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{{Short description|List of interlinear glossing abbreviations}}This article lists common abbreviations for grammatical terms that are used in linguistic interlinear glossing of oral languages{{#tag:ref|The transcription and glossing of sign languages is in its infancy. Glossing is typically a sign-by-sign translation with almost no grammatical parsing. Some of the few standardized conventions are:A— (sign A held in its final position)A#B (A and B signed simultaneously)A^B (host-clitic combination)____t (non-manual marking for topic)____y/n (non-manual marking for polar question){{sc|ix}} or {{sc|index}} (3rd-person referents / pointing signs)|group=“nb“}} in English.The list provides conventional glosses as established by standard inventories of glossing abbreviations such as the Leipzig Glossing rules, the most widely known standard. These will generally be the glosses used on Pseudopedia. Synonymous glosses are listed as alternatives for reference purposes. In a few cases, long and short standard forms are listed, intended for texts where that gloss is rare or uncommon.

Conventions

• Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap {{sc|past}} (frequently abbreviated to {{sc|pst}}) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case ‘past’ would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning. Similarly, (small) cap {{sc|-down}} might be a locative suffix used in nominal inflections, prototypically indicating direction downward but possibly also used where it is not translatable as ‘down’ in English, whereas lower-case ‘down’ would be a direct English translation of a word meaning ‘down’.Nina Sumbatova, ‘Dargwa’, in Maria Polinskaya (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus. Not all authors follow this convention.
• Person-number-gender is often further abbreviated, in which case the elements are not small caps. E.g. 3ms or 3msg for {{sc|3sg.m}}, 2fp or 2fpl for {{sc|2pl.f}}, also 1di for {{sc|1du.incl}} and 1pe for {{sc|1pl.excl}}.{{tag:ref|{{sc|3sg.n}} should be fully abbreviated to 3ns, rather than to 3nsg, to avoid confusion with {{sc|3nsg}} (3 non-singular).|group=“nb“}}
• Authors may more severely abbreviate glosses than is the norm, if they are particularly frequent within a text, e.g. {{sc|ip}} rather than {{sc|imm.pst}} for ‘immediate past’. This helps keep the gloss graphically aligned with the parsed text when the abbreviations are longer than the morphemes they gloss. Such shortened forms may be ambiguous with other authors or texts are so are not presented as normative here. Glosses may also be less abbreviated than the norm if they are not common in a particular text, so as to not tax the reader, e.g. {{sc|transtvzr}} for ‘transitivizer’ or {{sc|subjunct}} for ‘subjunctive’. At the extreme, glosses may not be abbreviated at all but simply written in small caps, e.g. {{sc|complementizer}}, {{sc|nontheme}} or {{sc|downriver}} rather than {{sc|comp}}, {{sc|nth}}, {{sc|dr}}.Jeanette Sakel & Daniel Everett (2012) Linguistic Fieldwork: A Student Guide Such long, obvious abbreviationse.g. in have been omitted from the list below, but are always possible.
• A morpheme will sometimes be used as its own gloss. This is typically done when it is the topic of discussion, and the author wishes it to be immediately recognized in the gloss among other morphemes with similar meanings, or when it has multiple or subtle meanings that would be impractical to gloss with a single conventional abbreviation. For example, if a passage has two contrasting nominalizing suffixes under discussion, É£iÅ‹ and jolqÉ™l, they may be glossed {{sc|gn}} and {{sc|jq}}, with the glosses explained in the text. This is also seen when the meaning of a morpheme is debated, and glossing it one way or another would prejudice the discussion.
• Lexical morphemes are typically translated, using lower-case letters, though they may be given a grammatical gloss in small caps if they play a grammatical role in the text. Exceptions include proper nouns, which typically are not translated, and kinship terms, which may be too complex to translate. Proper nouns/names may simply be repeated in the gloss, or may be replaced with a placeholder such as “(name.{{sc|f}})” or “{{sc|pn(f)}}” (for a female name). For kinship glosses, see the dedicated section below for a list of standard abbreviations.
• Lehmann recommends that abbreviations for syntactic roles not be used as glosses for arguments, as they are not morphological categories. Glosses for case should be used instead, e.g. {{sc|erg}} or {{sc|nom}} for A. Morphosyntactic abbreviations are typically typeset as full capitals even when small caps are used for glosses,For instance in Paulus Kieviet (2017) A grammar of Rapa Nui, where textual abbreviations such as A, S, O, DO are set in full caps, contrasting with interlinear glosses in small caps. Full capital N and V are also used for ‘noun’ and ‘verb’, A/M ‘aspect/mood marker’, PND ‘post-nominal demonstrative, QTF ‘quantifier’, SVC ‘serial verb construction’, etc. and include A (agent of transitive verb), B (core benefactive),Irina Nikolaeva & Maria Tolskaya (2001) A Grammar of Udighe. Mouton de Gruyter. D or I (core dative / indirect object), E (experiencer of sensory verb), G or R (goal or recipient – indirect object of ditransitive verb), L (location argument), O or P (patient of transitive verb), S (single argument of intransitive verb), SA (Sa) and SP or SO (Sp, So) (agent- and patient-like argument in split-S alignment), Se and Sx (argument of equative/copular and existential verb),John Du Bois, Lorraine Kumpf & William Ashby (2003) Preferred Argument Structure Su (subject of v.t. or v.i.), and T (theme – direct object of ditransitive verb).

• Glosses for generic concepts like ‘particle’, ‘infix’, ‘tense’, ‘object marker’ and the like are generally to be avoided in favor of specifying the precise value of the morpheme. However, they may be appropriate for historical linguistics or language comparison, where the value differs between languages or a meaning cannot be reconstructed, or where such usage is unambiguous because there is only a single morpheme (e.g. article or aspect marker) that can be glossed that way. When a more precise gloss would be misleading (for example, an aspectual marker that has multiple uses, or which is not sufficiently understood to gloss properly), but glossing it as its syntactic category would be ambiguous, the author may disambiguate with digits (e.g. {{sc|asp1}} and {{sc|asp2}} for a pair of aspect markers). Such pseudo-glossing may be difficult for the reader to follow.
• Authors also use placeholders for generic elements in schematicized parsing, such as may be used to illustrate morpheme or word order in a language. Examples include {{sc|head}} or {{sc|hd}} ‘head’; {{sc|root}} or {{sc|rt}} ‘root’; {{sc|stem}} or {{sc|st}} ‘stem’; {{sc|pref}}, {{sc|prfx}} or {{sc|px}} ‘prefix’; {{sc|suff}}, {{sc|sufx}} or {{sc|sx}} ‘suffix’; {{sc|clit}}, {{sc|cl}} or {{sc|encl}} ‘(en)clitic’; {{sc|prep}} ‘preposition’ and {{sc|pos}} or {{sc|post}} ‘postposition’, {{sc|png}} ‘person–number–gender element’ and {{sc|tam}} ‘tense–aspect–mood element’ (also {{sc|ng}} number–gender, {{sc|pn}} person–number, {{sc|ta}} tense–aspect, {{sc|tame}} tense–aspect–mood–evidential) etc. These are not listed below as they are not glosses for morphological values.

