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{{short description|Belgian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}{{family name hatnote|De Wever|Wever|lang=Dutch}}

factoids

| term_start2 = 19 June 2014| term_end2 = 9 June 2019| term_start3 = 28 June 2010| term_end3 = 7 May 2014Antwerp#City council>Antwerp City Council| term_start4 = 2007| term_end4 = | office5 = Member of the Flemish Parliament| term_start5 = 7 June 2009| term_end5 = 24 May 2014| term_start6 = 6 July 2004| term_end6 = 28 June 2007Senate (Belgium)>Member of the Belgian Senate| term_start7 = 6 July 2010| term_end7 = 9 January 2013| office8 = Member of the Berchem District Council| term_start8 = 1996| term_end8 = 1997| birthname = Bart Albert Liliane De Wever197021|df=y}}| birth_place = Mortsel, Belgium| death_date = | death_place = | party = New Flemish Alliance (2001–present)| spouse = Veerle Hegge| children = 4| residence = Deurne, BelgiumKatholieke Universiteit Leuven>Catholic University of LeuvenPeople's Union (Belgium)>People's Union (Before 2001)| office9 = Member of the Flemish Parliament| term_start9 = 2 October 2019}}Bart Albert Liliane De Wever ({{IPA-nl|ˈbɑrt də ˈʋeːvər|lang}} born 21 December 1970) is a Belgian politician. Since 2004, De Wever has been the leader of the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA), a political party advocating for the independence of Flanders. He is also a member of the Chamber of Representatives. De Wever presided over his party's victory in the 2010 federal elections when N-VA became the largest party in both Flanders and in Belgium as a whole.Since January 2013, he has been Mayor of Antwerp, following the 2012 municipal elections.

Biography

(File:Bart De Wever.JPG|thumb|left|Bart De Wever in 2004)De Wever was born in Mortsel and grew up in Kontich, where his parents Irene and Henri owned a small supermarket. His father had previously worked for a Belgian railway company and was briefly active in the Vlaamse Militanten Orde before becoming a local administrator for the Volksunie.Timmerman, Georges, De politieke roots van Bart De Wever {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018092916weblink |date=2019-10-18 }}, Apache, 14 mei 2013 De Wever's older brother is historian and professor {{ill|Bruno de Wever|nl}}, who teaches at Ghent University. His grandfather had been the secretary of the Flemish National Union, a Flemish far-right party from the interwar period that had been recognised as the ruling party of Flanders during the Nazi occupation of Belgium. However, during an interview, Bart De Wever nuanced his grandfather's past by claiming he had not collaborated with the Nazis.WEB,weblink De politieke roots van Bart De Wever, 14 May 2013, 16 February 2020, nl-NL, 18 October 2019,weblink live, De Wever began studying a law degree at the University of Antwerp, but dropped out before switching to study History at Saint Ignatius University Centre, Antwerp and then the Catholic University of Leuven (KUL), graduating with a licentiate (equivalent of the master's degree) followed by a PhD in History. As a student he was a member of the classical liberal Liberaal Vlaams Studentenverbond (LVSV, Liberal Flemish Students' Union) and the conservative Katholiek Vlaams Hoogstudentenverbond (KVHV, Catholic Flemish Students' Union) of Antwerp and Leuven. He is a former editor-in-chief of the KVHV newspapers Tegenstroom (magazine of KVHV in Antwerp) and Ons Leven (in Leuven). After graduating, he was employed as a research assistant working on the Nieuwe Encyclopedie van de Vlaamse Beweging (New Encyclopedia of the Flemish Movement) and published a biography of controversial Flemish politician Joris Van Severen.De Wever is married to a Dutch national, with whom he has four children. They live together in Deurne.WEB, Bart De Wever en zijn vrouw Veerle ook voor kerk getrouwd,weblink Gazet van Antwerpen, 11 July 2009, 2021-07-24, nl-BE, 2021-07-24,weblink live, WEB, Bart De Wever verwelkomt Mark Rutte in Antwerpen,weblink N-VA, YouTube, 25 June 2021, 24 July 2021, 24 July 2021,weblink live, In 2012, De Wever undertook a crash diet and lost 60 kilos. His physical transformation was noted by the Belgian media and he subsequently published a book advising on weight loss. De Wever has cited marathon running as his main interest outside of politics.WEB,weblink My Favorite Things, Part II, 11 September 2012, 2022-05-22, 2022-08-22,weblink live, In addition to Dutch, De Wever speaks French, English and German.WEB,weblink Het is niet omdat ik Frans leer dat ik België niet meer wil splitsen, www.n-va.be, NL, May 14, 2023,

