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{{Short description|American political scientist}}{{more citations needed|date=October 2014}}

factoids

| birth_place = New York, New York, U.S.19971012|19}}Los Angeles, California>Los Angeles, U.S.Balance of terror>The Delicate Balance of TerrorweblinkMilitary strategy>Military strategist System theory>Systems theorist}}| alma_mater = City College of New York Columbia University| spouse = Roberta Wohlstetter (née Morgan)| children = Joan Wohlstetter-Hall}}Albert James Wohlstetter (December 19, 1913 – January 10, 1997) was an American political scientist noted for his influence on U.S. nuclear strategy during the Cold War. He and his wife Roberta Wohlstetter, an accomplished historian and intelligence expert, received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Ronald Reagan on November 7, 1985.

Early life and education

Albert Wohlstetter was born on 19 December 1913, the fourth and youngest child of Philip Wohlstetter and Nellie (née Friedman). His paternal grandparents were cosmopolitan Jews who immigrated to the United States from the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Albert’s father, Philip, was born in the United States about twenty years later.{{sfn|Charles Wohlstetter|1997|p=1}} Albert’s older siblings were William (1902–1967), Helene (1906–1974) and Charles (1910–1995). Albert’s brother Charles was an accomplished businessman who would help Albert get his start as a young man. Charles also employed Helene at one of his companies, ConTel, where she was killed in a shooting by a disgruntled employee in 1974.{{sfn|Zarate|2009|p=66}}The Wohlstetters lived in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan. After attending the City College of New York, Philip Wohlstetter became an attorney and served as chief counsel to the Metropolitan Opera. In 1912, he founded one of the early phonograph companies, the Rex Talking Machine Corporation. Luminaries of the performance world were regular guests in the Wohlstetter home. The Rex company was taken over and its Wilmington, Delaware factory converted to war production during World War I. Philip died of a heart attack in 1918 when Albert was four years old.{{sfn|Charles Wohlstetter|1997|p=2}}

City College of New York

Wohlstetter started at City College of New York in 1931 through a scholarship in modern dance, earning a B.A. in 1934. At the time he was involved in radical politics, and was a member of the League for a Revolutionary Workers Party, a Trotskyist splinter group, in the mid-1930s.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=GqZ_JSy-QOkC&q=%22Albert+Wohlstetter%22+revolutionary+workers&pg=PA100, They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons, 9780307472489, Heilbrunn, Jacob, 6 January 2009,

Columbia University

Wohlstetter started at Columbia Law School on a fellowship in 1934. It was in a class there that he met Roberta Morgan. Wohlstetter was bored by law school and left the program after only one year. He stayed at Columbia to pursue a Ph.D. in mathematical logic and the philosophy of science where he studied under Abraham Wald and was a peer of Jacob Wolfowitz.{{sfn|Richardson|2009|p=98}} After a thesis titled Language and Empiricism earned him an M.A. in June 1937, several fellowships allowed him to work on his dissertation. He had a fellowship with the Social Science Research Council on a project to incorporate modern mathematical methods into economics and business cycle research. From 1941 to 1942 he was a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research.{{sfn|Zarate|2009|p=8}}In August 1942 the Wohlstetters vacationed with Dwight Macdonald, one of the editors of Partisan Review, and his wife, Nancy in Nantucket.BOOK, Wreszin, Michael, 1994, A Rebel In Defense of Tradition: The Life and Politics of Dwight Macdonald, New York, HarperCollins, 113, 0-465-01739-8, He left Columbia’s graduate program to work for the U.S. government on war planning during World War II and never completed his doctorate.