Lists

Nonabbreviated English words used as glosses are not included in the list below. Caution is needed with short glosses like {{sc|at}}, {{sc|by}}, {{sc|to}} and {{sc|up}}, which could potentially be either abbreviations or (as in these cases) nonabbreviated English prepositions used as glosses.Transparent compounds of the glosses below, such as {{sc|rempst}} or {{sc|rem.pst}} ‘remote past’, a compound of {{sc|rem}} ‘remote’ and {{sc|pst}} ‘past’, are not listed separately.Abbreviations beginning with {{sc|n-}} (generalized glossing prefix for non-, in-, un-) are not listed separately unless they have alternative forms that are included. For example, {{nowrap|{{sc|npst}} non-past}} is not listed, as it is composable from {{nowrap|{{sc|n-}} non-}} + {{nowrap|{{sc|pst}} past}}. This convention is grounded in the Leipzig Glossing Rules. Some authors use a lower-case n, for example {{nowrap|n{{sc|h}}}} for ‘non-human’.Maria Polinskaya (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus.Some sources are moving from classical lative ({{sc|lat, -l}}) terminology to ‘directional’ ({{sc|dir}}), with concommitant changes in the abbreviations. Other authors contrast -lative and -directive.Some sources use alternative abbreviations to distinguish e.g. nominalizer from nominalization, or shorter abbreviations for compounded glosses in synthetic morphemes than for independent glosses in agglutinative morphemes. These are seldom distinct morphosyntactic categories in a language, though some may be distinguished in historical linguistics. They are not distinguished below, as any such usage tends to be idiosyncratic to the author.

Punctuation and numbers{| class“wikitable“|+

! Conventional Gloss! Variants ! Meaning! Reference! -|

amuq’-da-č (stay-{{sc>fut}}-{{sc|neg}}) “will not stay“|

! =| ꞊, ‿|[optional in place of hyphen] separator for clitics, e.g., West Greenlandic palasi=lu niuirtur=lu (priest=and shopkeeper=and) “both the priest and the shopkeeper“|! .|

art.pl}} horse.{{sc	1pl}}, {{sc	1du}}, {{sc|3nsg}} (nonsingular).|

! _|

çık-mak (come_out-{{sc>inf}}) “to come out“With some authors, the reverse is also true, for a two-word phrase glossed with a single word.|

! ›| >, →, :

polypersonal agreement in a single gloss, whether (a) possession (linguistics)>possession ({{sc	s}} possessor and singular possessum)or (b) transitivity (grammar)	(2›3 means 2 acts on 3, as in guny-bi-yarluga ({{sc>2du›3sg-fut}}-poke) “(who) do you two want to spear?“A colon is used by some authors: {{sc	2du:3sg-fut}}-poke.|A. A. Kibrik (2011) Reference in Discourse

! :||[optional in place of period] separates glosses where segmentation is irrelevant (morphemes may be segmentable, but author does not wish to separate them)|! ;| :

portmanteau morpheme, as in aux chevaux (to;{{sc>art;pl}} horse;{{sc|pl}}) “to the horses”.Some authors use the colon indiscriminately for this convention and the previous.|

! +|

emph+}} strong emphatic)|

! &|| [optional in place of period] cross-referencing: X&Y = X›Y or Y›X or both|! /| {{pipe}}

dat/gen}} for a suffix used for both dative and genitive.|

! |

Väter-n (father{{sc>pl-dat.pl}}) “to (our) fathers” (singular form Vater)|

! [...]|

fils (son{{sc>[msg]}}, which has no suffix for {{sc|msg}}). The null suffix -∅ may be used instead.|

! (...)|

covert (linguistics)>covert gender (when glossed at all)|

! ~|

reduplication and retriplication (e.g. Ancient Greek gé~graph-a {{sc>prf}}~write-{{sc|1sg}} ‘I have written’, with word-initial reduplication)|

! {{angle bracket|...}}|

infix (e.g. {{angbr>{{sc|iter}}}}Vb is word-initial infixation that makes the verb iterative)|

! ⟩...⟨| -...-, >...<

circumfix or bipartite stem. The second element may be glossed the same as the first, or as {{sc>circ}}, {{sc	ge⟩lauf⟨en   {{angbr>{{sc	ge⟩lauf⟨en   {{sc>part.prf}}⟩run⟨{{sc	ge⟩lauf⟨en   {{sc>part.prf}}⟩run⟨{{sc	ge-lauf-en   {{sc>part.prf}}-run-{{sc	ge-lauf-en   {{sc>part.prf}}-run-{{sc|circ}}|

! $||(second part of a discontinuous lexeme)|! √|

x-√y-z}}, ‘y’ is the root)|Nicole Kruspe (2004) A Grammar of Semelai

! ?

x}}|(morpheme not understood, unidentified morpheme)|

! ∅|0, Ø

null morpheme>zero (null) morpheme (such as fils-∅ (son-{{sc	msg}}). Brackets may be used instead.		ISBN=978-0-08-044854-1, 2nd,

!| 0

one (pronoun)>one’, as in Finnish, Keres)|

!| 0| epenthetic segment (semantically null)| ! 1|

Grammatical person>first person (1msg, 1fpl, {{sc	dem1}} etc.): {{sc	1hml}} speaker-humiliative/humble|Comrie, B., Haspelmath, M., & Bickel, B. (2008). The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology & the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig. Retrieved January, 28, 2010.

! 2|

Grammatical person>second person|

! 3|

grammatical person>third person ({{sc	3pl.f}} or 3fpl or 3fp; {{sc	n3}} or n3 non-3rd person) [occasionally 3sm, 3sn, 3sf, 3pm, 3pn, 3pf etc.]|

!| 12, 13| inclusive, exclusive person (especially if not thought of as a form of 1pl)(rarely other digit compounds, e.g. 12 dual vs 122 plural inclusive, 33 vs 333 for 3du vs 3pl, etc.)|!|3sp|impersonal ‘space’ subject|Alexandra Aikhenvald (2004) Evidentiality. OUP.!

3.3′.cj}}|(3rd-person subj, 3rd-person obj conjunct–order verb)|Alexandra Aikhenvald & RMW Dixon (2017) The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Typology

! | 4

fourth person (= {{sc>obv}}) (b) first person inclusive (c) indefinite person| Timothy Feist (2010) A Grammar of Skolt Saami

! {{sc|i, ii, iii, iv}} etc.||noun classes / genders|William Foley (1986) The Papuan Languages of New Guinea, Cambridge University PressG. Authier & T. Maisak, eds. (2011) Tense, mood, aspect and finiteness in East Caucasian languages. Brockmeyer, Buchum.! > ≥ < ≤|

1sg>}} ‘I’ (speaker older than addressee), {{sc	3sg>}} ‘s/he’ (referent older than (a) speaker or (b) addressee, depending on requirements of discourse)|

! = ≠|

3du≠}} ‘they two’ (of different generations, e.g. grandchild and great-grandchild), {{sc|1pl}}= ‘we’ (of same generation, e.g. me and my siblings)|

! ≈||varies with|

Grammatical abbreviations

{| class=“wikitable“|+! Conventional Gloss! Variants! Meaning! Reference!

-a}}	tama}} athematic tense-aspect-mood, {{sc|anta}} athematic antecedent, etc.)|

!

a-}}|associating (prefix on case abbreviation)|

!

aa}}	sa}})|

!

ab}}	abess}} or {{sc	abe(ss)}}, {{sc	abel}} etc. if a single morpheme, as {{sc	ab-lat}} or {{sc	ab-ela}} etc. if not.	date=July 2020}}

!

ab}}, {{sc	date=July 2020}}|above deictic center|Diana Forker (2019) Elevation as a category of grammar: Sanzhi Dargwa and beyond

! {{sc|abess}}

abe}}, {{sc|ab}}|abessive case ({{a.k.a.}} caritive case or privative case: ‘without’)Lehmann (2004) recommends using privative ({{sc|prv}}) or aversive ({{sc|avers}}) insteadChristian Lehmann (2004), Interlinear morphemic glossing, In: Booij, Geert & Lehmann, Christian & Mugdan, Joachim & Skopeteas, Stavros (eds.), Morphologie. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Flexion und Wortbildung. 2. Halbband. Berlin: W. de Gruyter (Handbücher der Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, 17.2), p. 1834-1857, taken from authors draft	Grammatical Change: Origins, Nature, OutcomesBLAKE	EDITION=SECOND	YEAR=2001	PUBLISHER=CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, Cambridge,

! {{sc|abil}}

abl}}, {{sc	date=July 2020}}	linguistic modality>(cap)ability ({{sc	intr.abil}} intrinsic ability) |

! {{sc|abl}}

abla}}|ablative case (’from’)|

!

abm}}|ablative-modalis case|Osahito Miyaoka (2012) A Grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY). De Gruyter.

