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Chicago Boys
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{{short description|Chilean economists and political advisors}}{{economic history of Chile}}{{Pinochetism sidebar|expanded=history}}The Chicago Boys were a group of Chilean economists prominent around the 1970s and 1980s, the majority of whom were educated at the Department of Economics of the University of Chicago under Milton Friedman and Arnold Harberger, or at its affiliate in the economics department at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. After they finished their studies and returned to Latin America, they adopted positions in numerous South American governments including the military dictatorship of Chile (1973â1990), as economic advisors. Many of them reached the highest positions within those governments.Naomi Klein, 2007, (The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism) Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher were influenced by Chile’s policies and economic reforms.BOOK, O’Brien, Philip J.,www.worldcat.org/oclc/10830245, Chile, the Pinochet decade : the rise and fall of the Chicago boys, 1983, Latin America Bureau, Jacqueline Roddick, 0-906156-18-1, London, 10830245, - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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History
The term “Chicago Boys” has been used at least as early as the 1980sWEB,www.hoover.org/research/what-latin-america-owes-chicago-boys, What Latin America Owes to the “Chicago Boys”, Gary S. Becker, Hoover Digest. Stanford University, 1997-10-30, 2012-11-14, to describe Latin American economists who studied or identified with the liberal economic theories then taught at the University of Chicago, even though some of them earned degrees at Harvard University or MIT. They advocated widespread deregulation, privatization, and other free market policies for closely controlled economies. The Chicago Boys rose to prominence as leaders of the early reforms initiated in Chile during General Augusto Pinochet’s rule. Milton and Rose Friedman used the term “Chicago Boys” in their memoir: “In 1975, when inflation still raged and a world recession triggered a depression in Chile, General Pinochet turned to the “Chicago Boys”; he appointed several of them to powerful positions in the government.Two Lucky People: Memoirs. Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman. University of Chicago Press, 1998. p. 398.Shock Doctrine and Economic Policies
As the key economic advisors of the Pinochet dictatorship, the Chicago Boys were the forerunners of the economic policies of that government. They sponsored state run policies to decrease national spending, end inflation and promote economic growth. They promoted a policy of strict austerity and cut government expenditures substantially. Free trade agreements and the breakdown of barriers to trade were also promoted to help Chile compete in the world market. They also privatized public companies and used the free market rather than government rule to promote their economic policies. This was part of the neoliberal economic views espoused by Milton Friedman, the ideological backer for their views. Friedman and his connections to the Chicago Boys was highly politicized especially after he received the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1976. The policies are also sometimes referred to as shock therapy based on the fact that they were projected to hurt the economy but overall be beneficial in the long run.JOURNAL, Edwards, Sebastian, Montes, Leonidas, Milton Friedman in Chile: Shock Therapy, Economic Freedom, and Exchange Rates, 2020-02-04,dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837219000397, Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 42, 1, 105â132, 10.1017/s1053837219000397, 214507780, 1053-8372, These policies influenced future governments and organizations tied to the neoliberal economic viewpoint such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and other International Organizations and governments. However, the relations between these organizations were not always close, and rivalry between neoliberal organizations still existed.JOURNAL, Kedar, Claudia, 2017-02-03, The International Monetary Fund and the Chilean Chicago Boys, 1973â7: Cold Ties between Warm Ideological Partners,dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416685895, Journal of Contemporary History, 54, 1, 179â201, 10.1177/0022009416685895, 164694056, 0022-0094, The ideology of free market capitalism and laissez faire economics in conjunction with a strong military rule and total political control is the cornerstone of Pinochetism, in conjunction with a strong anti-communist political platform. These policies and their effects are both highly controversial in Chile and around the World and represent a major divide in Chilean politics to this day.International Influence
The economic success of the Chicago boys was a critical part of bolstering the Pinochet regime abroad. The Chilean miracle as it was called attracted a lot of necessary positive attention for the Pinochet government and allowed Pinochet to exercise political repression without condemnation by economic allies. New policies such as structural adjustment, free trade, and tax cuts became incredibly popular with conservative political groups throughout the western world. These policies eventually spread into the United States and United Kingdom via their conservative leaders. Chile was one of the first countries to embrace these policies and they have since spread in part due to the initial success Chile experienced.Notable Chicago Boys
Chile
Some of them are or were:{{div col}}- Jorge Cauas, Minister of Finance, 1975â1977.
- Sergio de Castro, Minister of Finance, 1977â1982.
- Pablo Baraona, Minister of Economy, 1976â1979.
- José Piñera, Minister of Labor and Pensions, 1978â1980; Minister of Mining, 1980â1981. (Received M.A. and Ph.D. Economics at Harvard.)
- Hernán Büchi, Minister of Finance, 1985â1989. (Received MBA at Columbia University.)
- Alvaro Bardón, President of the Central Bank of Chile; Minister of Economy, 1982â1983.
- Juan Carlos Méndez, Budget Director, 1975â1981.
- Emilio Sanfuentes, Economic advisor to Central Bank of Chile.
- Sergio de la Cuadra, President of the Central Bank of Chile; Minister of Finance, 1982.