Early career

During the Second World War, Wohlstetter worked on problems of war production. He was first hired by the Planning Committee of the War Production Board. It is unclear how he ended up there. In an interview, Wohlstetter says that while on the Carnegie associateship with NBER, Simon Kuznets was hired by Robert R. Nathan and it was Kuznets who hired Wohlstetter.{{sfn|Wohlstetter|30 January 1986|p=1}} Albert’s brother Charles recounts that it was Arthur F. Burns who gave Albert the job.{{sfn|Charles Wohlstetter|1997|p=116}}Later he worked at Atlas Aircraft Products Company.After the war, Wohlstetter worked briefly in business in New York.{{sfn|Kaplan|1983|p=96}} He moved back to Washington, D.C. to serve as the Director of Programs for the National Housing Agency (USHA) in 1946 and 1947, the only time in his career he was a federal employee.{{harvnb|Mukherjee|Jacobs|Porfirenko|Bulatoff|2001|p=3}}; {{harvnb|Zarate|2009|p=66}}; {{harvnb|Herken|1985|p=89}} At the USHA Wohlstetter worked with Paul Weidlinger, an engineer who had worked during the war for an aircraft company owned by Albert’s brother, Charles, designing modular buildings such as airplane hangars that could be assembled quickly. At the USHA Wohlstetter and Weidlinger worked on applying such principles to domestic residential buildings.{{sfn|Kaplan|1983|p=96}}During the 1937–1938 school year, Roberta had worked as a teaching assistant at the University of Southern California, during which time she became enamored with the California lifestyle.{{sfn|Robin|2016|pp=47, 49}} At her urging, and with his brother Charles helping to secure a job for Albert, the Wohlstetters moved to Santa Monica in 1947. Albert went to work for the General Panel Corporation to “tool up” their industrial plant. General Panel Corporation was a company founded by Walter Gropius and Konrad Wachsmann, two important figures in the Bauhaus movement.{{sfn|Wohlstetter|29 July 1987|p=2}}

RAND Corporation

While on a walk, Albert and Roberta ran into Abe Girschick, Olaf Helmer and Chen McKinsey on the street in Santa Monica. Albert knew the three from his days as a student and in government service.{{sfn|Kaplan|1983|p=97}} The three mathematicians “... were overjoyed to see us. Mathematical logic was a very, very small world. There were only a little over a dozen mathematical logicians before the war in the United States ...“{{sfn|Wohlstetter|29 July 1987|pp=1–2}} Girschick, Helmer and McKinsey were working at the recently formed RAND Corporation. With their help, Hans Speier, the head of the RAND social science division, hired Roberta, initially to write book abstracts for circulation to the RAND staff.{{harvnb|Robin|2016|pp=50–53}}; {{harvnb|Abella|2008|pp=78–79}} When General Panel Corporation finally went out of business in 1951, Albert wanted to return to academia in the east, but Roberta was intent on remaining in California.{{sfn|Robin|2016|pp=50–51}} She set up a meeting between Albert and Charles J. Hitch, the head of the RAND economics department. The two hit it off and Wohlstetter was brought on as a consultant to the Mathematics Department.{{sfn|Zarate|2009|p=9}}Wohlstetter remained a consultant with RAND for the first few years. It was not until June or July 1953, a few months after he began briefing Selection and Use of Strategic Air Bases to the Air Force that Hitch finally insisted that his consultant status was “absurd” and that he join the permanent staff.{{sfn|Wohlstetter|29 July 1987|p=4}}At RAND, he researched how to posture and operate U.S. strategic nuclear forces to deter plausible forms of Soviet nuclear-armed aggression in way that was credible, cost-effective and controllable.See Albert Wohlstetter, et al., Selection and the Use of Strategic Air Bases, a report prepared for United States Air Force Project RAND, R-266 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, April 1954); Wohlstetter, et al., U.S. Power to Strike Back in the 1950s and 1960s, staff report, R-290 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, September 1, 1956); and Wohlstetter, “The Delicate Balance of Terror,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 37, No. 2 (January 1959), pp. 211-234.Wohlstetter’s The Delicate Balance of Terror (1958) was highly influential in shaping the thinking of the Washington foreign policy establishment, particularly in its emphasis on the looming threat of Soviet attack.Andrew Bacevich, ‘Tailors to the Emperor’, New Left Review 69, May–June 2011, p. 108 weblinkDuring this period, Wohlstetter’s relationship with fellow RAND strategist Bernard Brodie grew increasingly acrimonious. In 1963, Brodie accused Wohlstetter of a security violation and financial malfeasance. Wohlstetter had shared a draft RAND paper by Constantin Melnik with Henry Rowen, then one of the Whiz Kids working as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs under Robert McNamara. Brodie also claimed that Wohlstetter was extravagant in wining and dining clients and colleagues using RAND funds. Wohlstetter defended himself by pointing out that the Melnik paper was only a “D” designated document, RAND’s lowest level classification, and as a former RAND employee who had collaborated extensively with Wohlstetter on some of his most important studies, Rowen was authorized to receive the paper. Nevertheless, RAND Director Frank Collbohm demanded that Wohlstetter submit his resignation. When Wohlstetter refused, Collbohm fired him, but agreed to let Wohlstetter stay on at RAND long enough to find another job.{{harvnb|Robin|2016|p=97}}; {{harvnb|Abella|2008|pp=196–194}}