! {{sc|abs}}

absol}}, {{sc	date=July 2020}}|absolutive case|Bernd Heine & Tania Kuteva (2006) The changing languages of Europe.

!

absl}}|absolute (free, non-incorporated form of noun)|

! {{sc|abst}}

ab}} cn	Abstract and concrete>abstractive; abstract|

!{{sc|abstr}}||abstract (of nominal)|! {{sc|absv}}

absn}}| absentive (occurring in a place displaced from the deictic centre)| Pier Bertinetto, Karen Ebert & Casper de Groot, ‘The progressive in Europe’. In Östen Dahl (ed.) Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe.Niels Smit (2010) FYI: Theory and typology of information packaging

!

abt}}|about|

!

ac}}|motion across (as opposed to up/down-hill, -river)	date=July 2020}}

!

ac}}|animacy classifier|

! {{sc|acc}}

ac}}|accusative case|

!

accom}}	Comitative case>accompanier|Mark Donohue & Søren Wichmann (2008) The Typology of Semantic Alignment

!{{sc|ach}}||achievement|!

acp}}, {{sc|accmp}}|accomplishment|William McGregor (2013) Verb Classification in Australian Languages

!

acr}}, {{sc|act}} cn?	role and reference grammar>actor role|

! {{sc|act}}

ac}}|active voice|

!

act}}|action (verbal participle) |

!

act}}|actual|

!

actl}}|actualizing|

!

acty}}|activity|

!{{sc|ad}}|

adess}} or {{sc	ade(ss)}}, (irregular {{sc	adel}} etc. if a single morpheme, as {{sc	ad-lat}}, {{sc|ad-ela}} etc. if not.|

!

ad}}|agent demotion|

!

ad}}|anti-deictic|

!

adap}}|adaptive|

!{{sc|add}}

addit}}|additive case; additive focus|

! {{sc|adess}}

ad}}, {{sc	ades}}	adessive case (’at’; more specific than {{sc>loc}}). See {{sc|ad}}.|

!{{sc|adel}}|

List of grammatical cases>adelative		PUBLISHER=OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS	ISBN=978-0-19-928125-1	PAGES=XVII-XXII, 646393860,

! {{sc|adj}}|

adjective ({{sc>adjz}} adjectivizer)|

!

adj}}	Adjunct (grammar)>adjunct|

! {{sc|adjz}}

adjr}}|adjectivizer|

! {{sc|adm}}

admon}}|admonitive mood (warning)|

! {{sc|adr}}

addr}}, {{sc|ad}}|addressive; addressee-anchored/orientated/perspective|Marian Klamer, Antoinette Schapper, Creville Corbett (2017) The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology

! {{sc|adv}}|

adverbial>adverb(ial) ({{sc	advr}} adverbializer); adverbial case|Seppo Kittilä, Katja Västi, Jussi Ylikoski (2011) Case, Animacy and Semantic RolesBernard Comrie (2012) Relative Clauses in Languages of the Americas: A Typological Overview

!

adv}}|advancement|

!

advm}}|adverb marker|

!{{sc|advs}}

adv}}, {{sc	advrst}}|adversative (maleficiary, ‘whereas’)|

!{{sc|advz}}

advr}}, {{sc|advzr}}|adverbializer|

! {{sc|aeq}}

eq}}, {{sc	eqtv}}	aequalis (equalis) case) (like, as), equational particle, equative (adj in nominal clause; {{sc|eqa, eqs}} = active, stative equative)|

! {{sc|aff}}

affmt}}, {{sc	affirm}}	affirmative (linguistics)>affirmative|

!

affect}}|affectionate|

!

afm}}|aforementioned|

! {{sc|afft}}

aff}}|affective case|Anna Siewierska & Jae Jung Song (1998) Case, Typology, and Grammar: In Honor of Barry J. Blake

!

foc}}|argument-focus marker|

!

afw}}	uh}})|Lawrence Morgan (1991) A Description of the Kutenai Language, volume 1

!

agg}}	col}})|

!

agn}}, {{sc	agnr}}|agent nominalization/noun|

!

agr}}, {{sc|ag}}	agreement (grammar)>agreement affix (typically number–gender; cf. {{sc|png}})Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding and specifying agreement categories.|

!{{sc|agt}}

ag}}	agentive case ({{sc>agnz}} agentive nominalizer)|

!{{sc|ajc}}||adjacent|! {{sc|al}}

alien}} cn?	Possession (linguistics)>alienable possession|

! {{sc|all}}

adl}}, {{sc|addir}}|allative case (’to’; also ‘aditive’ {{sic}}, ‘adlative’, ‘addirective’)|

! {{sc|alloc}}

al}}|allocutive (addressee honorific)|

!

alter}}	n.ego}}|Floyd, Norcliffe & San Roque (2018) Egophoricity

!

ambiph}}	Anaphora (linguistics)>ambiphoric pronoun|

!

amp}}|amplifier|

! {{sc|an}}

anm}}, {{sc|anim}}	animacy>animate gender ({{sc	cf {{sc>r}}; may exclude human referents)|

!

an}}, {{sc	acnnr}}|action noun, action nominalizer|

!

an}}, {{sc|adn}}|adnominalizer|

! {{sc|ana}}

anp}}, {{sc|anaph}}	anaphora (linguistics)>anaphoric (demonstrative, suffix)|

!

ana}}|action narrowly averted|

! {{sc|and}}||andative (’going towards’, cf venitive)|!

anp}}|adnominal verb|

! {{sc|ant}}|

anterior tense (relative tense; used for {{sc>prf}} in some traditions)|

!

ant}}	Antecedent (grammar)>Antecedent ({{sc	antt}} thematic antecedent)|

!

ant}}, {{sc|antc}}|anticipated (future), anticipating|

!{{sc|ant}}

ante}}	antess}} or {{sc	ante(ss)}}, {{sc	antel}} etc. if a single morpheme, as {{sc	ant-lat}}, {{sc|ant-ela}} etc. if not.|

!{{sc|antel}}||anteelative (antelative)|! {{sc|antess}}

ante}}{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}|antessive case, anteessive (’before’)|

! {{sc|antic}}, {{sc|ac}}

acaus}}|anticausative|Martin Haspelmath & Andrea Sims (2010) Understanding Morphology. 2nd edition. Hodder Education

!

antic}}	ant.su}} anticipatory subject)|

! {{sc|antip}}, {{sc|ap}}

apass}}, {{sc	anti}}, {{sc|atp}}|antipassive voice|Wolfgang Schulze (2010) The Grammaticalization of Antipassives

!{{sc|antlat}}

antdir}}|antelative (ante-lative), antedirective|

!

ao}}|agent-orientated verb|

!

aobl}}|attributive oblique|Diana Forker Evidentiality in Nakh-Daghestanian languages