- Rolf Lüders, (Minister of Economy, 1982; Minister of Finance, 1982-83)
- Francisco Rosende, Research Manager, Central Bank of Chile, 1985 and 1990; Antitrust Commission, 1999 and 2001; Dean and Professor of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economy of PUC, 1995âpresent.WEB,www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/24, Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile, 2014-01-26, dead,www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/24," title="web.archive.org/web/20151222092930www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/24,">web.archive.org/web/20151222092930www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/24, December 22, 2015,
- Miguel Kast, Minister of Planning, 1978â1980; Labor Minister, 1980â1982; Governor of the Central Bank of Chile, 1982â83.
- MartÃn Costabal, Budget Director, 1987â1989.
- Juan AriztÃa Matte, Pension Superintendent, 1980â1990.
- Maria Teresa Infante, Minister of Labor, 1988â1990.
- Camilo Carrasco Alfonso, General Manager of Central Bank, 1994â2005.
- JoaquÃn LavÃn, Minister of Education, 2010â2011; Minister of Planning, 2011â2013; Mayor of Las Condes, 2016â2021
- Cristián Larroulet Vignau, Chief of Staff of the Finance Minister; member of National Commission for Privatization; Head of Antitrust Commission; Minister of General Secretariat to the Presidency, [SEGPRES] 2010âpresent; Executive Director at Libertad y Desarrollo, a private think tank; Dean and Professor of Economics; Faculty of Business and Economy at Universidad Del Desarrollo (UDD), Santiago, Chile; member of the boards of several public enterprises; member of the Mont Pelerin Society.WEB,www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/23, Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile, 2014-01-26, dead,www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/23," title="web.archive.org/web/20101117172315www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/23,">web.archive.org/web/20101117172315www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/23, November 17, 2010,
- Juan Andrés Fontaine, Minister of Economy, 2010â2011.
- Francisco Perez Mackenna, Chief Executive Officer of Quinenco, one of Chile’s largest conglomerates, with assets of over US$33.1 billion 1998âpresent; Director of many Quinenco group companies, including Banco de Chile, Madeco, CCU, Inversiones y Rentas, LQIF, ECUSA, CCU Argentina and Banchile Corretores de Bolsa, and Advisor to the Board of Vina San Pedro Tarapaca; CEO of CCU, 1991â1998. (Received Business Administration degree from Universidad Catolica de Chile and M.B.A. from University of Chicago.WEB,www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/41, Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile, 2014-01-26, dead,www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/41," title="web.archive.org/web/20101117172551www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/41,">web.archive.org/web/20101117172551www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/41, November 17, 2010,
- Ernesto Fontaine, Professor, Faculty of Economics and Administration, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; returned to Chile financed by the Inter American Development Bank, 1976; chief of the “external financing unit,” the Organization of American States (OAS), where he organized a Technical Assistance Program that trained teams of public officials in Project Preparation and Social Evaluation;WEB,www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/2, Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile, 2014-01-26, dead,www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/2," title="web.archive.org/web/20140222023803www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/2,">web.archive.org/web/20140222023803www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/2, February 22, 2014, World Bank consultant, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); died January 20, 2014, of lung cancer.
- Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, called a “heterodox Chicago Boy“JOURNAL, Chicago Boys en Chile: neoliberalismo, saber experto y el auge de una nueva tecnocracia, Revista mexicana de ciencias polÃticas y sociales, Rumié Rojo, Sebastián Andrés, 64, 235, 10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2019.235.61782, 2019, Spanish, Chicago Boys in Chile: Neoliberalism, Expert Knowledge, and the Rise of a New Technocracy, free, 1887/3152421, free, and an “anti Chicago Boy”.NEWS, Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, el anti Chicago Boy,www.americaeconomia.com/economia-mercados/finanzas/ricardo-ffrench-davis-el-anti-chicago-boy, Bravo Pou, Ximena, 2014-05-26, 2022-02-13, América EconomÃa, Spanish,
Elsewhere in Latin America
Although the largest and most influential group of so-called Chicago Boys was Chilean in origin, there were many Latin American graduates from the University of Chicago around the same period. These economists continued to shape the economies of their respective countries, and include people like Mexico’s Sócrates Rizzo, Francisco Gil DÃaz, Fernando Sanchez Ugarte, Carlos Isoard y Viesca, Argentina’s Ruben D. Almonacid, Adolfo Diz, Roque Fernández, Carlos Alfredo RodrÃguez, Fernando de Santibañes and Ricardo Lopez Murphy, Brazil’s Paulo Guedes, as well as others in Peru, Colombia, Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Panama.See also
- Miracle of Chile
- Berkeley Mafia
- Jeffrey Sachs
- John Perkins
- Augusto Pinochet
- Universidad del Desarrollo
- (The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism|The Shock Doctrine)
References
{{reflist}}Further reading
- Valdés, Juan Gabriel (1995), Pinochet’s Economists: The Chicago School of Economics in Chile, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-45146-9}}
- Constable, Pamela, and Arturo Valenzuela (1991), A Nation Of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet, New York, W.W. Norton. {{ISBN|9780393309850}}
- Fontaine Aldunate, Arturo (1988), “Los Economistas y el Presidente Pinochet”, Zig Zag.
External links
- NPR Planet Money - The Chicago Boys Pt. 1
- NPR Planet Money - The Chicago Boys Pt. 2
- PBS Video clip â Chicago Boys and Pinochet
- Is Chile a Neoliberal Success? analysis of Chicago Boys’ policies in Dollars & Sense magazine 2004
- Forbes Magazine article 2010-3-17
- Audio clip â ‘Chicago Boys’ Leave Lasting Legacy on Chile’s Economy, National Public Radio
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