University of Chicago

At the suggestion of Hans Morgenthau and with his help, Wohlstetter secured a position as a professor of political science at the University of Chicago.{{sfn|Zarate|2009|p=31}}In the 1960s and 1970s, he expanded the scope of his research to include alliance policy and nuclear nonproliferation,See Albert Wohlstetter, “Nuclear Sharing: NATO and the N+1 Country,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 39, No. 3 (April 1961), pp. 355-387. ballistic missile defense,See Albert Wohlstetter, “The Case for Strategic Force Defense,” in Johan Jørgen Holst and William Schneider, Jr., eds., Why ABM? Policy Issues in the Missile Defense Controversy (New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1969), pp. 119-142. innovation in military technology,See D. A. Paolucci, Summary Report of the Long Range Research and Development Planning Program (LRRDPP), DRAFT, February 7, 1975, declassified on December 31, 1983. peacetime military competitions,See Albert Wohlstetter, “Racing Forward? Or Ambling Back?,” in Robert Conquest, ed., Defending America (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1977). and military potential and economics of civil nuclear energy.See Albert Wohlstetter, et al., Moving Toward Life in a Nuclear Armed Crowd?, final report prepared for the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in fulfillment of ACDA/PAB-263, PH76-04-389-14 (Los Angeles, CA: PAN Heuristics, December 4, 1975 [revised April 22, 1976]); and Wohlstetter, et al., Swords from Plowshares: The Military Potential of Civilian Nuclear Energy (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1979).In the 1980s, Wohlstetter frequently criticized proponents of mutual assured destruction who supported targeting of nuclear weapons on civilians and cities instead over enemy combatants and military forces.See Albert Wohlstetter, “Bishops, Statesmen, and Other Strategists on the Bombing of Innocents,” Commentary, Vol. 75, No. 6 (June 1983), pp. 15-35; Wohlstetter, “Between an Unfree World and None: Increasing Our Choices,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 63, No. 5 (Summer 1985), pp. 962-994; and Wohlstetter, “Swords Without Shields,” The National Interest, No. 9 (Summer 1987), pp. 31-57. In 2003, two French journalists {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405025210www.informationclearinghouse.info/article2978.htm |date=2005-04-05 }} writing for Le Monde (Paris) tried to summarize Wohlstetter’s ideas on nuclear strategy. They wrote that Wohlstetter: {{blockquote|was at the origin of the rethinking of the traditional doctrine known as ‘mutual assured destruction’ (MAD, in its English acronym), which was the basis for nuclear deterrence. According to this theory, two blocs capable of inflicting upon each other irreparable damages would cause leaders to hesitate to unleash the nuclear fire. For Wohlstetter and his pupils, MAD was both immoral -- because of the destruction inflicted on civilian populations -- and ineffective: it led to the mutual neutralization of nuclear arsenals. No statesman endowed with reason, and in any case no American president, would decide on ‘reciprocal suicide.’ Wohlstetter proposed on the contrary a ‘graduated deterrence,’ i.e. the acceptance of limited wars, possibly using tactical nuclear arms, together with ‘smart’ precision-guided weapons capable of hitting the enemy’s military apparatus. He criticized the politics of nuclear arms limitations conducted together with Moscow. It amounted, according to him, to constraining the technological creativity of the United States in order to maintain an artificial equilibrium with the USSR.}}Wohlstetter and his wife, Roberta Wohlstetter, also counseled both Democratic and Republican administrations, including advisers to President John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.On February 25, 1963, the Wohlstetters published “Studies for a Post-Communist Cuba.” See Albert and Roberta Wohlstetter, Studies for a Post-Communist Cuba, D(L)-11060-ISA (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, February 25. 1963). They received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Ronald Reagan on November 7, 1985.During his long career, Wohlstetter also taught at UCLA and the University of California, Berkeley, in the early 1960s. From 1964 to 1980, he taught in the political science department of the University of Chicago, and chaired the dissertation committees of Paul Wolfowitz, Efraim Inbar and Zalmay Khalilzad. He is often credited with influencing a number of prominent members of the neoconservative movement,See Craig Unger, The Fall of the House of the Bush, London: Pocket Books, 2008, p. 42. “Thanks in large part to Wohlstetter, to his methodology, his demeanor, his political know-how, proto-neocons learned how to turn their ideas into political action.” including Richard Perle (who, as a teenager, dated Wohlstetter’s daughter Joan).Unger, 2008, p. 42. He is the uncle of John Wohlstetter, author of Sleepwalking with the Bomb and The Long War Ahead and The Short War Upon Us.WEB,www.discoveryinstitutepress.com/the-long-war-ahead/reviews.php, Reviews: Praise for The Long War Ahead, 2014-05-04, dead,www.discoveryinstitutepress.com/the-long-war-ahead/reviews.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20140504225701www.discoveryinstitutepress.com/the-long-war-ahead/reviews.php,">web.archive.org/web/20140504225701www.discoveryinstitutepress.com/the-long-war-ahead/reviews.php, 2014-05-04,