! {{sc|aor}}

ao}}	aorist (= {{sc>pst.pfv}})|

!

ap}}|adverbial particle [note: better to gloss the actual meaning]|

!

apf}}|adjective prefix|

! {{sc|apl}}

appl}}, {{sc	al}}	Applicative voice>applicative (subtypes {{sc|apl.ins}} etc.)|N. J. Enfield (2002) Ethnosyntax: Explorations in Grammar and Culture

! {{sc|appos}}

app}}|apposition, appositional mood|Juan Carlos Acuña Fariña (1996) The Puzzle of Apposition: On So-called Appositive Structures in English

!

approb}}|approbation|

! {{sc|apr}}

appr}}|apprehensive mood, apprehensional (’lest’)|

! {{sc|aprt}}

presp}},{{citation needed	prpart}}, {{sc|prp}}| active participle, present participle|

! {{sc|aprx}}

appr}}|approximative|

!{{sc|apud}}|

apudess}} or {{sc	apude(ss)}}, {{sc	apudel}} etc. if a single morpheme, as {{sc	apud-lat}}, {{sc|apud-ela}} etc. if not.|

!

ar}}, {{sc|area}}|areal (place/time/situation)|

!{{sc|arg}}|

argumentative case>argumentative|Leon Stassen (2009) Predicative Possession. OUP.

! {{sc|art}}|

article (grammar)>article|

!

as}}|aseverative|

!

as}}|actor (agent-role subject)|

! {{sc|asc}}

assoc}}, {{sc	ass}}	associative case (’with’, ‘à’; not = {{sc>com}}), (b) associative plural (also {{sc	associative mood (d) compounds, e.g. {{sc>assoc.mot}} associated motion|Greville Corbett (2000) Number

!

asp}}	aspect (grammar)>aspect, aspectualLehmann (2004) recommends avoiding ‘aspect’ as a gloss and specifying the aspect.|

! {{sc|asrt}}

ass}}, {{sc	assert}}|assertive mood|

!

assp}}|asserted past participle|

! {{sc|assum}}

assu}}, {{sc|ass}} cn?|assumptive mood, assumed evidential|

!

ast}}|assistive|

!

asym}}	nsym}})|

!

at}}|at (locative) [English preposition as a gloss]|

!

atn}}|attention-calling|

! {{sc|atr}}

attr}}, {{sc|at}}	attributive ({{sc>l.atr}} attributive derived from place name), attributor|

! {{sc|atten}}

att}}, {{sc|attn}}|attenuative|

! {{sc|aud}}|

evidentiality>auditory evidential, auditive|

! {{sc|aug}}|

augmentative; (b) augment (Bantu languages)>augment (in Bantu noun classes)(c) augmented number (e.g. of imperative)|

! {{sc|aux}}||auxiliary verbPer Lehmann (2004), this should only be used if it uniquely identifies the morpheme (i.e., there is only one auxiliary morpheme in the language.)|! {{sc|av}}

af}}, {{sc	a}}	agent voice>agent/actor voice/focus/trigger ({{sc	naf}} non-actor voice)	Clause Structure and Adjuncts in Austronesian Languages. De Gruyter.Fay Wouk & Malcolm Ross, eds. (2002) The historical and typological development of westernAustronesian voice systems. Pacific Linguistics, CanberraZúñIGA, F., & KITTILä, S.	TITLE=GRAMMATICAL VOICE	DOI=10.1017/9781316671399	S2CID=202425764,

!{{sc|avert}}||avertive|!{{sc|avr}}

avers}}|aversative, aversive|

!

be}}, {{sc|tb}}	be verb>’be’ verb (a conflation of {{sc	cop}}) [cf. {{sc|cop}}]	date=July 2020}}

!

bel}}|below deictic center|

! {{sc|ben}}

benef}}|benefactive case (’for’)|

!{{sc|bg}}

bckg}}| background|Bernhard Wälchli, Bruno Olsson, Francesca Di Garbo (2019) Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity, vol. I

!

bi}}	valency (linguistics)>bivalent|

!

bot}}	btm}}’)|

!

bou}}, {{sc|bound}}| boundary (a. boundary-emphasizing; b. geographic boundary)|Ad Foolen, Gijs Mulder & Helen de Hoop (2018) Evidence for Evidentiality. John Benjamins.

!

br}}|bound root|

!

bt}}|boundary tone|

!{{sc|bv}}{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

bf}}|beneficiary voice/focus/trigger|

! {{sc|c}}

comm}}	common gender ({{sc>c.sg}} or cs common singular, {{sc|c.pl}} or cp common plural)|

!

c}}|current evidence|

!

c}}|conceptualizer|Tasaku Tsunoda & Taro Kageyama, eds. (2006) Voice and Grammatical Relations: In Honor of Masayoshi Shibatani

!

-c}}	cardinal direction rather than left, right, front and behind ({{sc>ablc}} compass ablative, {{sc|allc}} compass allative)| Erich Round (2013) Kayardild Morphology and Syntax

!

c-}}|complementizing (prefix on case abbreviation)|

!

c.exist}}|ceased existence|

!{{sc|car}}

carit}}|caritive case|Matti Miestamo, Anne Tamm, Beáta Wagner-Nagy (2015) Negation in Uralic Languages

!{{sc|card}}||cardinal numeral (morpheme or grammatical feature)|!

cau}}, {{sc|csl}}|causal-final case; causal|

! {{sc|caus}}

cau}}, {{sc	cstvzr}}|causative|Marvin Beachy (2005) An Overview of Central Dizin Phonology and Morphology

!

cc}}|(a) conditional converb, (b) clause-chain marker|

!

cdm}}|core development|

!

cdn}}|conjunct dubitive neutral|

!

cdp}}|conjunct dubitive preterite|

!

ce}}|continued event|

! {{sc|cent}}||centric case|!

centrif}}|centrifugal (motion)|Antoine Guillaume & Harold Koch (2021) Associated Motion. De Gruyter

!

centrip}}|centripetal (motion)|

! {{sc|cert}}||certainty (evidential)|!{{sc|cess}}||cessative|!

cfoc}}|contrastive focus|

! {{sc|chez}}|

(wiktionary:chez>chez))|

!

cho}}|chômeur|

!

chr}}	cohortative (often = {{sc>hort}})|

!

cif}}|contrary information flow|

!{{sc|circ}}

cir}}, {{sc|circum}}	cv}})|

! {{sc|circ}}

circum}}, $|(empty tag to mark second element of a circumfix)|

!

circ}}|circumferential|

!

circumess}}|circumessive	date=July 2020}}

! {{sc|cis}}

cisl}}, {{sc|cisloc}}|cislocative|Andrea Berez-Kroeker, Carmen Jany, Diane M. Hintz (2016) Language Contact and Change in the Americas

! {{sc|cit}}||citation form ending|Pamela Munro (1987) Muskogean Linguistics! {{sc|cjt}}

cj}}|conjoint|

!

cl}}|close link (necessary condition; temporal closeness)|

!

cl}}|nominal class (in Bantu languages)		TITLE=BANTU LINGUISTIC TERMINOLOGY	PUBLISHER=LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO., London, UK,

!

cl}}	&cl}} clause-level ‘and’, {{sc|compl.cl}} completive clause marking|

! {{sc|clf}}

cl}}, {{sc	clfsr}}	classifier (linguistics)>classifier (base or morpheme) ({{sc	noun class). Some distinguish {{sc>clf}} classifier from {{sc	clf}}:round” or “{{sc|clf.hum}}“|

!

