audience, both Indonesian and Malay subtitles are sometimes displayed in a movie, along with other language subtitles. Another example is Malaysian TV providing Malay subtitling on Indonesian sinetrons (TV dramas) aired in MalaysiaWEB,weblink The Wonderful World of Subtitling, Fairy Mahzan, MyIndo.com, 9 July 2012,weblink" title="archive.today/20130129104528weblink">weblink 29 January 2013, dead, and vice versa.NEWS,weblink Hore, MNCTV Tayangkan Film Terbaru Upin Ipin, SINDOnews.com, 14 February 2018, id-ID, The Malay language in Indonesia and Malaysia also differs in recognition, where in Malaysia it enjoys status as the national language (Malaysian language),BOOK,weblink registration, 42, Malaysia in Pictures, DiPiazza, Francesca, 1 January 2006, Twenty-First Century Books, 9780822526742, en, while in Indonesia it is considered a regional language in Malay-speaking areas such as the eastern coast of Sumatra and West Kalimantan.BOOK,weblink Bahasa Indonesia Kesehatan, M.H., Wahyudi, S. Kep, Ns, M.Pd, Bivit Anggoro Prasetyo Nugroho, S. Pd, M.Pd, Dra Isnaeni Praptanti, Penerbit Andi, 9789792963014, id, BOOK,weblink World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, 2007, Marshall Cavendish, 9780761476436, en, The term "Malay language" (Bahasa Melayu) in Indonesia and Malaysia invites different perceptions from its respective people.BOOK,weblink Language and National Identity in Asia, Simpson, Andrew, 30 August 2007, OUP Oxford, 9780191533082, en, To Malaysians, the Malay language is generally understood as the national language of Malaysia, with Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia) being a precise appellation for the Malay variety used in the country.BOOK,weblink Language and Translation in Postcolonial Literatures: Multilingual Contexts, Translational Texts, Bertacco, Simona, 17 December 2013, Routledge, 9781135136390, en, Between 1986 and 2007, the term Bahasa Melayu was used instead of Bahasa Malaysia, until the latter was reinstated, in order to instill a sense of belonging among Malaysians of all races, rather than just Malays.Bahasa Melayu becomes Bahasa Malaysia again, Lim Kit Siang, 6 June 2007BOOK,weblink Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India, Dasgupta, Jyotirindra, 1970, University of California Press, 9780520015906, en, Therefore, there was no clear distinction between the use of the term Malay (Bahasa Melayu) and the national language of Malaysia (Bahasa Malaysia). In Brunei, where Malay is also an official language, the language is known as Bahasa Melayu and in English as "Malay".Perambahan: A unique feature of Brunei Malay {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706150357weblink |date=6 July 2011 }}, Brunei Times, 4 August 2010In Indonesia, however, there is a clear distinction between "Malay language" (bahasa Melayu) and "Indonesian" (bahasa Indonesia). Indonesian is the national language which serves as the unifying language of Indonesia; despite being a standardized form of Malay, it is not referred to with the term "Malay" in common parlance.BOOK,weblink Language and Language-in-Education Planning in the Pacific Basin, Kaplan, R. B., Baldauf, Richard B. Jr., 14 March 2013, Springer Science & Business Media, 9789401701457, en, The term "Malay" is usually reserved for the forms of Malay indigenous to the Malay ethnic group (the national standardized language of Malaysia and the non-standard idioms of Malay people, including those used by Malay Indonesians). Thus, "Malay" is considered a regional language (bahasa daerah) in Indonesia, enjoying the same status as Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese, Balinese, Batak languages and others.WEB,weblink Daftar Bahasa-bahasa Daerah di Indonesia, labbineka.kemdikbud.go.id, 24 October 2021, Moreover, to some Indonesians, the term "Malay" is more often associated with Malaysia and the Malaysian variety of Malay.BOOK,weblink PELBBA 17: Pertemuan Linguistik Pusat Kajian Bahasa dan Budaya Atma Jaya Ketujuh Belas, 2004, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 9789794615270, id, In Malaysia, the terms "Indonesian Malay" and "Malaysian Malay" are sometimes used for Indonesian and Malay as spoken in Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Indonesian Malay" usually refers to the vernacular varieties of Malay spoken by the Malay peoples of Indonesia, that is, to Malay as a regional language in Sumatra, though it is rarely used.BOOK,weblink Masyarakat Indonesia, Indonesia, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan, 1968, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, id, Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Melayu are used interchangeably in reference to Malay in Malaysia.Malay was designated as a national language by the Singaporean government after independence from Britain in the 1960s to avoid friction with Singapore's Malay-speaking neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia.BOOK, From Third World to First, Lee Kuan Yew, 2000, Marshall Cavendish, Singapore, It has a symbolic, rather than functional purpose.BOOK,weblink Language and society in Singapore, Singapore University Press, Evangelos A., Afendras, Eddie C.Y., Kuo, 1980, 978-9971-69-016-8, 27 February 2011, BOOK,weblink Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Ulrich, Ammon, Norbert, Dittmar, Klaus J., Mattheier, 3, 2006, 978-3-11-018418-1, 27 February 2011, It is used in the national anthem "Majulah Singapura",{{Singapore legislation|title=Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act|cap=296|ed=1985}} in citations of Singaporean orders and decorations and in military commands.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20091113162718weblink">weblink 13 November 2009, dead, Literacy and Language, Singapore Statistics, 27 February 2011, Singaporean Malay is officially written in the Latin-based Rumi script, though some Singaporean Malays also learn the Arabic-based Jawi script.BOOK, Cook, Vivian, Bassetti, Benedetta, Second Language Writing Systems, 2005, Multilingual Matters, 978-1-85359-793-0, 359,weblink Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean identity cards.WEB,weblink Update Change of Name in IC, Immigration and Checkpoints Authority, 29 January 2017, dead,weblink 2 February 2017,