Death

On 16 December 1996, his 83rd birthday, Wohlstetter was not feeling well. He and Roberta thought he was just ill or having an asthma attack. Over the telephone from New York their daughter Joan reviewed the symptoms for a heart attack and told Roberta to call an ambulance. Albert made a fuss, not wanting to go to the emergency room. At the hospital he was diagnosed as having had a serious heart attack and was discharged home with around-the-clock nursing care. In the living room he set up a makeshift chair that allowed him to partially recline so he could continue to work. A month later, on 10 January 1997, Wohlstetter died at his Laurel Canyon home.{{harvnb|Abella|2008|pp=301–302}}; {{harvnb|Pace|14 January 1997}}A memorial was held at the office of the RAND Corporation{{sfn|Abella|2008|p=302}} and a month later Senator Jon Kyl and special guest Richard Perle conducted a brief remembrance in the Senate chamber.{{sfn|Kyl|Perle|6 February 1997}} Albert Wohlstetter is buried at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. Roberta Wolstetter died on 6 January 2007.

Awards

File:1985-Nov-7-Wohlstetter-Nitze-Medal-of-Freedom-C31804-20.tif|thumb|upright=1.35|right|President Ronald Reagan presents Albert and Roberta Wohlstetter and Paul Nitze with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The East Room of the White House, Washington, D.C., 7 November 1985. Photograph by Peter J. Souza, courtesy of the Ronald Reagan Presidential LibraryRonald Reagan Presidential LibraryHe was twice awarded the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service, first by Robert McNamara in February 1965 and again by Donald Rumsfeld in November 1976. He is the first recipient not employed by the Department of Defense and the first person awarded it twice.{{sfn|Marshall|Martin|Rowen|1991|p=320}}On 7 November 1985 President Reagan awarded Albert Wohlstetter, along with his wife Roberta Wohlstetter and Paul Nitze, the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Legacy

The Albert J. and Roberta Wohlstetter Papers are available at the Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford University.

In popular culture

Wohlstetter served as one of the inspirations for Stanley Kubrick’s film, (Dr. Strangelove|Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb). In 1962, Kubrick was looking for his next project after Lolita and started reading intensively on nuclear issues. One of Kubrick’s early ideas was to make a realistic thriller, titled after Wohlstetter’s “Delicate Balance of Terror”. But Kubrick could not conceive of a realistic scenario for an accidental nuclear war, so turned instead to the idea of making a comedy. The character of Dr. Strangelove is a composite of numerous people associated with RAND that besides Wohlstetter included Herman Kahn, John von Neumann, Wernher von Braun, and Edward Teller.{{sfn|Menand|27 June 2005}}

References

File:1988-Jan-12-Ikle-Wohlstetter-Commission-C44746-9.tif|thumb|upright=1.35|right|The Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy meets with President Reagan to discuss their report, Discriminate Deterrence. Members of the commission on the left side of the table (clockwise from the bottom of the photograph to the top): Gen. Bernard Schriever, former Commander, Air Force Systems Command; Judge William P. Clark, former National Security Adviser; Ambassador Anne Armstrong, chairperson, President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board; Gen. John Vessey, former Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff; Albert Wohlstetter; Fred Iklé, former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy; Zbigniew Brzezinski, former National Security Adviser; Gen. Andrew J. Goodpaster, former NATO Supreme Allied Commander; W. Graham Claytor, Jr., former Secretary of the Navy and Deputy Secretary of Defense; Samuel P. Huntington, Director, Center for International Affairs, Harvard University; Admiral James L. Holloway III, former Chief of Naval Operations (Commission members not present: Henry A. Kissinger, former National Security Adviser and Secretary of State; Joshua Lederberg, Professor of molecular genetics and informatics and President of Rockefeller University). The President and staff, right side of table, (top to bottom): National Security Adviser Colin Powell; President Ronald Reagan; Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci (obstructed); Chief of Staff Howard Baker. White House Cabinet Room, Washington, D.C., 12 January 1988. Photograph by William Fitz-Patrick, courtesy of the (Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]]. The Commission held a press briefing later that day at the Pentagon which is available via C-SPAN.){{reflist|40em}}

Bibliography

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Works by Wohlstetter

For a more complete list of the works of Albert Wohlstetter, see the Albert Wohlstetter Bibliography at the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center’s AlbertWohlstetter.com website.