cm}}|(a) conjugation marker;(b) noun-class marker;(c) concatenative marker|

!

cmpd}}	Compound (linguistics)>compound	date=July 2020}}

! {{sc|cmpl}}

compl}}, {{sc	cmp}}, {{sc	cmplt}}, {{sc|complet}}	Grammatical aspect>aspect (e.g. {{sc	pfv}}|

! {{sc|cmpr}}

cmp}}, {{sc	compr}}, {{sc|cmpar}}|comparative|

!

cmt}}, {{sc|comm}}|commitment, committal|

!

cn}}	common noun (e.g. {{sc>cn.det}} common-noun determiner)|

!

cn}}|conjunct nominal|

!

cneg}}, {{sc	cn}}|connegative|

!{{sc|cnj}}

conj}}, {{sc|conjun}}	grammatical conjunction>conjunction|

!

cns}}, {{sc	cnstr}}|construct state/form	last=Yu	date=August 21, 2006	journal=|page=34}}

!

cns}}, {{sc	cons}}|consequential (e.g. consequential mood)|Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics, volumes 7–8, 1996, p 16

! {{sc|cntf}}

cf}}, {{sc	ctrfct}}, {{sc|cntr.fact}}|counterfactual conditional, contrafactuality|

! {{sc|cntr}}

contr}}, {{sc	cont}}, {{sc|con}}	contrast (linguistics)>contrastive, contranstive focus (= {{sc|contr.foc}}), contrasted topic|

!

cntr}}|continuer|

!

cntr}}|counter-assertive|

!{{sc|cexp}}

cntrexp}}|counterexpectation|Gwendolyn Hyslop (2017) A Grammar of Kurtöp. Brill.

!

co.ag}}|co-agency|

!

cocaus}}|concomitative-causitive

!

coh}}|coherence|

! {{sc|col}}

coll}}|collective number/numeral|

! {{sc|com}}

cmt}}, {{sc|comit}}|comitative case (’together with’, ‘in the company of’)|

! {{sc|comp}}

cmp}}, {{sc	complr}}	complementizer (= {{sc>subr}})|

!

comp}}|compassion|

!

compv}}, {{sc|comp}}|comparative case (unequal comparison)|

!

compul}}|compulsional|

!{{sc|con}}

cna}}, {{sc|cntv}}|conative|

!

con}}	Abstract and concrete>concrete	date=July 2020}}

! {{sc|conc}}

cncs}}, {{sc|concess}}	Adjunct (grammar)#Semantic function>concessive (’although’) (> {{sc|concp}} concessive particle)|

!

conc}}|concurrent|

!

conc}}|concord marker [to be avoided in favor of specifying the agreement]|

! {{sc|cond}}

cnd}}, {{sc|con}}	conditional mood (’if’, ‘would’) ({{sc>gcond}} given conditional, {{sc|gccond}} given concessive conditional)|

! {{sc|conf}}

cfm}}, {{sc|confirm}}|confirmational, confirmative|

!

congr}}, {{sc|cngr}}|congruent |

!{{sc|conj}}

cj}}|conjunctive (interpropositional relation), conjunct person marking|

!{{sc|conjc}}

conj}}	nconj}} negative conjectural)|

! {{sc|conn}}

cn}}, {{sc	ct}}	connective particle>particle, connective mood	, connective case>case)|

! {{sc|conr}}

cnct}}, {{sc|con}}|connector|

!

cons}}	Adjunct (grammar)#Semantic function>consecutive; concessive|

!

consec}}, {{sc|cons}}|consecutive mood (’so that’)|

!

const}}, {{sc	cst}}|constant, constancy|

! {{sc|cont}}

cnt}}, {{sc	contin}}|continuous aspect, continuative aspect|

!{{sc|cont}}|

contact.) May be equivalent to {{sc>contess}} or {{sc	conte(ss)}}, {{sc	contel}} etc. if a single morpheme, as {{sc	cont-lat}} or {{sc	cont-ela}} etc. if not.|

!

cont}}|continuous direction|

!

cont}}|contentive|

! {{sc|coop}}||cooperative|! {{sc|coord}}||coordination, coordinative|! {{sc|cop}}

be}}	copula (linguistics)>copula, copulative ({{sc	be.loc}} locative-existential copula)|

! {{sc|cor}}

coref}}, {{sc|co.ref}}|coreference, coreferential|Desmond Derbyshire & Geoffrey Pullum (2010) Handbook Amazonian Languages

!

cp}}|conjunctive participle|

!

cq}}	wh.q}})|

! {{sc|cras}}||crastinal tense (’tomorrow’)|!

crd}}, {{sc|card}}|cardinal pronoun|

! {{sc|crs}}|

perfect (grammar)>perfect)|Nicoletta Romeo (2008) Aspect in Burmese: Meaning and function

!

csm}}|change of state marker|

!

cso}}|cosubordinator|Esther Pascual (2014) Fictive Interaction: The conversation frame in thought, language, and discourse

!

ct}}|circumstantial topic|

!

ctexp}}|contraexpectative|

! {{sc|ctg}}

cntg}}|contingent mood|

!

cntg}}| contiguous| Paulus Kieviet (2017) A grammar of Rapa Nui (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 12), Berlin.

!{{sc|ctm}}

ctemp}}, {{sc	contemp}}, {{sc|cont}}|contemporative (at that/the same time)|

!

ctr}}|control|

! {{sc|cus}}

cu}}, {{sc	custom}}	usit}}|

!{{sc|cv}}{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

cf}}, {{sc|tf}}|circumstantial/theme voice/focus/trigger|

!

cv}}|copula verbalizer|

!

cv}}|characteristic vowel|

!

cv}}	cv}} circumstantial voice)|Felix Ameka, Alan Dench, Nicholas Evans (2006) Catching Language: The Standing Challenge of Grammar Writing. De Gruyter.

! {{sc|cvb}}

conv}}, {{sc	c}}|converb|

! {{sc|dat}}||dative case|!

dc}}|dectic center|

!

dc}}| downcoast	date=July 2020}}

!

dd}}|discourse definite|

! {{sc|de}}|

switch-reference>different event, change of event (cf {{sc|ds}})|Hsuan-Chih Chen (1997) Cognitive Processing of Chinese and Related Asian Languages

!

de}}|discontinued event|

! -de

de}}	du.ex}})|Elena Filimonova (2005) Clusivity

!

deag}}|deagentive|

!{{sc|deb}}

oblg}}, {{sc	obl}}|debitive / obligative mood|

!

dec}}|decausative|

! {{sc|decl}}

dec}}, {{sc|dcl}}|declarative mood|

! {{sc|ded}}||deductive evidential|! {{sc|def}}

df}}|definite|

!

defin}}|definitive|

!

defoc}}|defocus|

!

defr}}|deferential (speaker-humble)|

!

dei}} cn?, {{sc	deix}}, {{sc	d}}	deixis, deictic ({{sc>d12}} deictic of 12 person)|

!

del.imp}}	delayed imperative (a command for later; cf. {{sc>imm}})|Hannah Sarvasy (2017) A Grammar of Nungon

! {{sc|del}}||delative case (’off of’, ‘down from’)|!

del}}, {{sc	date=July 2020}}|delimiter, delimitative (’just, only’), delimiting|

!

del}}|deliberative mood	date=July 2020}}

! {{sc|dem}}

d}}	demonstrative ({{sc>dem1}} proximate dem, {{sc	dem3}} remote dem; {{sc	dem.down}} lower than reference point, {{sc	dem.nr}} near, {{sc	dem.up}} higher than reference point)|

!