Orthography

Before the 20th century, Malay was written in a local modified form of the Arabic alphabet known as Jawi. During the 20th century, Malay written with Roman letters, known as Rumi, almost completely replaced Jawi in everyday life. The romanisations originally used in British Malaya (now part of Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) reflected their history as British and Dutch colonial possessions respectively. In British Malaya, the romanisation of Malay, devised by Richard WilkinsonBOOK,weblink Spelling and Society: The Culture and Politics of Orthography Around the World, Mark, Sebba, Cambridge University Press, 2007, 9781139462020, was influenced by English, whereas in the Dutch East Indies, the system devised by C. A. Van Ophuijsen was influenced by Dutch.BOOK,weblink The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society, James N., Sneddon, UNSW Press, 2003, 9780868405988, As a result, in Indonesia, the vowel {{IPAblink|u}} was formerly represented oe, as in Dutch, although the official spelling of this sound was changed to u in 1947 when the Republican Spelling System was used.BOOK,weblink How Languages Work: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, Genetti, Carol, 23 January 2014, Cambridge University Press, 9780521767446, Similarly, until 1972, {{IPAblink|tʃ}} was represented in Malaysia as ch, whereas in Indonesia, it continued to follow Dutch and used tj. Hence the word for 'grandchild' used to be written as ' in Malaysia and ' in Indonesia, until a unified spelling system was introduced in 1972 (known in Indonesia as ' or the 'Perfected Spelling') which removed most differences between the two varieties: Malay ch and Indonesian tj became c: hence '.BOOK,weblink Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay, Jones, Russell, 2007, Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 9786024331740, Indonesia abandoned the spelling dj {{IPAblink|dʒ}} to conform to the j already in use in Malaysia, while the old Indonesian j for the semivowel {{IPAblink|j}} was replaced with y as in Malaysia. Likewise, the velar fricative {{IPAblink|x}} which occurs in many Arabic loanwords, which used to be written 'ch' in Indonesian, became kh in both languages. However, oe was retained in some proper names, such as the name of the former vice-president, Boediono or former minister Mohammad Roem. The ch and dj letter combinations are still encountered in names such as Achmad and Djojo (pronounced as Akhmad and Joyo respectively), although the post-1972 spelling is now favoured.One notable difference in punctuation between the two languages is the use of different decimal marks; Indonesian, influenced by Dutch, uses the decimal comma,Istri Djoko Disebut Beli Rumah Rp 7,1 Miliar, Kompas, 14 June 2013 whereas Malay, influenced by English, uses the decimal point.58 IBO berpotensi jana RM1.9b, Utusan Melayu, 6 June 2013 A glossary of Information Technology terminology, available in English, Indonesian, and Malay, was published to facilitate the comparison and comprehension of language variations among individuals in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei who are seeking assistance and information online.WEB,weblink Glossary of IT and Computer Terms: English-Indonesian-Malay, Kindle KDP Amazon Publishing, 2023, Hary Gunarto, October 7, 2023,