Government and research institute reports

• REPORT, Wohlstetter, Albert J., Hoffman, Fred S., Lutz, R. J., Rowen, Henry S., April 1954, R-266: Selection and Use of Strategic Air Bases,www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R0266.html, Santa Monica, Calif., The RAND Corporation,
• REPORT, Wohlstetter, Albert J., Hoffman, Fred S., Rowen, Henry S., 1 September 1956, R-290: Protecting U.S. Power to Strike Back in the 1950s and 1960s,albertwohlstetter.com/writings/19560901-AW-EtAl-R290.pdf, Santa Monica, Calif., The RAND Corporation,
• REPORT, Wohlstetter, Albert, 6 November 1958, Revised December 1958, P-1472: The Delicate Balance of Terror,www.rand.org/about/history/wohlstetter/P1472/P1472.html, Santa Monica, Calif., RAND,
• REPORT, Wohlstetter, Albert, Rowen, Henry, 1 May 1959, RM-2373: Objectives of the United States Military Posture,albertwohlstetter.com/writings/19590501-AW-Rowen-RM2373.pdf, Santa Monica, Calif., The RAND Corporation,
• REPORT, Acheson, Dean, March 1961, A Review of North Atlantic Problems for the Future,www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKNSF-329-015.aspx, Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. National Security Files. Meetings and Memoranda. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, JFKNSF-329-015, 29 March 2017,
• REPORT, Wohlstetter, Albert, Coleman, Sinclair, October 1970, Race Differences in Income: A Report Prepared for the Office of Economic Opportunity (R-578-OEO),www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2006/R578.pdf, Santa Monica, Calif., The Rand Corporation,
• REPORT, Wohlstetter, Albert, Brown, Thomas, Jones, Gregory, McGarvey, David, Raab, Robert, Steiner, Arthur, Wohlstetter, Roberta, Wurtele, Zivia, 14 January 1975, The Strategic Competition: Perceptions and Response; Final Report for the Director of Defense Research and Engineering (Net Technical Assessment),albertwohlstetter.com/writings/StrategicCompetition/, Los Angeles, Calif., PAN Heuristics, DAHC 15-73-C-0137,
• REPORT, Paolucci, D.A., 7 February 1975, Summary Report of the Long Range Research and Development Planning Program,albertwohlstetter.com/writings/LRRDPP/, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and Defense Nuclear Agency, DNA-75-03055,
• REPORT, Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy, January 1988, Discriminate Deterrence: Report of the Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy,catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007172725, Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office, 614499698,

