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sesame
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{{Short description|Plant cultivated for its edible seeds}}{{Hatnote|“Black sesame” redirects here. For another “black sesame” crop plant of western and central Africa see Sesamum radiatum.}}{{other uses}}{{Speciesbox|name = Sesame|image = Sesamum indicum - Köhlerâs Medizinal-Pflanzen-129.jpg|image2 = Sesamum indicum 2.jpg|image2_caption = Sesame plants|image2_alt = A photograph of a sesame plant with glossy dark green leaves and a white flower|genus = Sesamum|species = indicum- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Carl Linnaeus>L.|synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
}}|synonyms_ref = WEB,www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2588550, The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, 14 January 2015,
}}Sesame ({{IPAc-en|Ë|s|É|s|É|m|i}};EPD, 18, LPD, 3, Sesamum indicum) is a plant in the genus Sesamum, also called benne or gingelly.WEB, Definition of BENNE,www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/benne, 2023-02-08, Merriam Webster Dictionary, Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India.JOURNAL, Bedigian, Dorothea, Systematics and evolution in Sesamum L. (Pedaliaceae), part 1: Evidence regarding the origin of sesame and its closest relatives, Webbia (journal), Webbia, University of Florence, 70, 1, 2015-01-02, 0083-7792, 10.1080/00837792.2014.968457, 1â42, 2015Webbi..70....1B, 85002894, It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods. World production in 2018 was {{convert|6|e6t|abbr=off}}, with Sudan, Myanmar, and India as the largest producers.Sesame seed is one of the oldest oilseed crops known, domesticated well over 3,000 years ago. Sesamum has many other species, most being wild and native to sub-Saharan Africa. S. indicum, the cultivated type, originated in India. It tolerates drought conditions well, growing where other crops fail. Sesame has one of the highest oil contents of any seed. With a rich, nutty flavor, it is a common ingredient in cuisines around the world. Like other foods, it can trigger allergic reactions in some people and is one of the nine most common allergens outlined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).EtymologyThe word “sesame” is from Latin sesamum and Greek ÏήÏαμον: sÄsamon; which in turn are derived from ancient Semitic languages, e.g., Akkadian Å¡amaÅ¡Å¡amu.DICTIONARY, Definition: Teel, Sesame, 15 October 2023, Merriam-Webster,www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sesame, From these roots, words with the generalized meaning “oil, liquid fat” were derived.BOOK, Sesame: The genus Sesamum, Bedigian, Dorothea, 2010, 400, 978-1-4200-0520-2, CRC Press,books.google.com/books?id=o9PLBQAAQBAJ&q=sesame+from+arabic+semsem&pg=PA400, {{isbn|978-0-8493-3538-9}}.WEB, Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), Gernot Katzer’s Spice Pages,gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Sesa_ind.html, The word “benne” was first recorded to be used in English in 1769 and comes from Gullah benne which itself derives from Malinke bÄne.WEB, Benne for Good Luck,www.ncfolk.org/2016/benne-for-good-luck/, 2021-07-26, North Carolina Folklife Institute, Sarah Bryan, 2015,Origins and historySesame seed is considered to be the oldest oilseed crop known to humanity.WEB, Sesame: New Approaches for Crop Improvement, Raghav Ram, David Catlin, Juan Romero, Craig Cowley, amp, Purdue University, 1990,www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-225.html, The genus has many species, and most are wild. Most wild species of the genus Sesamum are native to sub-Saharan Africa. S. indicum, the cultivated type,BOOK, T. Ogasawara, K. Chiba, M. Tada, Sesamum indicum L. (Sesame): In Vitro Culture, and the Production of Naphthoquinone and Other Secondary Metabolites, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants X, Y. P. S. Bajaj, Springer, 1988, 978-3-540-62727-2, Proceedings of the Harlan Symposium 1997- The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527094040www2.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/47/begin.htm |date=2012-05-27 }} Retrieved 2012-06-17 originated in India.BOOK, Zohary, Daniel,books.google.com/books?