Political career

De Wever initially started his political career as a member of the Volksunie (People's Union) party, which his father had belonged to, and was elected as a municipal councilor in Berchem for the party. During the ideological splits in the Volksunie, De Wever became part of the so-called Oranjehofgroep along with Frieda Brepoels, Eric Defoort, Ben Weyts and Geert Bourgeois. The Oranjehofgroup was a political clique within the Volksunie composed of right-wing, conservative-liberal and Flemish nationalist members who opposed the left-orientated direction the party was being taken under Bert Anciaux. The members of the Oranjehofgroep would later found the N-VA together. In 2004, he was elected as party leader of the N-VA with 95% of the votes, being the only candidate up for election. Initially, the N-VA had followed the political style of the People's Union by characterizing itself as a big tent party; however, under De Wever's leadership the N-VA took on a conservative identity and has seen a rise in support since.De Wever went through a rough stretch in 2006, when he accepted the conservative-liberal Jean-Marie Dedecker as an N-VA member, causing a split with the CD&V party. In order to reconcile the party, Dedecker had to leave. Although he was extensively criticised, the local N-VA leaders permitted De Wever to remain as N-VA president.In the 2009 regional elections, his party won an unexpectedly high 13% of the votes, making N-VA the overall winner of the elections together with old cartel partner CD&V. N-VA subsequently joined the government,{{clarify|reason=regional or national government?|date=August 2013}} with De Wever choosing to remain party president and appointing two other party members as ministers in the Flemish Government and one party member as speaker of the Flemish Parliament.Under his presidency his party gained around 30% of the votes in Flanders during federal elections held on 13 June 2010. De Wever himself won the most preference votes of the Dutch-speaking region (nearly 800,000).NEWS,weblink Bart De Wever behaalde 785.776 voorkeurstemmen, Knack, Dutch, 4 August 2017, 14 June 2010, 4 August 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170804053452weblink">weblink live, NEWS,weblink De Wever ook koning van de voorkeurstemmen, Het Nieuwsblad, Dutch, 4 August 2017, 13 June 2010, 4 August 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170804052958weblink">weblink live, De Wever visited former British Prime Minister David Cameron at 10 Downing Street on a number of occasions and maintained contact with Boris Johnson during his time as Mayor of London.WEB, Auteur: llo,weblink Bart De Wever praat met eerste minister David Cameron - Het Nieuwsblad, Nieuwsblad.be, 18 October 2012, 2014-07-09, 2014-05-16,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140516194618weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink De Wever has "a good conversation" with Cameron, Deredactie.be, 2011-03-18, 2014-07-09, 2014-07-01,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140701042412weblink">weblink live, After the 2019 federal election, De Wever has shown interest to make a new political centre-right movement. His goal is to reduce the number of political parties in parliament and go to a more American and British style parliament with fractions within larger parties (drawing on the Conservative and Labour and Republican Party and Democratic Party dualism in the UK and USA respectively). De Wever has expressed his desire to attract CD&V, Open VLD and some Vlaams Belang voters. Joachim Coens, former leader of CD&V, supports the idea and argues it would make future government formations easier.In November 2020, he was reelected leader of the N-VA with 96.8% of the votes for a new three-year mandate. This made De Wever the longest serving leader of a Belgian political party.weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20201114122512weblink">Bart De Wever straks 20 jaar voorzitter: is dat “nadelig” voor de N-VA? En welke partijleiders gingen hem voor?VRT Nieuws, 14 november 2020In March 2022, he said during a radio interview that Russian President Vladimir Putin will not end Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, as he is a "psychopath" and a "madman", adding: "[Putin] said: ‘I will squash the Russians who are against me like mosquitoes’. When did I hear that before? I think here, 70 years ago."NEWS, 'Putin is a psychopath': War in Ukraine will not end soon, De Wever warns,weblink The Brussels Times, 17 March 2022, 25 June 2022, 2 May 2022,weblink live, Following the Palestinian attack on Israel on 7 October 2023 and the subsequent 2023 Israel-Hamas conflict, De Wever called for the Belgian Army to be deployed to protect Jewish sites in Antwerp.WEB,weblink Antwerp mayor calls for army deployment to allay Jewish fears, November 2023, 2024-02-28,