Essays

• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, April 1936, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=April 1936 |title=The Structure of the Proposition and the Fact |journal=Philosophy of Science |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=167–184 |jstor=184344 |doi=10.1086/286411 |s2cid=119746272}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, White, Fall 1939, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |last2=White |first2=Morton Gabriel |date=Fall 1939 |title=Who Are the Friends of Semantics? |journal=Partisan Review |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=50–57}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, January 1959, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=January 1959 |title=The Delicate Balance of Terror |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=211–234 |doi=10.2307/20029345 |jstor=20029345}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, April 1961, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=April 1961 |title=Nuclear Sharing: NATO and the N+1 Country |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=355–387 |doi=10.2307/20029495 |jstor=20029495}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, April 1963, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=April 1963 |title=Scientists, Seers and Strategy |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=466–478 |doi=10.2307/20029633 |jstor=20029633}}
• BOOK, Wohlstetter, Albert, Quade, Edward S., Analysis for Military Decisions, Chicago, Ill., Rand McNally & Co., 1964, 103–148, Analysis and Design of Conflict Systems,www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R0387.html, 299738722,
• BOOK, Wohlstetter, Albert, Gilpin, Robert, Wright, Christopher, Scientists and National Policy-Making, Columbia University Press, 1964, 174–239, Strategy and the Natural Scientists, 769999212,
• {{Citation |ref={{sfnref|Wohlstetter|Wohlstetter|April 1965}} |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |last2=Wohlstetter |first2=Roberta |date=April 1965 |title=Controlling the Risks in Cuba |location=London |publisher=Institute for Strategic Studies |series=Adelphi Papers |volume=5 |number=17 |pages=3–24 |doi=10.1080/05679326508457156}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, January 1968, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=January 1968 |title=Illusions of Distance |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=242–255 |doi=10.2307/20039298 |jstor=20039298}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, September 1968, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=September 1968 |title=Theory and Opposed-Systems Design |journal=The Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=302–331 |doi=10.1177/002200276801200303 |s2cid=143992487}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, Summer 1974, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=Summer 1974 |title=Is There a Strategic Arms Race? |journal=Foreign Policy |issue=15 |pages=3–20 |doi=10.2307/1147927 |jstor=1147927}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, Autumn 1974, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=Autumn 1974 |title=Is There a Strategic Arms Race? (II): Rivals but No “Race” |journal=Foreign Policy |issue=16 |pages=48–92 |doi=10.2307/1147844 |jstor=1147844}}
• NEWS, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, 24 September 1974, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=24 September 1974 |title=Clocking the Strategic Arms Race |work=The Wall Street Journal |location=New York}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, Fall 1974, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=Fall 1974 |title=Legends of the Strategic Arms Race, Part I: The Driving Engine |journal=Strategic Review |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=67–92}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, Autumn 1975, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=Autumn 1975 |title=Optimal Ways to Confuse Ourselves |journal=Foreign Policy |issue=20 |pages=170–198 |doi=10.2307/1148133 |jstor=1148133}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, Winter 1975, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=Winter 1975 |title=Legends of the Strategic Arms Race, Part II: The Uncontrolled Upward Spiral |journal=Strategic Review |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=71–86}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, Summer–Autumn 1976, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=Summer–Autumn 1976 |title=Racing Forward? Or Ambling Back? |journal=Survey |volume=22 |issue=3/4 |pages=163–217}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, June 1983, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=June 1983 |title=Bishops, Statesmen, and Other Strategists on the Bombing of Innocents |journal=Commentary |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/bishops-statesmen-and-other-strategists-on-the-bombing-of-innocents/ |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=15–35}}
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, Summer 1985, |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |date=Summer 1985 |title=Between an Unfree World and None: Increasing Our Choices |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=962–994 |doi=10.2307/20042364 |jstor=20042364}}
• BOOK, Wohlstetter, Albert, Hoffman, Fred S., Wohlstetter, Albert, Yost, David S., Swords and Shields: NATO, The USSR, and New Choices for Long-Range Offense and Defense, Lexington, Mass., Lexington Books, 1987, 3–36, Political and Military Aims of Offensive and Defensive Innovation, 0-669-14249-2,
• NEWS, Brzezinski, Zbigniew, Kissinger, Henry, Iklé, Fred, Wohlstetter, Albert, 24 February 1988, Discriminate Deterrence Would Not Leave Europe Dangling, International Herald Tribune,
• JOURNAL, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, Fall–Winter 1988, |last=Wohlstetter |first=Albert |date=Fall–Winter 1988 |title=Overseas Reactions to Discriminate Deterrence |journal=Atlantic Community Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=234–269}}
• {{Citation |last1=Wohlstetter |first1=Albert |last2=Prowse |first2=Stephen |date=1988 |title=Beyond START? |chapter=Stability in a World with More than Two Countries |number=Policy Paper No. 7 |location=La Jolla, Calif. |publisher=University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC) |pages=46–54}}

Interviews

• INTERVIEW, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, July 5, 1985, |last=Wohlstetter |first=Albert |interviewer=James Digby and Joan Goldhammer |others=transcribed by Dana Bursk |title=The Development of Strategic Thinking at RAND, 1948–1963: A Mathematical Logician’s View — an Interview with Albert Wohlstetter |date=July 5, 1985 |url= |publisher=RAND Corporation |location=Santa Monica, Calif. |publication-date=1997}}
• INTERVIEW, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, 30 January 1986, |last=Wohlstetter |first=Albert |interviewer=Maurice Matloff |title=Oral History Interview with Professor Albert Wohlstetter |url=http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/oral_history/OH_Trans_WohlstetterAlbert1-30-1986.pdf |publisher=Office of the Secretary of Defense, Historical Office |location=Washington, D.C. |date=30 January 1986}}
• INTERVIEW, {{sfnref, Wohlstetter, 29 July 1987, |last=Wohlstetter |first=Albert |date=29 July 1987 |interviewer=Martin Collins and Joseph Tatarewicz |title=RAND History Project Interviews: Albert Wohlstetter |url=http://sova.si.edu/record/NASM.1999-0037 |id=Acc. 1999-0037 |publisher=Archives Division, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2017-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427102639sova.si.edu/record/NASM.1999-0037 |archive-date=2017-04-27 |url-status=dead}}