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&q=wild%2520sesame%2520native&pg=PA140, Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley, Hopf, Maria, 2000, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-850357-6, 140, Archaeological remnants of charred sesame dating to about 3500-3050 BCE suggest sesame was domesticated in the Indian subcontinent at least 5500 years ago.JOURNAL, Bedigian, Dorothea, Harlan, Jack R., 1986, Evidence for Cultivation of Sesame in the Ancient World, Economic Botany, 40, 2, 137â154, 10.1007/BF02859136, 4254846, 24408335, 0013-0001, WEB, Sesame, E.S. Oplinger, D.H. Putnam, etal, Purdue University,www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/sesame.html, It has been claimed that trading of sesame between Mesopotamia and the Indian subcontinent occurred by 2000 BC.FULLER > FIRST= D.Q., Asian Agri-History | number= 2, 2003, 127â137, Further Evidence on the Prehistory of Sesame,www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/articles/Sesame2.pdf, It is possible that the Indus Valley civilization exported sesame oil to Mesopotamia, where it was known as ilu in Sumerian and ellu in Akkadian, compare Southern Dravidian Kannada and Malayalam eḷḷu, Tamil eḷ.BOOK, Martha, T. Roth, The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD) Volume 4, E, 1958, 978-0-91-898610-8, Chicago, 106, Some reports claim sesame was cultivated in Egypt during the Ptolemaic period,BOOK, Shaw, Ian,books.google.com/books?id=092jP1lBhtoC, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, 2003, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-280458-7, {{page needed| date= July 2023}} while others suggest the New Kingdom.BOOK, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Serpico M, White R, P T Nicholson, I Shaw, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-521-45257-1, 2000, {{full citation needed|reason=which chapter? page number?|date=May 2023}}BOOK, David, Ann Rosalie,books.google.com/books?id=RulD63Y3BlAC, Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt, 1999, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-513215-1, 168, Egyptians called it sesemt, and it is included in the list of medicinal drugs in the scrolls of the Ebers Papyrus dated to be over 3600 years old. Excavations of King Tutankhamen uncovered baskets of sesame among other grave goods, suggesting that sesame was present in Egypt by 1350 BC.BOOK, Voeks, Robert, African Ethnobotany in the Americas, Rashford, John, 2013, Springer, New York, 67â123, Archeological reports indicate that sesame was grown and pressed to extract oil at least 2750 years ago in the empire of Urartu.WEB, Sesame, E.S. Oplinger, D.H. Putnam, Purdue University,www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/sesame.html, etal, WEB, Sesame Coordinators, Sesame,www.sesaco.net/index.htm,sesaco.net/index.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20180702162238sesaco.net/index.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20180702162238sesaco.net/index.htm, 2018-07-02, 2012-03-19, Sesaco, BOOK, The Book of Edible Nuts, Frederic Rosengarten, Dover Publications, 2004, 978-0-486-43499-5, Others believe it may have originated in Ethiopia.BOOK, Peter, K.V., Handbook of herbs and spices Volume 2, 2012, 449, Historically, sesame was favored for its ability to grow in areas that do not support the growth of other crops. It is also a robust crop that needs little farming supportâit grows in drought conditions, in high heat, with residual moisture in soil after monsoons are gone or even when rains fail or when rains are excessive. It was a crop that could be grown by subsistence farmers at the edge of deserts, where no other crops grow. Sesame has been called a survivor crop.WEB, Phenology of Sesame, D. Ray Langham, American Sesame Growers Association,www.sesamegrowers.org/langham144-182.pdf,www.sesamegrowers.org/langham144-182.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20110628021818www.sesamegrowers.org/langham144-182.