2010 Belgian Federal Election

An early election was held on 13 June 2010, resulting in the N-VA winning most votes in the Dutch-speaking areas and the Socialist Party (PS) in French-speaking Belgium. Nationally the two parties were almost even with 27 seats for the N-VA and 26 for the PS, the remaining seats being split between ten other parties. For 541 days after the elections, no agreement could be reached among the parties on a coalition to form a new government and during that period the country continued to be governed by an interim government. On 6 December 2011, the Di Rupo I Government was sworn in.NEWS,weblinkweblink dead, 7 December 2011, New government sworn in at Laken Castle, FlandersNews.be, 6 December 2011, 6 December 2011, De Wever and the N-VA were not included in the makeup of this government.Belgium close to governing coalition after 18-month gap {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220003259weblink |date=2018-12-20 }}, BBC News, December 2011Regarding the 25 May 2014 federal election, PS party leader Elio Di Rupo noted that his party would be unwilling to enter into a dialogue with De Wever and the N-VA regarding forming a new federal government.{{in lang|nl}} In Europe, we are one of the top countries {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513053319weblink |date=2014-05-13 }}, De Standaard, May 2014

Political positions

Politically, De Wever calls himself a conservative and a Flemish nationalistTrouw: "Laat Belgie maar rustig verdampen" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202064706weblink |date=2016-12-02 }}, last seen 8 April 2010. He is an avowed admirer of Edmund Burke and his political philosophy, and has described British conservative writer and social critic Theodore Dalrymple, former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek as influences.WEB,weblink Flemish nationalists tread cautiously on Scottish independence vote, 13 September 2014, 11 August 2020, 9 October 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151009205129weblink">weblink live, De Wever has also written opinion columns and essays for De Morgen and De Standaard which he published as a book titled The Precious Fabric of Society in 2008. Political philosopher Jason Stanley has opined that De Wever is a master of "polite xenophobia",WEB, Filosoof Jason Stanley: 'Bart De Wever is een meester in beleefde xenofobie',weblink De Morgen, 16 January 2021, 17 January 2021, 16 January 2021,weblink live, whereas Belgian political scientist Carl Devos argues that De Wever is to the right of most mainstream Belgian politicians and takes a firmer stance on immigration and integration issues but is not xenophobic or populist.Devos, Carl, Wat De Wever zei was noch populistisch, noch xenofoob. Maar je kan het voor veel minder oneens met hem zijn {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604162903weblink |date=2021-06-04 }}, De Morgen, 31 August 2015 In an interview with Der Spiegel De Wever described himself as opposed to radical politics, arguing "I'm conservative by nature and I don't like adventures."NEWS,weblink 'Belgium Has No Future', Der Spiegel, 16 December 2010, 2023-06-07, As chairman of the N-VA, De Wever supports gradual Flemish secessionism from Belgium and an independent Flanders within a wider democratic European confederation of sovereign states. He has stated "I'm not a revolutionary, and I'm not working toward the immediate end of Belgium" but believes the Belgian state is in a process of coming to an end.NEWS,weblink 'Belgium Has No Future', Der Spiegel, 16 December 2010, 2023-06-07, He has argued that the French-speaking parties, particularly the Socialist Party, have blocked meaningful reforms for the country, and that opposition to financial transfers from Flanders as solidarity to Wallonia has increased Flemish nationalism, and that an independent Flanders would be able to regulate its own taxation and business policies. He has also stated "it's also a matter of our national and cultural identity. Saying that seems outmoded today. The embodiment of the modern age is the "global citizen," who is as mobile, flexible and rich as possible. In reality, most people are afraid of globalization and are asking themselves the question: Where exactly do I belong? This is no different in Flanders."NEWS,weblink 'Belgium Has No Future', Der Spiegel, 16 December 2010, 2023-06-07, De Wever has also spoken in favour of the Greater Netherlands concept in which Flanders and the Netherlands can potentially