Collected works

• BOOK, Zarate, Robert, Sokolski, Henry, With commentaries by Henry S. Rowen, Alain C. Enthoven, Richard Perle, Stephen J. Lukasik and Andrew W. Marshall, 2009, Nuclear Heuristics: Selected Writings of Albert and Roberta Wohlstetter,albertwohlstetter.com/writings/20081200-Nuclear%20Heuristics.pdf, Carlisle, Pa., Strategic Studies Institute, 978-1-58487-370-9,

Additional Sources

• BOOK, Abella, Alex, 2008, Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire, Orlando, Fla., Harcourt, 978-0-15-101081-3, registration,archive.org/details/soldiersofreason00abel,
• {{Citation |last=Basrur |first=Rajesh |date=15 April 2014 |title=Nuclear Deterrence: The Wohlstetter-Blackett Debate Re-visited |number=Working Paper 271 |location=Singapore |publisher=S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies |url=https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/gpo/wp271/}}
• NEWS, Beecher, William, 1 October 1971, Report on Safeguard ABM Testimony Finds Unprofessional and Misleading Comments on Both Sides,www.nytimes.com/1971/10/01/archives/report-on-safeguard-abm-testimony-finds-unprofessional-and.html, The New York Times, New York, N.Y.,
• MAGAZINE, Braseth, Timothy, Summer 2011, Josef Van der Kar: Building Architectural Bridges,www.artcrafthomesla.com/Modernism_Magazine_-_Van_der_Kar.pdf, Modernism, 44–53,
• BOOK, Cahn, Anne Hessing, 1998, Killing Detente: The Right Attacks the CIA, University Park, Pa., Pennsylvania State University Press, 0-271-01790-2,
• NEWS, Cushman, John H. Jr., 17 December 1986, Applying Military Brain to Military Brawn, Again,www.nytimes.com/1986/12/17/us/washington-talk-pentagon-applying-military-brain-to-military-brawn-again.html, New York Times, New York, 27 March 2017,
• JOURNAL, Davis, Lynn Etheridge, Schilling, Warner R., June 1973, All You Ever Wanted To Know About MIRV and ICBM Calculations But Were Not Cleared To Ask, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 12, 2, 207–242, 10.1177/002200277301700203, 146307933,
• MAGAZINE, Heeger, Susan, Photographs by Dominique Vorillon, 8 July 2001, Through The Looking Glass; The transparent walls of a photographer’s retreat blur the lines between a classic modern structure and its tranquil and timeless garden,articles.latimes.com/2001/jul/08/magazine/tm-19650, Los Angeles Times Magazine, Los Angeles, Calif.,
• BOOK, Herken, Gregg, 1985, Counsels of War, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 0-394-52735-6, registration,archive.org/details/counselsofwar00herk,
• BOOK, Kaplan, Fred, 1983, The Wizards of Armageddon,archive.org/details/wizardsofarmaged00fred, registration, New York, Simon and Schuster, 0-671-42444-0,
• JOURNAL, Kennedy, Paul, 12 May 1988, Not So Grand Strategy,www.nybooks.com/articles/1988/05/12/not-so-grand-strategy/, New York Review of Books, 35, 8, 5–8,
• REPORT, Kubbig, Bernd W., translated by Gerard Holden, June 1999, Experts on Trial: The Wohlstetter / Rathjens Controversy, the Making of the ABM Treaty, and Lessons for the Current Debate about Missile Defense, Frankfurt am Main, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, 264157548,
• NEWS, {{sfnref, Kyl, Perle, 6 February 1997, |last1=Kyl |first1=Jon |last2=Perle |first2=Richard |date=6 February 1997 |title=Remembering Albert Wohlstetter |work=Congressional Record—Senate |volume=143 |issue=14 |edition=105th Congress, 1st Session |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=S1112–S1113 |publisher=Government Printing Office |url=https://www.congress.gov/crec/1997/02/06/CREC-1997-02-06.pdf |access-date=29 March 2017}}
• JOURNAL, Lee, Pamela M., Fall 2011, Aesthetic Strategist: Albert Wohlstetter, the Cold War, and a Theory of Mid-Century Modernism, October, 138, 15–36, 10.1162/OCTO_a_00064, 41417904, 57561035,
• BOOK, Marshall, Andrew W., Martin, James John, Rowen, Henry S., 1991, On Not Confusing Ourselves: Essays on National Security Strategy in Honor of Albert and Roberta Wohlstetter, Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 0-813-31195-0, 494218492,