den}}|denizen|

! {{sc|denom}} ||denominal|! {{sc|deo}}

deont}}|deontic mood|Acta Societatis Linguisticae Europaeae, vol. 20–22, 1999

! {{sc|deobj}} ||deobjective|! {{sc|dep}}

d}}	dep.fut}}), dependent clause marking (use {{sc|sjv}})|

!

depo}}|deportmentive|

! {{sc|depr}}||depreciatory, deprecative|! {{sc|der}}

deriv}}	Derivation (linguistics)>derivation, derivational morpheme (e.g. {{sc|adj.der}} adjective-derived)|

!

derel}}|derelational|

! {{sc|des}}

desi}} cn?, {{sc|desid}}	desiderative mood (= {{sc>opt}}) ({{sc|desn}} desiderative noun)|

! {{sc|dest}}||destinative aspect or case (’to’) (non-finite verb form = supine)|! {{sc|det}}

d}}|determiner|

!{{sc|detr}}

dtrnz}}|detransitivizer, detransitive|

!

detr}}|detrimental|

!

dflt}}|default		FIRST=KEN	TITLE=DIMENSIONS OF SYMMETRY IN SYNTAX: AGREEMENT AND CLAUSAL ARCHITECTURE	HDL=1721.1/28921,dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/28921,

!

dh}}	cf {{sc>dr}})	date=July 2020}}

! -di

di}}	du.in}})|

!

dif}}|direct information flow|

! {{sc|dim}}

dimin}}|diminutive|

! {{sc|dir.ev}}

direv}}, {{sc	dr}}, {{sc|drct}}	evidentiality>direct evidential (= {{sc	dir/infr}} direct/inferred)|

! {{sc|dir}}

direc}}	lat}}); typically suffixed to another element such as {{sc|ad-, post-, sub-, super-}}.|

!

dir}}, {{sc|dr}}	direct case (> {{sc>ndir}} indirect case), (b) direct voice (opposite of {{sc|inv}})|

!

dir}}	dira}} athematic directed, {{sc|dirt}} thematic directed)|

!

dis}}|dislocative|

! {{sc|disc}}

dm}}, {{sc	d}}|discourse marker|Gale Goodwin Gómez & Hein van der Voort (2014) Reduplication in Indigenous Languages of South AmericaIleana Paul (2014) Cross-linguistic Investigations of Nominalization Patterns

!

dis.con}}|discursive connector|

! {{sc|disj}}

dis}}, {{sc|dj}}|disjunction, disjunctive, disjunct person marking|York Papers in Linguistics, University of York, 2006

!

dissat}}|dissatisfaction|

! {{sc|dist}}

dis}}, {{sc	d}}, {{sc	far}}	distal demonstrative>distal, distant ({{sc	dist.impv}} distal imperative)|

! {{sc|distr}}

dstr}}, {{sc	dist}}	distributive case; (b) distributive plural{{citation needed>date=June 2021}}(c) distributive aspect|

!

ditr}}|ditransitive|

!{{sc|div}}||diversative|!

dn}}|deverbal noun|

!{{sc|dnz}}||denizen|!

dm}}|a) demonstrative marker; directive marker (polite command)|

! DO

do}}, {{sc|dobj}}|direct object(ive)|

!

do}}|do like a ... (verbalizing suffix)|

!{{sc|dom}}||(a) differential object marking; (b) direct-object marker|!{{sc|don}}||donative (auxiliary of benefactive)|!{{sc|dox}}||doxastic|!

dp}}	rem.pst}}|

!

dp}}|discourse particle [use actual gloss if possible]|

!

dp}}|destinative participle|

!

dpast}}|direct past (evidentiality)|

!

dpc}}|distant past continuative|

!

dpp}}|distant past completive|

! {{sc|dr}}|

cf {{sc>dh}} toward the water)|Thomas Payne (2006) Exploring Language Structure

!

dr}}|different reference|

! {{sc|ds}}

da}}	switch-reference>different-subject/actor/agent (change of subject) marker (cf {{sc|de}})|Swintha Danielsen, Katja Hannss, Fernando Zúñiga (2014) Word Formation in South American Languages

!{{sc|dsc}}

discnt}}, {{sc|discont}}	Continuative aspect>discontinuative aspect|

!

dt}}| different taxis|

! {{sc|dtr}}||detrimentary|! {{sc|du}}

dl}}, d	Dual (grammatical number)>dual number ({{sc	f.du}} or fd feminine dual)|

! {{sc|dub}}

dbt}}, {{sc|dubit}}|dubitative mood, dubiative|

!

duplic}}, {{sc|dv}}|duplicative|

! {{sc|dur}}||durative aspect (continuous aspect)|!{{sc|dv}}{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

df}}|direction voice/focus/trigger|Tasaku Tsunoda (ed.) Mermaid Construction: A Compound-Predicate Construction with Biclausal Appearance. De Gruyter.

!

dwn}}, {{sc	down}}|downward|

! {{sc|dy}}

dyad}} cn?	dyadic kinship term>dyadic (e.g. wife-{{sc|dy}} ‘man and wife’)|William McGregor (1990) A Functional Grammar of GooniyandiÃ…shild Næss, Even Hovdhaugen (2011) A Grammar of Vaeakau-Taumako

! {{sc|dyn}}

dynm}}|dynamic aspect / eventive|

!

-e}}|(used to form various essive cases)|

!

ea}}	ego}})|

!

ec}}	ep}})|

!

eff}}|effector|

!

efoc}}|extra-focal|

!{{sc|ego}}|

egophoric ({{sc>nego}} non-egophoric)|

!{{sc|egr}}||egressive|!

ei}}|euphonic insertion|

! {{sc|ela}}

el}}, {{sc	elv}}|elative case (’out of’)|

!

elpa}}|existential + locative + possessive + attributive|

!

em}}|a) extension marker; b) evaluative marker|

!{{sc|emo}}

emot}}{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}	emotive (sociology)>emotive|

! {{sc|emp}}

emph}}, {{sc	e}}	Nominative case#Emphatic case>emphatic (e.g. emphatic base of pronouns), (b) emphasizer, emphatic marker ({{sc|etop}} emphatic topic)|

!

end}}, {{sc	fin}}	(Japanese particles>joshi)Per Lehmann (2004), glosses as ‘particle’ should be avoided; instead translate/gloss the meaning.|Muriel Norde & Freek Van de Velde (2016) Exaptation and Language Change

!

endo}}	ego}})|

!

enc}}	Gascon dialect#Basque substrate>Gascon		DATE=2010	URL=HTTPS://ESCHOLARSHIP.ORG/CONTENT/QT0CQ5T3V1/QT0CQ5T3V1_NOSPLASH_37CB0071D2E59A0EE6FE5F847EE4B78B.PDF	ACCESS-DATE=12 FEBRUARY 2023,

! {{sc|ep}}

e}}, {{sc	epent}}, 0	epenthesis>epenthetic morpheme, epenthetical|

!

epi}}, {{sc	em}}, {{sc	epist}}	epistemic modality>epistemic mood or modality|Patience Epps and Lev Michael (2019) Amazonian Languages, An International Handbook. de Gruyter Mouton

!{{sc|epit}}||epithet|Randy LaPolla & Rik de Busser (2015) Language Structure and Environment Social, p 80ff, 109.!

equ}}	cop}}|

! {{sc|erg}}||ergative case|!

es}}|echo subject|

! {{sc|ess}}||essive case (’as’)|! {{sc|ev}}

evd}}, {{sc	evid}}	evidential ({{sc>dir.ev}} etc.)[per Lehmann (2004), the particular evidential should be specified]({{sc|prev.evid.ev}} previous-evidence evidential)|

!

ev}}	ep}})|

!

ev}}|experiencer voice|

! {{sc|evit}}||evitative case (= aversive case)|!

evt}}|eventual|

! {{sc|exal}}

def}}	exaltive/deferential (high-status Register (sociolinguistics)>register)|

!

exc}}, {{sc|xs}}	exess}} ‘ex-essive’, which is commonly misspelled ‘excessive’]|

! {{sc|excl}}, {{sc|ex}}

exc}}, e	clusivity>exclusive person (as in {{sc	1pl.ex}}, 1e)|RMW Dixon (1988) A Grammar of Boumaa Fijian. U Chicago Press.