Pronunciation

Pronunciation also tends to be very different, with East Malaysia, Standard Singapore, and Indonesia pronouncing words in a form called Bahasa Baku,BOOK,weblink A grammar of Papuan Malay, Kluge, Angela, 8 July 2016, Language Science Press, 9783944675862, where the words are pronounced as spelled.BOOK,weblink Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction, Velupillai, Viveka, 15 April 2015, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 9789027268846, Moreover, enunciation tends to be clipped, staccato and faster than on the Malay Peninsula, which is spoken at a more languorous pace. Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia, Colloquial Singapore, and Riau Sumatra: ' is pronounced (and was spelt) ', ' as ', etc., and many final a's tend to be pronounced as schwas; {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[o]}} are also allophones of {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian, Colloquial Singaporean and Riau Sumatran varieties of Malay; These pronunciation rules is known as Johor-Riau pronunciation.BOOK,weblink Status Change of Languages, Ammon, Ulrich, Hellinger, Marlis, 1992, Walter de Gruyter, 9783110126686, BOOK,weblink Early History of Penang (Penerbit USM), Salleh, Muhammad, Haji, 27 August 2015, Penerbit USM, 9789838616577, {| class="wikitable" weblink Issues in Language Studies, 8, 2, 10.33736/ils.1521.2019, 213343934, 2180-2726, free, !! style=text-align:center | Example! style=text-align:center | Johor-Riau (Piawai)Pronunciation! style=text-align:center | Northern PeninsularPronunciation! style=text-align:center| Baku & IndonesianPronunciation|⟨a⟩ in final open syllable

⟨kereta⟩	/ə/	/a/	/a/

|⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩

⟨kambing⟩	/e/	/i/	/i/

|⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants

⟨itik⟩	/e/	/e/	/i/

|⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩

⟨tahun⟩	/o/	/u/	/u/

|⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants

⟨lumpur⟩	/o/	/o/	/u/

|final ⟨r⟩

⟨lumpur⟩	silent	/r/	/r/

The names for Latin letters are also of different origins, Indonesian names are from Dutch, while Malaysian Malay names are from English (see Malay-Indonesian alphabet).{|class="wikitable sortable"! width="30%" | Word! width="35%" | (Malaysian) Malay! width="35%" | Indonesian

	/e/./bi/./si/		/a/./be/./t͡ʃe/|}}

Automated teller machine>ATM	{{IPA-ms	}}	{{IPA-id	}}

A minor >	/e/ maj.nÉ™		/a/ mi.nor|}}

Bunga Citra Lestari>BCL	{{IPA-ms	}}	{{IPA-id	}}

BMW >	/bi/./em/./dabəlˈju/		/be/./em/./we/|}}

COD (disambiguation)>COD	{{IPA-ms	}}	{{IPA-id	}}

DNA >	/di/./en/./e/		/de/./en/./a/|}}

E minor >	/i/ maj.nÉ™		/e/ mi.nor|}}

	d͡ʒə.nə.ra.si		ɡe.nə.ra.si|}}

	ɣɑ.ib		ga.ib|}}

High-definition television>HD	{{IPA-ms	}}	{{IPA-id	}}

HDMI >	/het͡ʃ/./di/./em/./aj/		/ha/./de/./em/./i/|}}

HIV >	/het͡ʃ/./aj/./vi/		/ha/./i/./fe/|}}

HRD (disambiguation)>HRD	{{IPA-ms	}}	{{IPA-id	}}

	aj.di.jÉ™		i.de|}}

IMF >	/aj/./em/./ef/		/i/./em/./ef/|}}

	ˈaɪə.lənd		ir.lan.di.ja|}}

Bandung Institute of Technology>ITB	/aj/./ti/./bi/		/i/./te/./be/|}}

Kereta Cepat Indonesia China>KCIC	/ke/./si/./aj/./si/		/ka/./t͡ʃe/./i/./t͡ʃe/|}}

KLIA >	/ke/./el/./aj/./e/		/ka/./el/./i/./a/|}}

	kwa.jər		kor|}}

LGBT >	/el/./d͡ʒi/./bi/./ti/		/el/./ge/./be/./te/|}}

Malaysia >	mə.le.sjə		ma.laj.siʲa|}}

	no.vɛm.bər		no.fɛm.bər|}}

	pro.tin		pro.te.in|}}

Radio Televisyen Malaysia>RTM	{{IPA-ms	}}	{{IPA-id	}}

RCTI >	/a:/./si/./ti/./aj/		/er/./t͡ʃe/./te/./i/|}}

SCTV (TV network) >	/es/./si/./ti/./vi/		/es/./t͡ʃe/./te/./fe/|}}

Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission>SPRM	{{IPA-ms	}}	{{IPA-id	}}