• MAGAZINE, {{sfnref, Menand, 27 June 2005, |last=Menand |first=Louis |date=27 June 2005 |title=Fat Man: Herman Kahn and the Nuclear Age |magazine=The New Yorker |location=New York |publisher=Condé Nast |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/06/27/fat-man}}
• {{Citation |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Aparna |last2=Jacobs |first2=David |last3=Porfirenko |first3=Natalia |last4=Bulatoff |first4=Ronald |date=2001 |edition=Revised 2007 |title=A Register of the Albert J. and Roberta Wohlstetter Papers |url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt1489q8rg/ |location=Stanford, Calif. |publisher=Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University}}
• NEWS, {{sfnref, Pace, 14 January 1997, |last=Pace |first=Eric |date=14 January 1997 |title=Albert Wohlstetter, 83, Expert On U.S. Nuclear Strategy, Dies |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/14/world/albert-wohlstetter-83-expert-on-us-nuclear-strategy-dies.html}}
• JOURNAL, Podvig, Pavel, Summer 2008, The Window of Vulnerability That Wasn’t: Soviet Military Buildup in the 1970s — A Research Note, International Security, 33, 1, 118–138, 10.1162/isec.2008.33.1.118, 40207103, 57568873,
• JOURNAL, Prowse, Stephen D., Bertram, Christoph, Lellouche, Pierre, Martin, Laurence, Summer 1988, The Iklé-Wohlstetter Report, The National Interest, 12, 11–22, 42894563,
• THESIS, Richardson, Robert L. Jr., 2009, Neoconservatism: Origins and Evolution, 1945–1980, Ph.D., Department of History, University of North Carolina, 950539179,cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:b6868d48-76b3-4207-a389-a5a2fd324cf2, 7 March 2016,
• BOOK, Robin, Ron, 2016, The Cold World They Made: The Strategic Legacy of Roberta and Albert Wohlstetter, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 978-0-674-04657-3,
• BOOK, Rosecrance, Richard, Baylis, John, Garnett, John, Makers of Nuclear Strategy, St. Martin’s Press, 1991, 57–69, Albert Wohlstetter, 0-312-07555-3,
• REPORT, Security Resources Panel of the Science Advisory Committee, 7 November 1957, Deterrence and Survival in the Nuclear Age,www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB139/nitze02.pdf, Washington, D.C., Executive Office of the President, Office of Defense Mobilization,
• NEWS, Swidey, Neil, 18 May 2003, The Analyst,www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2003/05/18/the-analyst/Skl2Qi7m0M3UNjPTvBNnhJ/story.html, The Boston Globe, Boston, Mass.,
• NEWS, Wilson, George C., 10 January 1988, Precise Non-Nuclear Arms Urged,www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/01/10/precise-non-nuclear-arms-urged/fb12d95d-d838-453e-b467-469efe91e585/, The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.,
• BOOK, Wohlstetter, Charles, 1997, The Right Time, The Right Place, New York, Applause Books, 1-55783-310-9, {{harvid, Charles Wohlstetter, 1997, |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/righttimerightpl0000wohl}}
• BOOK, Zarate, Robert, Zarate, Robert, Sokolski, Henry, Nuclear Heuristics: Selected Writings of Albert and Roberta Wohlstetter, Carlisle, Pa., Strategic Studies Institute, 2009, 1–90, Introduction: Albert and Roberta Wohlstetter on Nuclear-Age Strategy,albertwohlstetter.com/writings/20081200-Nuclear%20Heuristics.pdf, 978-1-58487-370-9,

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External links

• Online library of Wohlstetter’s works at the RAND Corporation
• Register of the Albert J. and Roberta Wohlstetter Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
• Albert Wohlstetter Dot Com, a website that examines the careers and writings of the late Albert and Roberta Wohlstetter.
• {{C-SPAN|1112}}
• {{Find a Grave|84131212}}
• Julius Shulman photographs of Josef Van der Kar’s Wohlstetter House at The J. Paul Getty Trust
• Register of the Albert J. and Roberta Wohlstetter Papers and selected documents online at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University.

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