be united into the same country or under a federal agreement, arguing that Dutch and Flemings are "the same people separated by the same language."WEB, De 11 julivragen van Bart De Wever,weblink N-VA, YouTube, 11 July 2021, 24 July 2021, 24 July 2021,weblink live, Professor of digital media and politics Ico Maly has argued that De Wever's political communication consists of the following ideological components: Flemish nationalism neoliberalism and counter-enlightenment. According to professor Maly, De Wever pays lip service to the central concepts of enlightenment (for example the concept of equality and freedom). According to Maly, De Wever argues for a culturally homogeneous nation preserved with the existing order. Newcomers can join the community if they subscribe to the identity of that ethnic nation and if they promote and maintain the moral order. In concrete terms, this means that both democracy and the Enlightenment values of freedom and equality are subordinated to the nation. De Wever therefore stands up for the particular and against the universal, against a cosmopolitan morality. For example, equality between men and women is seen in a migration context as the 'foundation of our society', even though the N-VA opposes its enforcement. Quotas are a form of discrimination and are therefore not legitimate. The current anti-discrimination law go too far. Similarly, De Wever defends religious freedom not as a freedom that applies to everyone on the territory, including Muslims, but as a 'value of ours' that is used to distinguish it from 'their values'. For N-VA, migrants should limit 'their culture', especially if it is 'ostentatious', to private space. That is what N-VA advocates, the priority of 'our culture'. The freedom of religious practice is especially important when it comes to 'our religion'.BOOK,weblink Maly, 2012, N-VA: analyse van een politieke ideologie., Ico, 2022-08-21, 2022-01-24,weblink live, De Wever has expressed criticism of the cordon sanitaire placed on the Vlaams Belang (VB) party, describing it as undemocratic and counterproductive. He was previously critical of its Vlaams Blok predecessor, claiming that he had resisted offers to join the party and in 2010 argued that the radical right-wing populist stances of the Vlaams Blok had harmed the image of the Flemish movement.NEWS,weblink 'Belgium Has No Future', Der Spiegel, 16 December 2010, 2023-06-07, However, following the 2019 Belgian federal election, De Wever stated that he was considering breaking the Cordon to include the VB as a potential coalition partner. Although De Wever and the N-VA held official talks with the VB in 2019, they ultimately did not form an agreement.WEB,weblink Belgium's 'Black Sunday' sees far-right surge, threatens new government crisis, Euractive, 27 May 2019, 18 October 2019, en-GB, 24 September 2019,weblink live, WEB,weblink Belgium's far-right not ruled out of potential coalition, The Brussels Times, 27 May 2019, 18 October 2019, en-GB, 28 May 2019,weblink live, In 2023, De Wever stated that he would rather enter a governing coalition with the VB than with the Workers' Party of Belgium, when asked about the rise of both parties in polls, describing the latter as "communists." In the same interview, De Wever also said that he had previously been hesitant to work with the Vlaams Belang due to the beliefs of certain individuals within the party but he would now form a Flemish nationalist coalition and government with the VB if it distanced itself from extremism.WEB,weblink 'If Vlaams Belang cleans its act, why not?': De Wever hints at Flemish nationalist coalition, 2023-06-07, However, that same year De Wever partially retreated from the idea of forming a coalition with the VB, citing his concerns about some of the members of the party and the recent accusation of Chinese espionage scandals with a VB politician.WEB,weblink N-VA rules out partnership with Vlaams Belang over Chinese espionage fears, He makes the N-VA the most liberal of the major Belgian parties on economic issues. The defense of entrepreneurship is one of the key points of his program, and he is committed to opposing all tax increases and reducing public spending, particularly in the social sphere. He also wants to limit unemployment benefits over time, abolish early retirement pensions, raise the retirement age and reduce the number of civil servants. He also proposes to transfer certain tax and social security powers to the regions.WEB,weblink Bart de Wever, le plus libéral,