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20110628021818www.sesamegrowers.org/langham144-182.pdf, 2011-06-28, Botany(File:Flower of Sesamum indicum.jpg|thumb|Flower of S. indicum)(File:Sesame in Hainan - 05.JPG|thumb|Sesame seed capsule)(File:Sasame Plant, Behbahan.jpg|alt=Flowers & Seed Capsules on Sesame Plant|thumb|Flowers and seed capsules on sesame plant)Sesame is a perennial plant growing {{convert|50|to|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} tall, with opposite leaves {{convert|4|to|14|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long with an entire margin; they are broad lanceolate, to {{convert|5|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} broad, at the base of the plant, narrowing to just {{convert|1|cm|in|frac=32|abbr=on}} broad on the flowering stem. The flowers are tubular, {{convert|3|to|5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} long, with a four-lobed mouth. The flowers may vary in colour, with some being white, blue, or purple.Sesame seeds occur in many colours depending on the cultivar. The most traded variety of sesame is off-white coloured. Other common colours are buff, tan, gold, brown, reddish, gray, and black. The colour is the same for the hull and the fruit.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}File:Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol. 20, page 006 - è¡éº» - Sesamum indicum L., 1804.jpg|thumb|Sesame Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. from the Seikei ZusetsuSeikei ZusetsuSesame fruit is a capsule, normally pubescent, rectangular in section, and typically grooved with a short, triangular beak. The length of the fruit capsule varies from {{convert|2 to 8|cm|in|frac=8}}, its width varies between {{convert|0.5 and 2.0|cm|in|frac=64}}, and the number of loculi varies from four to 12. The fruit naturally splits open (dehisces) to release the seeds by splitting along the septa from top to bottom or by means of two apical pores, depending on the varietal cultivar. The degree of dehiscence is of importance in breeding for mechanised harvesting, as is the insertion height of the first capsule.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}Sesame seeds are small. Their sizes vary with the thousands of varieties known. Typically, the seeds are about 3 to 4 mm long by 2 mm wide and 1 mm thick ({{convert|3 to 4 x 2 x 1|mm|in|frac=256|disp=out|abbr=values}}). The seeds are ovate, slightly flattened, and somewhat thinner at the eye of the seed (hilum) than at the opposite end. The mass of 100 seeds is 0.203 g.JOURNAL, Tunde-Akintunde, T. Y., Akintunde, B. O., 2004-05-01, Some Physical Properties of Sesame Seed,www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1537511004000236, Biosystems Engineering, en, 88, 1, 127â129, 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.01.009, 2004BiSyE..88..127T, 1537-5110, The seed coat (testa) may be smooth or ribbed.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}CultivationSesame varieties have adapted to many soil types. The high-yielding crops thrive best on well-drained, fertile soils of medium texture and neutral pH. However, these have a low tolerance for soils with high salt and water-logged conditions. Commercial sesame crops require 90 to 120 frost-free days. Warm conditions above {{convert|23|°C|°F}} favor growth and yields. While sesame crops can grow in poor soils, the best yields come from properly fertilized farms.WEB, Sesame: high value oilseed, TJAI, Thomas Jefferson Agriculture Institute, 2002,www.extension.iastate.edu/alternativeag/cropproduction/pdf/sesame_crop_guide.pdf, 2015-01-24, 2023-03-12,web.archive.org/web/20230312094714/https://www.extension.iastate.edu/alternativeag/cropproduction/pdf/sesame_crop_guide.pdf, dead, Initiation of flowering is sensitive to photoperiod and sesame variety. The photoperiod also affects the oil content in sesame seed; increased photoperiod increases oil content. The oil content of the seed is inversely proportional to its protein content.Sesame is drought-tolerant, in part due to its extensive root system. However, it requires adequate moisture for germination and early growth. While the crop survives drought and the presence of excess water, the yields are significantly lower in either condition. Moisture levels before