	spe.sis		spe.si.jɛs|}}

	tɛk.no.lo.d͡ʒi		tɛk.no.lo.ɡi|}}

TVRI >	/ti/./vi/./a:/./aj/		/te/./fe/./er/./i/|}}

	ju.kren		u.kraj.na|}}

UNHCR >	/ju/./en/./het͡ʃ/./si/./a:/		/u/./en/./ha/./t͡ʃe/./er/|}}

University of Technology Malaysia>UTM	/ju/./ti/./em/		/u/./te/./em/|}}

WFH >	/dabəlˈju/./ef/./het͡ʃ/		/we/./ef/./ha/|}}

WHO >	/dabəlˈju/./het͡ʃ/./o/		/we/./ha/./o/|}}

WWW >	/dabəlˈju/./dabəlˈju/./dabəlˈju/		/we/./we/./we/|}}

	zi.ləm		si.ləm|}}

	zi.lo.fon		si.lo.fon|}}

Syllabification

{|class="wikitable sortable"! width="30%" | Word! width="35%" | (Malaysian) Malay syllabification! width="35%" | Indonesian syllabification

Loanword source differences

{{More citations needed section|date=February 2024}}Indonesian and Malaysian Malay both differ in the forms of loanwords used due to division of the Malay Archipelago by the Dutch and the British and their long-lasting colonial influences, as a consequence of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824: Indonesian absorbed primarily Dutch loanwords whereas Malaysian Malay absorbed primarily English words. Pronunciation of certain loanwords in Malaysian Malay follows English, while in Indonesian it follows Dutch, for example Malay "" (from English: television) and Indonesian "" (from Dutch: ); the "-syen" and "-si" also prevail in some other words, though "-si" has become more preferred in Malay of late.{{cn|date=February 2024}}Malaysian Malay has also experienced significant conservative pushback as precedent entities that existed within the British sphere made efforts to create words that would fit naturally foreign ideas of governance and thought through a Malay-oriented context. The Pakatan Belajar Mengajar Pengetahuan Bahasa in Johore headed by Abdul Rahman Andak during the 19th century was especially important in introducing neologisms like pejabat ("office", cf. Indonesian kantor from ) and setiausaha ("secretary", cf. Indo sekretaris from ) into the Malay lexicon.BOOK, Sejarah Perancangan Bahasa Melayu di Negeri Johor, Amat Juhari Moain, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2009, 9789836297914, Kuala Lumpur, For example, the word for 'post office' in Malaysia is "" (in Indonesia this means 'post officer'), whereas in Indonesia it is "".There are also some Portuguese influences: in Indonesia, Christmas is known as "", whereas Malaysia uses both "Natal" and "", the latter derived from English. There are also instances where the Malaysian Malay version derives from English pronunciation while the Indonesian version takes its cue from Latin. The Latin preference of the (older) Indonesian intellectuals in these instances may be ascribed to the influence of their classical-oriented education when Gymnasium schools were established during the Dutch colonial period: compare Malaysian Malay ', ', ', ' and ' with Indonesian ', ', ', ' and '.{{cn|date=February 2024}}Some words which are spelt the same in both languages may even carry entirely different meanings in the other language, potentially leading to humorous or embarrassing situations: while ' means "steel" in Indonesian,Arti kata baja. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Retrieved 23 April 2024 in Malaysian Malay it means "fertiliser".Definisi baja. Kamus Dewan. Retrieved 23 April 2024 Also, whereas the Indonesian word ' (from Sundanese ᮘᮥᮒᮥᮂ butuh) means "require" or "need",Arti kata butuh. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Retrieved 23 April 2024 in Malay, it is a vulgar slang term referring to male genitalia.Definisi butuh. Kamus Dewan. Retrieved 23 April 2024 Conversely, where the word "" seems innocuous enough in Malaysia ("census"),Definisi banci. Kamus Dewan. Retrieved 23 April 2024 in Indonesia it is a derogatory term for "transvestite".Arti kata banci. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Retrieved 23 April 2024The relatively large share of Islamic (Arabic or Persian) loan words shared by Malaysian Malay and Indonesian often poses no difficulty in comprehension and usage, although some forms may have developed a (slightly) different meaning or have become obsolete either in Malaysian Malay or in Indonesian, e.g. ', '.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