Controversies

File:Herman Van Rompuy at the Belgian Chamber of Representatives - 20081205.jpg|thumb|Former Prime Minister of Belgium Herman Van Rompuy in the Belgian Chamber of RepresentativesBelgian Chamber of RepresentativesIn 1996, he was photographed attending a conference held by the French extreme-right Front National leader Jean-Marie Le Pen.Pierre Gilissen, La photo qui énerve Bart de Wever {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012004659weblink |date=2010-10-12 }}, Le Soir, 31 August 2007. De Wever justified his attendance by arguing {{cn-span|that "in a democracy everyone should have the right to express his opinion, even if it's an opinion I detest. And I always prefer to get my information first hand than to get it in a filtered way."|date=October 2022}}In October 2007, in reaction to the apology of the Mayor of Antwerp for his city's collaboration in the deportation of Jews during World War II, Bart De Wever said that: He later issued an apology to representatives of Antwerp's Jewish community.Flemish nationalist politician apologizes to Antwerp Jews {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101035528weblink |date=November 1, 2007 }}, European Jewish Press, October 2007. Following these events, in an op-ed published in Le Monde, the Belgian French-speaking writer Pierre Mertens claimed that Bart De Wever was a "convinced negationist leader". De Wever sued Mertens for this allegation.{{in lang|nl}} Le Soir daagt De Wever uit {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328012459weblink |date=2010-03-28 }}, De Standaard, 8 July 2008.(fr) Bart de Wever attaque Pierre Mertens {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611092052weblink |date=2011-06-11 }}, La Dernière Heure, 8 July 2008.In July 2016, he called Angela Merkel personally responsible for the "mess she, herself has created" in relation to the 2016 terrorist attacks in Germany. On the radio channel Radio 1, he claimed that Angela Merkel should have led a European military coalition against ISIS/ISIL in 2015, that she was not a true leader, and insinuated that she could have partially prevented the attacks.NEWS,weblink De Wever: "Merkel heeft deze puinhoop zelf veroorzaakt". Wir schaffen das, De Morgen, 28 July 2016, 28 July 2016, 29 July 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160729162724weblink">weblink live, De Wever was criticized for this by the leader of the SP.A, John Crombez, who said that he should be ashamed for the claim that Merkel would be the cause of the "great problems in Europe". De Wever's remarks were also countered by other Belgian politicians,NEWS,weblink 'Wereldleider met grootste ballen is een vrouw'. Ook positieve geluiden vanuit Belgische politiek na Merkels 'Wir schaffen das', De Standaard, 28 July 2016, 28 July 2016, 29 July 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160729165748weblink">weblink live, as well as by a Flemish journalist.NEWS,weblink Merkel heeft meer lef dan alle andere Europese staatsleiders samen, Koen, Fidal, De Morgen, 28 July 2016, 28 July 2016, 29 July 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160729140420weblink">weblink live, De Wever also claimed that Merkel had caused the rise of Donald Trump, Geert Wilders and Marine Le Pen.NEWS,weblink De Wever: 'Merkel heeft weg geplaveid voor Trump, Wilders en Le Pen', De Standaard, Vluchtelingencrisis, 28 July 2016, 28 July 2016, 29 July 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160729160802weblink">weblink live, In a 2019 interview with Flemish newspaper De Zondag, De Wever argued that mass migration was impacting on identity, enlightenment and integration, and that immigrants from Muslim backgrounds were more likely to force their beliefs in public over other religious groups, stating "I have not yet seen an Orthodox Jew who wants a counter function in Antwerp. They avoid conflict. That is the difference. Muslims do claim a place in public space, in education, with their outward signs of faith. That creates tensions" while arguing that he supports freedom of religion and worship. He also accused the left of cultural relativism, claiming "The same left that set bras on fire in May '68 is now embracing the headscarf as a symbol of equality. I find that very strange. They wanted to destroy Christianity, but they accept everything about Islam. I call that submission."WEB,weblink N-VA-voorzitter Bart de Wever (47): "Joden vermijden conflicten. Dat is het verschil met moslims", 18 March 2018, 22 August 2021, 22 August 2021,weblink live, De Wever's comments were criticised by Socialist Party politician Paul Magnette, who called them "a form of racism." Magnette's comments were in turn refuted by De Wever and N-VA minister Jan Jambon.WEB,weblink Belgian right-wing party fends off racism accusations, 19 March 2018, 22 August 2021, 22 August 2021,weblink live, During a commemoration for the victims of the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel in Antwerp, De Wever stated "there is only one side to choose: that is the side of Israel, the side of democracy and the side of light. Against the forces of tyranny, against the forces of darkness. We know that they have a long arm: the long arm of Tehran, of Hezbollah, of Hamas, which reaches into the streets of Europe." After the speech received some criticism from other Antwerp politicians such members of Vooruit and Groen leader Meyrem Almaci who claimed that both sides should respect human rights, De Wever stated "I have taken sides against terror and against Hamas" and stated that while he supports peaceful demonstrations in support of Palestinians, the war had also imported ethnic and sectarian conflicts in Belgium. Vooruit politician Tom Meeuws and deputy Alderman of Antwerp also supported De Wever's speech.WEB,weblink Antwerp mayor calls for army deployment to allay Jewish fears, November 2023, 2024-02-28, WEB,weblink De Wever takes Israel's side and receives criticism: 'A mayor could also try to reconcile', 2024-02-28,