planting and flowering affect yield the most.Most commercial cultivars of sesame are intolerant of water-logging. Rainfall late in the season prolongs growth and increases loss to dehiscence, when the seedpod shatters, scattering the seed. Wind can also cause shattering at harvest.ProcessingSesame seeds are protected by a capsule that bursts when the seeds are ripe. The time of this bursting, or “dehiscence”, tends to vary, so farmers cut plants by hand and place them together in an upright position to continue ripening until all the capsules have opened. The discovery of an indehiscent mutant (analogous to nonshattering domestic grains) by Langham in 1943 began the work towards the development of a high-yielding, dehiscence-resistant variety. Although researchers have made significant progress in sesame breeding, harvest losses due to early dehiscence continue to limit domestic US production.WEB,www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/sesame.html, Sesame, Alternative Field Crops Manual, the University of Wisconsin and University of Minnesota, E.S. Oplinger, D.H. Putnam, A.R. Kaminski, C.V. Hanson, E.A. Oelke, E.E. Schulte, J.D. Doll, amp, 1990, Agronomists in Israel are working on modern cultivars of sesame that can be harvested by mechanical means.NEWS, A Global Sesame Shortage Puts Tahini in Peril. Can Israel Save It?, Ronit Vered, 22 July 2022, Haaretz,www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-07-22/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/a-global-sesame-shortage-puts-tahini-in-peril-can-israel-save-it/00000182-2620-dfa9-a5c7-26ec51ab0000, 2023-02-08, Since sesame is a small, flat seed, it is difficult to dry it after harvest because the small seed makes the movement of air around the seed difficult. Therefore, the seeds need to be harvested as dry as possible and stored at 6% moisture or less. If the seed is too moist, it can quickly heat up and become rancid.WEB, Sesame profile, Ray Hansen, August 2011, Agricultural Marketing Resource Center,www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/grains-oilseeds/sesame-profile/, Diane Huntrods,www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/grains-oilseeds/sesame-profile/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160121203250www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/grains-oilseeds/sesame-profile/,">web.archive.org/web/20160121203250www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/grains-oilseeds/sesame-profile/, 2016-01-21, 2005, After harvesting, the seeds are usually cleaned and hulled. In some countries, once the seeds have been hulled, they are passed through an electronic color-sorting machine that rejects any discolored seeds to ensure perfect color, because sesame seeds with consistent appearance are perceived to be of better quality by consumers, and sell for a higher price.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}Immature or off-sized seeds are removed and used for sesame oil production.Production and trade {| class“wikitable” style@float:right; clear:left; width:18em; text-align:center;”! colspan=2|Sesame seed production â 2020 | |
|1,525,104 | ||
|740,000 | ||
|710,000 | ||
|658,000 | ||
|490,000 | ||
Global >|6,803,824 | ||
Source: FAOSTAT of the United NationsHTTP://WWW.FAO.ORG/FAOSTAT/EN/#DATA/QC >TITLE=SESAME SEED PRODUCTION IN 2018, CROPS/WORLD REGIONS/PRODUCTION QUANTITY FROM PICK LISTS | PUBLISHER=UN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION CORPORATE STATISTICAL DATABASE (FAOSTAT), 15 November 2020, |
Trade
Japan is the world’s largest sesame importer. Sesame oil, particularly from roasted seed, is an important component of Japanese cooking and traditionally the principal use of the seed. China is the second-largest importer of sesame, mostly oil-grade. China exports lower-priced food-grade sesame seeds, particularly to Southeast Asia. Other major importers are the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, Turkey, and France.WEB, Japan Sesame Oil Market {{!, IndustryARC |url=https://www.industryarc.com/Research/japan-sesame-oil-market-report-700629 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=www.industryarc.com |language=en}}Sesame