Influence from English

One of the most important aspect in differences between Malay (Malaysian and Brunei) and Indonesian is the degree of influence from English. Apart from being heavily influenced by the Dutch language, the Indonesian language also adopted a significant number of English loanwords in its vocabulary, although English did not play significant role on the Indonesian language and in fact most of these vocabulary are of Dutch origin – Dutch and English share a similar Germanic origin, and Dutch has also borrowed from Latin, although to a lesser extent than English. There have been many changes in Indonesian as a result of its historical development. Words have been freely borrowed from English and only partly assimilated, in many cases, to the Indonesian patterns of structure.BOOK, Indonesian reference grammar, 2, Roderick Ross Macdonald, 9780878401635, 1976, Georgetown University Press, Georgetown, USA, By the late 1970s, English words began pouring into the language, leading one commentator, writing in 1977, to refer to the "trend towards Indo-Saxonization",The Indonesian Quarterly, Yayasan Proklamasi, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1977 Volume 5, Issues 1–3, page 76 known in Indonesian as '. Many loanwords from English sometimes fulfill no communicative need, expressing concepts adequately covered by existing words. Among the examples are: ' instead of ' (accurate, Dutch ), ' in the place of ' (alliance, Dutch ), ' rather than ' (exist), ' as well as ' (candidate, Dutch ), ' instead of ' (conclusion, Dutch ), ' in the place of ' (contamination, Dutch ), ' rather than ' (opinion, Dutch ) and ' in the place of ' (option, Dutch ).BOOK, A Study of the Evolution of the Malay Language: Social Change and Cognitive Development, 14, Seong Chee Tham, 978-9971691363, 1991, Singapore University Press, Singapore, However, these ' is not directly borrowed from English, but through their cognates in Dutch pronunciations as is heavily influenced by Dutch cognates.

Example

Original text in Indonesian:Antara News – Draghi: Krisis Zona Euro Berisiko "Sistemik" In Malay (Malaysian and Brunei): In English:

Convergence of vocabulary

The rift of evolution between the two languages is based more on political nuance and the history of their formation than on cultural reasons. As a result, views regarding each other's languages differ amongst Malaysians and Indonesians. In Malaysia, the national language is Malay; in Indonesia, it is Indonesian. Malaysians tend to assert that Malay and Indonesian are merely different varieties of the same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate – albeit closely related – languages. The result of this attitude is that the Indonesians feel little need to synchronize their language with Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, whereas the Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language with the Indonesians.WEB,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160304060400weblink">weblink 4 March 2016, Who is Malay?, July 2005, However, both parties have realized that communication benefits from mutually comprehensible and intelligible languages, which motivated efforts to synchronize the languages' development. The effort to synchronize both languages' evolution to increase their mutual intelligibility has been embarked by imposing standard rules of language. This process is headed by Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa on the Indonesian side and Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka as its Malaysian counterpart. Authorities in both Brunei and Singapore generally abide by the Malaysian standard in disputes.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

See also

• Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia
• Malay-Indonesian orthography
• Malay-Indonesian grammar
• Indonesian orthography
• Indonesian slang

References

{{reflist}}

External links

• JOURNAL, Asmah, Haji Omar, The Malay Spelling Reform, Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989, 9–13,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060927160151weblink">weblink 27 September 2006, dead, 2 November 2006,
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120530225650weblink">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. 2008. Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
• WEB, Regina Pasys, Ternyata 4 Negara Ini Mempunya Bahasa yang Mirip dengan Bahasa Indonesia, Sudah Tahu?, Grid Kids,weblink
• Senarai komprehensif perbezaan ejaan Malaysia dan ejaan Indonesia, Hiroki Nomoto, Nahoko Yamashita, Ayano Osaka (orthographic differences between Standard Malay and Indonesian)
• convection era weblink