! {{sc|exclam}}

exclm}}, {{sc	exc}}|exclamative, exclamatory|

!

ex.dur}}|excessive duration|Joan Bybee, Revere Perkins, William Pagliuca (1994) The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World

!

exec}}|executive (auxiliary)|

! {{sc|exess}}||exessive case|Casper de Groot (2017) Uralic Essive and the Expression of Impermanent State!

exfoc}}|extrafocal (cleft subordinate clause

! {{sc|exh}}

adh}}|exhortative, adhortative|Esther Pascual & Sergeiy Sandler (2016) The Conversation Frame: Forms and Functions of Fictive Interaction. John Benjamins.

!

exh.foc}}|exhaustive focus|

! {{sc|exist}}

exs}}, {{sc	exis}}, {{sc	ex.be}}	existential clause>existential (’there is’)|

! {{sc|exo}}||exocentric case|!

exp}}, {{sc|exper}} cn?|experiencer, experiencer case|

! {{sc|exp}}

exper}}, {{sc|exp.ev}}	evidential (cf. {{sc>wit}}). {{sc|exper.past}} experienced past.|

!

expect}}|expectational|

!

expl}}, {{sc|exp}}	Expletive_(linguistics)>expletive (dummy / meaningless form)|

!

expr}}|expressive|

! {{sc|ext}}|

extended aspect>aspect, demonstrative), extendible; extension (sound stretch)|Ryan Pennington (2016) A grammar of Ma Manda: a Papuan language of Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea

!

ext}}|extent|

!

ext}}|external evidential|

!

extrv}}|extraversive (trz by addition of ugr)|

!

extt}}|extended topic|

!

ezf}}, {{sc	izaf}}|ezafe = izafet|

! {{sc|f}}

fem}}	feminine gender ({{sc>f.sg}}, {{sc	f.pl}}, {{sc	fem}} also ‘female speaker’)|

!

fa}}|future actor|

! {{sc|fac}}

fact}}	evidentiality>factive evidential/mood, factual;(b) factitive (A-{{sc|fact}} NP ‘make NP A’)|

! {{sc|fam}}|

Register (sociolinguistics)>register (as the T–V distinction) and familiar pronominal|

!

fc}}	nfc}} non-future conjunct)|

!

fcl}}|facilitive|

!

fd}}|future disjunct|

!

fh}}, {{sc|firsth}}	nfh}} non-firsthand)|

!

fi}}|feminine indefinite|

!

fill}}, {{sc|sfl}}|morphological filler, sentence filler (expletive)|

! {{sc|fin}}|

finite verb ({{sc>nfin}} non-finite)|

!

fin}}|finalis|

! {{sc|fmr}}

dcsc}}|former, deceased, ‘late’|Katharina Haude, Pieter Muysken, Rik van Gijn (2011) Subordination in Native South American Languages

!

fn}}|first (= given) name|

!

fnl}}|phrase-final suffix|

! {{sc|foc}}|

focus (grammar)>focus (confusingly used both for symmetrical voice and for true grammatical focus: {{sc	agfoc}} agent/actor focus; {{sc	pfoc}} patient focus; {{sc	bfoc}} beneficiary focus, {{sc	ifoc}} instrument focus, {{sc|cfoc}} conveyance focus)|Michael Piotrowski (2015) Systems and Frameworks for Computational Morphology. Fourth International Workshop, SFCM 2015, Stuttgart, Germany, September 17–18, 2015. Proceedings.

! {{sc|for}}

frm}}, {{sc	frml}}	Register (sociolinguistics)>register (as the T–V distinction); (b) formal mood; (c) formal case (’in the capacity of...’)|

! {{sc|fprt}}

fp}}|future participle|

!

fpst}}, {{sc|fp}}|far past|

! {{sc|fract}}|

fraction>fraction, fractional (numeral)|

! {{sc|freq}}

frq}}, {{sc|fr}} cn?|frequentative aspect|

!

frt}}|front|

! {{sc|frus}}

frust}}, {{sc	fr}}|frustrative|

! {{sc|fs}}|

Speech disfluency>false start|

! {{sc|ftv}}

fact}}	factative tense ({{sc>pres}} if stative, {{sc|past}} if not)|

!

func}}|functional|

!

func}}|functive case|

! {{sc|fut}}

f}}	future tense ({{sc>fobj}} future objective)|

!

fut.int}}, {{sc|itf}}|future intention, intentional future|

!

fv}}, {{sc|tv}}|final/terminal vowel|

! {{sc|g1}}, {{sc|g2}}, {{sc|g3}}, {{sc|g4}} etc.

gnd}} etc.	gender (grammar)>gender / noun class (e.g. G4 = 4th gender; may be used alongside {{sc|m, f}} etc.)|

!

gem}}|generalized evaluative marker|

! {{sc|gen}}

gn}}, {{sc|g}}|genitive case, genitive form of pronoun|

!

genz}}|generalized|

! {{sc|ger}}

grd}}|gerund, gerundive (for the latter, use obligative)|

! {{sc|giv}}|

Givenness>given|Alexander Adelaar, Andrew Pawley, R. A. Blust (2009) Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: A Festschrift for Robert Blust

!

gkn}}|general knowledge (evidential)|

!

gm}}|gender marker [or specify the gender]|

!

gnf}}|general non-finite|

! {{sc|gno}}

gnomic}}	gnomic aspect>gnomic (generic) aspect|Thomas Payne (1997) Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists

! {{sc|gnr}}

genr}}, {{sc	gener}}, {{sc	gen}}	appl.gen}} general applicative)|

!

gnt}}|general tense|

!

go&}}, {{sc	dk}}	go&do}} (go to a place and perform the verb) (= {{sc|asc.mot}})|

!

gpst}}|general past|

!

grp}}|group numeral|

!

top}}	givenness>given topic|

!{{sc|gv}}

gf}}, {{sc|gt}}	goal trigger>goal voice/focus/trigger [how d this diff from PV?]|

!

h}}	Head (linguistics)>Head|

!

h}}|hearer/reader|

!

h}}	Diglossia>high variety/code, in adiglossic situation|

! {{sc|h}}

hum}}	noun class#Common criteria for noun classes>human, anthropic gender ({{sc	h.pl}} or hp human plural, {{sc	cf. {{sc>r}})|

!

h}}	la}})|

! {{sc|hab}}

habit}}|habitual aspect|

!

hbl}}|habilitive|

!{{sc|hcr}}||hypocoristic|! {{sc|hes}}

hesit}}|hesitation, hesitation particle|

! {{sc|hest}}||hesternal tense (’yesterday’)|! {{sc|hist}}|

historical present or (wiktionary:past historic tense>past historic tense)|

!

hndr}}|number of hundreds (in a numeral)

! {{sc|hod}}

tod}}	hodiernal tense (’today’ in {{sc>hod.fut}}/{{sc	hod.pst}}/{{sc|todp}} hodernial past)|

! {{sc|hon}}

hnr}}, {{sc	hs}} [suffix]	honorifics (linguistics)>honorific (subject honorific)|

!

hor}}|horizon of interest|

!

hor}}|horizontal|

! {{sc|hort}}

hor}} [cn]|hortative (1st-person imperative)|

!

hpl}}	h.pl}})|

!

hr.ev}}	aud}})|

! {{sc|hrs}}

hsy}}, {{sc	hrsy}}, {{sc|eh}}	evidentiality>hearsay/reported evidential|

! {{sc|hum}}

hml}}, {{sc|hbl}} cn?	humiliative, humble (low-status Register (sociolinguistics)>register)|Giovanni Bennardo (2002) Representing Space in Oceania: Culture in Language and Mind. ANU.