seed is a high-value cash crop. Prices have ranged between US${{convert|800 and 1700|/t}} between 2008 and 2010.WEB, Oil seed prices and futures, Commodity Prices, July 2010,www.agricommodityprices.com/futures_prices.php?id=144, 2012-03-19, 2020-08-07,www.agricommodityprices.com/futures_prices.php?id=144," title="web.archive.org/web/20200807025551www.agricommodityprices.com/futures_prices.php?id=144,">web.archive.org/web/20200807025551www.agricommodityprices.com/futures_prices.php?id=144, dead, WEB, Sesame, Mal Bennett, Ag Market Research Center,www.agmrc.org/media/cms/sesame_38F4324EE52CB.pdf, Sesame exports sell across a wide price range. Quality perception, particularly how the seed looks, is a major pricing factor. Most importers who supply ingredient distributors and oil processors only want to purchase scientifically treated, properly cleaned, washed, dried, colour-sorted, size-graded, and impurity-free seeds with a guaranteed minimum oil content (not less than 40%) packed according to international standards. Seeds that do not meet these quality standards are considered unfit for export and are consumed locally. In 2008, by volume, premium prices, and quality, the largest exporter was India, followed by Ethiopia and Myanmar.WEB, Sesame Export Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011,faostat.fao.org/site/342/default.aspx,Nutritional information
{{Nutritional valueHealth effects
A meta-analysis showed that sesame consumption produced small reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure;JOURNAL, Khosravi-Boroujeni H, Nikbakht E, Natanelov E, Khalesi S, Can sesame consumption improve blood pressure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97, 10, 3087â94, 2017, 10.1002/jsfa.8361, 28387047, 2017JSFA...97.3087K, another demonstrated improvement in fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c.JOURNAL, Sohouli MH, Haghshenas N, Hernández-Ruiz Ã, Shidfar F, Consumption of sesame seeds and sesame products has favorable effects on blood glucose levels but not on insulin resistance: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, Phytother Res, 36, 3, 1126â1134, January 2022, 35043479, 10.1002/ptr.7379, 246034854, Sesame oil studies reported a reduction of oxidative stress markers and lipid peroxidation.JOURNAL, Gouveia Lde A, Cardoso CA, de Oliveira GM, Rosa G, Moreira AS, Effects of the Intake of Sesame Seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) and Derivatives on Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review, Journal of Medicinal Food, 19, 4, 337â45, 2016, 10.1089/jmf.2015.0075, 27074618,Allergy
Sesame can trigger the same allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, as seen with other food allergens.JOURNAL, Adatia, A, Clarke, AE, Yanishevsky, Y, Ben-Shoshan, M, Sesame allergy: current perspectives (Review), Journal of Asthma and Allergy, 10, 2017, 1178-6965, 28490893, 5414576, 10.2147/JAA.S113612, 141â151, free, A cross-reactivity exists between sesame and peanuts, hazelnuts and almonds.WEB,allergies.about.com/od/otherfoodallergies/a/sesameallergy.htm, Sesame seed allergy and cross-reactivity, VeryWell Health, 4 October 2020, 7 October 2020, 17 July 2011,allergies.about.com/od/otherfoodallergies/a/sesameallergy.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20110717105804allergies.about.com/od/otherfoodallergies/a/sesameallergy.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20110717105804allergies.about.com/od/otherfoodallergies/a/sesameallergy.htm, dead, In addition to food products derived from sesame seeds, such as tahini and sesame oil, persons with sesame allergies are encouraged to be aware of foods that may contain sesame, such as baked goods.WEB, Sesame - A priority food allergen,www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/reports-publications/food-safety/sesame-priority-food-allergen.html, Health Canada, Government of Canada, 2017, 7 October 2020, In addition to food sources, individuals allergic to sesame have been warned that a variety of non-food sources may also trigger a reaction to sesame, including cosmetics and skin-care products.Prevalence of sesame allergy is on the order of 0.1-0.2%, but higher in