Death threats and illness

In December 2013, the Belgian newspaper Het Laatste Nieuws received a bullet in the post with a letter addressed to Bart De Wever, apparently from a communist extremist. De Wever received police protection.WEB, Michael Torfs,weblink Het Laatste Nieuws receives bullet for Bart De Wever, Deredactie.be, 6 December 2013, 2014-07-09, 2014-05-08,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140508222952weblink">weblink live, In November 2013, De Wever was admitted to hospital with severe anxiety and chest pains.WEB, Michael Torfs,weblink Bart De Wever hospitalised, Deredactie.be, 2013-11-21, 2014-07-09, 2014-05-09,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140509001447weblink">weblink live, He was readmitted into an intensive care unit in February 2014, with a severe lung infection.WEB,weblink Bart De Wever ligt opnieuw in het ziekenhuis, Demorgen.be, 2014-02-13, 2014-07-09, nl,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140510040537weblink">weblink 2014-05-10, dead,

Panda suits

In March 2014, Bart De Wever made a live appearance at the Flemish television awards, dressed in a panda suit; a reference to a decision by the Di Rupo government to import two pandas ({{ill|Hao Hao and Xing Hui|nl|Hao Hao en Xing Hui}}) at a cost per panda greater than the legal maximum director's salary in Belgium.WEB,weblink Panda De Wever valt van podium | VTM NIEUWS, Nieuws.vtm.be, 2014-03-15, 2014-07-09, nl, 2014-07-24,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140724071023weblink">weblink live, WEB, Anja Otte,weblink Fifth column: Bring in the pandas | Flanders Today, Flanderstoday.eu, 2014-07-09, 2014-03-23,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140323140143weblink">weblink live, Nevertheless, because those pandas were initially gifts from the People's Republic of China, Di Rupo thought of it as impolite to refuse.NEWS, Belga, Le prêt des pandas à Pairi Daiza : un coût de 10 millions,weblink 29 July 2014, Le soir, 21 February 2014, fr, 12 March 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140312141514weblink">weblink live,

Publications

• 2023: About Woke (Borgerhoff & Lamberigts)
• 2021: Do Civilizations Collide? with {{interlanguage link|Khalid Benhaddou|nl}}
• 2018: About Identity (Borgerhoff & Lamberigts)
• 2011: Freedom and Integrity with Theodore Dalrymple (Pelckmans)
• 2011: ''Workable Values (Pelckmans)
• 2008: The Precious Fabric of Society. Five years of Social Criticism (Pelckmans)

References

{{Reflist|2}}

External links

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