countries in the Middle East and Asia where consumption is more common as part of traditional diets. In the United States, sesame allergy possibly affects 1.5 million individuals.NEWS, Minali Nigam, 1.5 million people in the US might have sesame allergies, CNN, 5 August 2019,www.cnn.com/2019/08/05/health/sesame-allergy-us-study/index.html?no-st=1569530150, 7 October 2020, JOURNAL,www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(10)00575-0/fulltext, US prevalence of peanut and sesame allergy, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 125, 6, 1322â26, 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.029, 20462634, June 2010, Sicherer SH, Muñoz-Furlong A, Godbold JH, Sampson HA, free, Canada requires sesame labeling as an allergen. In the European Union, identifying the presence of sesame, along with 13 other foods, either as an ingredient or an unintended contaminant in packaged food is compulsory.WEB, Regulation (EG) 1169/2011 (Annex II),eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011R1169, Eur-Lex - European Union Law, European Union, 25 October 2011, 7 October 2020, In the United States, the “FASTER Act” was passed in April 2021, stipulating that labeling be mandatory,WEB,www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/578/text, Food Allergy Safety, Treatment, Education, and Research Act of 2021 or the FASTER Act of 2021, 4 April 2021, Congress.gov, 5 March 2022, to be in effect January 1, 2023, making it the ninth required food ingredient for which labeling is mandated within the United States.WEB,www.foodallergy.org/living-food-allergies/food-allergy-essentials/common-allergens/sesame, Sesame Allergy, FARE, 5 March 2022, WEB,allergyasthmanetwork.org/news/sesame-the-9th-food-allergen/, Sesame Allergy and Food Labels, Allergy & Asthma Network, 5 March 2022,Chemical composition
Sesame seeds contain the lignans sesamolin, sesamin, pinoresinol, and lariciresinol.JOURNAL, Milder, Ivon E. J., Arts, Ilja C. W., Betty, Venema, Dini P., Hollman, Peter C. H., 2005, Lignan contents of Dutch plant foods: a database including lariciresinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol, British Journal of Nutrition, 93, 3, 393â402, 10.1079/BJN20051371, 15877880, free, JOURNAL, J Agric Food Chem, 2011, 59, 7, 3214â9, 10.1021/jf104311g, Identification of methanol-soluble compounds in sesame and evaluation of antioxidant potential of its lignans, Kuo PC, Lin MC, Chen GF, Yiu TJ, Tzen JT, 21391595,Contamination
Contamination by Salmonella, E.coli, pesticides, or other pathogens may occur in large batches of sesame seeds, such as in September 2020 when high levels of a common industrial compound, ethylene oxide, was found in a 250-tonne shipment of sesame seeds from India.WEB, Joe Whitworth, EU toughens rules for sesame seeds from India,www.foodsafetynews.com/2020/09/multi-country-recalls-due-to-ethylene-oxide-in-sesame-seeds/, Food Safety News, 30 October 2020, NEWS, Hannah Thompson, France recalls sesame seed products due to toxic pesticide,www.connexionfrance.com/French-news/France-recalls-sesame-seed-products-due-to-toxic-pesticide-ethylene-oxide, 28 November 2020, The Connexion, 4 November 2020, After detection in Belgium, recalls for dozens of products and stores were issued across the European Union, totaling some 50 countries. Products with an organic certification were also affected by the contamination.WEB,www.fsai.ie/news_centre/food_alerts/Source_Bulk_Sesame.html, Recall of Organic Sesame Seeds and Organic Omega Seed Mix From The Source Bulk Foods, Rathmines, Due to the Presence of the Unauthorised Pesticide Ethylene Oxide, www.fsai.ie, Regular governmental food inspection for sesame contamination, as for Salmonella and E. coli in tahini, hummus or seeds, has found that poor hygiene practices during processing are common sources and routes of contamination.WEB, 2011-2012 Salmonella and generic E. coli in tahini and sesame seeds,www.inspection.gc.ca/food-safety-for-industry/food-chemistry-and-microbiology/microbiology/salmonella-and-generic-e-coli-in-tahini-and-sesame/eng/1430919620350/1430919620865, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 28 November 2020, 4 September 2018,Culinary use
{{See also|List of sesame seed dishes}}File:Sesame oil.jpg|thumb|Sesame seeds are a rich source of oil.]]Sesame seed is a common ingredient in various cuisines. It is used whole in cooking for its rich, nutty flavour. Sesame seeds are sometimes added to bread, including bagels and the tops of hamburger buns. They may be baked into crackers, often in the form of sticks. In Sicily and France, the seeds are eaten on bread (ficelle sésame, sesame thread). In Greece, the seeds are also used in cakes.Fast-food restaurants use buns with tops sprinkled with sesame seeds. About 75% of Mexico’s sesame crop is purchased by McDonald’sWEB,www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20090316/sesame-allergies-on-the-rise-in-us, Sesame Seed Allergy Now Among Most Common Food Allergies, Charlene, Laino, WebMD Health News, March 16, 2009, Washington, DC, for use in their sesame seed buns worldwide.NEWS,news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19921027&id=IVhPAAAAIBAJ&pg=5841,7320341, McDonald’s Now Exporting from Mexico, Reuters, The Toledo Blade, October 27, 1992, Sesame seed cookies called Benne wafers, both sweet and savory, are popular in places such as Charleston, South Carolina.WEB, Olde Colony Bakery,www.oldecolonybakery.com/, 2021-07-26, Olde Colony Bakery, Sesame seeds, also called benne, are believed to have been brought into 17th-century colonial America by enslaved West Africans.WEB, Benne Wafers,www.kingarthurbaking.com/recipes/benne-wafers-recipe, 2021-07-26, www.kingarthurbaking.com, en, The entirety of the sesame plant was used extensively in West African cuisine. The seeds were commonly used as a thickener in soups and puddings, or could be roasted and infused in water to produce a coffee-like drink. Sesame oil made from the seeds could be used as a substitute for butter, finding use as a shortening for making cakes. Moreover, the leaves on mature plants, which are rich in mucilage, can be used as a laxative as well as a treatment for dysentery and cholera.BOOK, Bedigian, Dorothea, African Origins of Sesame Cultivation in the Americas., 2013, Springer, New York, NY, After arriving in North America, the plant was grown by slaves to serve as a subsistence staple as a nutritional supplement to their weekly rations.BOOK, Carney, Judith, In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa’s Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World, Rosomoff, Richard, 2009, 123â138, Since then, it has become a part of various American cuisines.Gallery
File:Sa white sesame seeds.jpg|Magnified image of white sesame seedsFile:PikiWiki Israel 14731 Sesame Baskets.JPG|Sesame seeds are commonly added to baked goods and creative confectioneryFile:Khao phan nga muan.jpg|Rolled khao phan with black sesame seedsFile:Bread Sticks With Sesame.jpg|Sesame seed breadsticksFile:“A Gingelly cake”.jpg|Sesame sweet cakeFile:Sesame Seed Ball (Candy).jpg|Sesame seed ball confectionFile:Til-Patti 2.jpg|Til-patti â a sesame brittle-type confection from IndiaFile:Athens15 tango7174.jpg|Simit, koulouri, or gevrek, a ring-shaped bread coated with sesame seedsFile:Sesame Flower, Behbahan.jpg|Sesame flower, BehbahanFile:Sesame Flower, Behbahan II.jpg|Sesame flower in BehbahanFile:Potato bourekas.jpg|Typical Israeli Bourekas with sesame seedsIn literature
In myths, the opening of the capsule releases the treasure of sesame seeds,WEB, Sesamum indicum L., Peter Griffee, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,ecoport.org/ep?Plant=1937&entityDisplayCategory=full, as applied in the story of “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves” when the phrase “Open sesame” magically opens a sealed cave. Upon ripening, sesame pods split, releasing a pop and possibly indicating the origin of this phrase.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}See also
References
{{Reflist}}Further reading
- JOURNAL, Bedigian, Dorothea, Harlan, Jack R., Evidence for Cultivation of Sesame in the Ancient World, Economic Botany, 40, 2, AprilâJune 1986, 137â154, 10.1007/BF02859136, 4254846, 24408335,
External links
{{Commons category|Sesame}}- {{Wikispecies-inline|Sesamum indicum}}
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