! {{sc|hyp}}

hypo}}, {{sc|hypoth}} cn?|hypothetical mood|

!

i}}	inflection>inflected ({{sc|aux.i}} inflected auxiliary)|

!

ia}}|involuntary agent|

!|IA|indirect agent(ive)|!

ia}}|instrumental advancement|

!{{sc|iam}}||iamitive|!

ic}}|involuntary causative (natural or accidental events)|

!

ic}}|indirective copula|

!

icom}}|involuntary comitative|

!

icvb}}, {{sc|ic}}|imperfective converb|

!

ident}}, {{sc	date=July 2020}}	nid}}), |

!

ident}}|identificational|

!

identif}}|identifiable|Dana Louagie (2019) Noun Phrases in Australian Languages: A Typological Study

! {{sc|ideo}}

idph}}, {{sc|ideoph}}	ideophone (≈ {{sc>mim}})|

!

ie}}|informal ending|

!

ifut}}|indefinite future|

! {{sc|ign}}

ignor}}|ignorative|

! {{sc|ill}}

illa}}, {{sc|illat}}|illative case (’into’)|Nina Sumbatova (2003) A grammar of Icari Dargwa. Lincom Europa.

!

im}}|interrogative marker|

!

imi}}|impersonal infinitive|

! {{sc|imm}}

im}}, {{sc	immed}}	im.imp}} immediate imperative mood, {{sc	near future (grammar)>near future tense, {{sc|im.past/impst}} immediate past; immediate evidential|

!

immed}}	imm.pst}}|

!

imn}}	imm.fut}}|

! {{sc|imp}}

imper}}, {{sc	imprt}}|imperative mood|

!

imparf}}|imparfait|

! {{sc|impf}}

imperf}}, {{sc	impft}}, {{sc|im}}	imperfect (= {{sc>pst.npfv}})|

!

impl}}|implicated|

!

imposs}}|modal impossibility|

! {{sc|impr}}

imprec}} cn?|imprecative mood|Kees Hengeveld, Lachlan Mackenzie (2008) Functional Discourse Grammar: A Typologically-based Theory of Language StructureChristian Lehmann, G. E. Booij, Joachim Mugdan, Stavros Skopeteas, Wolfgang Kesselheim (2000) Morphologie: Ein Internationales Handbuch Zur Flexion und Wortbildung. Volume 2.

! {{sc|imprs}}

impers}}, {{sc	imps}} cn?, {{sc	imp}}|impersonal, impersonal verb|Alan Kaye (2007) Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Eisenbrauns.Spike Gildea (2000) Reconstructing Grammar: Comparative Linguistics and Grammaticalization. John Benjamins.

!{{sc|in}}|

iness}} or {{sc	ine(ss)}}, {{sc	inel}} etc. if a single morpheme, as {{sc	in-lat}}, {{sc|in-ela}} etc. if not.|

!

inab}}, {{sc|impot}}|impotential|

!

inabl}}|inablative|

!

inact}}|inactive|

! {{sc|inal}}||inalienable possession|! {{sc|inan}}

inanim}}	animacy>inanimate gender|

!

inc}}|increment|

!

incep}}, {{sc	incp}}, {{sc|ip}}|inceptive (= inchoative or ingressive)|Darrell T. Tryon (2011) Comparative Austronesian Dictionary

! {{sc|inch}}

incho}}, {{sc	inh}}|inchoative|

! {{sc|incl}}, {{sc|in}}

inc}}	clusivity>inclusive person (as {{sc	1pl.in}})|

!

incp}}, {{sc|incip}}	incpa}} athematic incipient, {{sc|incpt}} thematic incipient)|

! {{sc|ind}}

indic}}|indicative mood|

!

indcaus}}|indirect causative|

!

indep}}, {{sc	ind}}|independent|

!

indet}}|indeterminate |

! {{sc|indh}}||indefinite human (’somebody’)|Crippen, J.A. (2010). A Grammar of the Tlingit Language. “Retrieved March”, “26”, 2021.!

indir}}	Evidentiality>indirective (motion inward); indirect(?) ({{sc|indir.cop}} indirective copula); indirect evidential|

!

indiv}}|individualizer|

! {{sc|indn}}||indefinite non-human (’something’)|! {{sc|inel}}||inelative case (’from within’)|Martin Haspelmath (2011) A Grammar of Lezgian! {{sc|iness}}

ine}}, {{sc	insv}}, {{sc|in}}|inessive case (’in’)|Marja-Liisa Helasvuo & Lyle Campbell (2006) Grammar from the Human Perspective

! {{sc|inf}}||infinitive|! {{sc|infl}}||inflectional|! {{sc|infr}}

infer}}, {{sc	inf}}|inferential mood, inferred evidential|

!

ing}}, {{sc|ingr}}|ingressive case|

! {{sc|inj}}

interj}}, {{sc	intj}}, {{sc	inter}}|interjection (incl. ‘filler’), interjective|

! {{sc|ins}}

inst}}, {{sc|instr}}|instrumental case|

!

ins}}|instantiated|

! {{sc|int}}

inter}}, {{sc|interr}}	interrogative (= {{sc>q}}); {{sc|c.int}} content interrogative mood|

!

int}}|internal evidential|

!{{sc|inter}}|

interess}} or {{sc	intere(ss)}}, {{sc	interel}} etc. if a single morpheme, as {{sc	inter-lat}}, {{sc|inter-ela}} etc. if not.|

!

interess}}|interessive|

!

interp}}|interpellative mood|

! {{sc|intf}}||interfix|! {{sc|intl}}

inten}}, {{sc|int}}|intentional conditional, intentive future|

!

intrst}}|complement of interest|

! {{sc|intrv}}||introversive|! {{sc|ints}}

int}}, {{sc	intn}}, {{sc	inten}}, {{sc|intens}}|intensifier, intensive|

!{{sc|intv}}

intentv}}|intentive|

! {{sc|inv}}|

inverse voice>inverse|

!

invn}}	Grammatical number#Inverse number>inverse number (as in Kiowa: sg of default pl, pl of default sg)|

!

inw}}|inward|

! IO

io}}, {{sc|iobj}}|indirect object(ive)|

!

ip}}	im.pst}}|

!

ipast}}|indirective past|

!

ipd}}|impeditive|

! {{sc|ips}}|

impersonalizer ({{sc>agips}} agent impersonalizer)|

!

iq}}|indirect question, self-addressed question|

!

ir}}	loc.ir}} irregular locative)|

! {{sc|irr}}

irls}} cn?, {{sc	ir}}|irrealis mood|

!

irrel}}, {{sc|irrelev}}	nrelev}}|

!

is}}|indirect speech|

!

is}}|impersonal subject|

!

is}}|immediate scope|

! {{sc|iter}}

it}}, {{sc	itr}}|iterative aspect|

!

itg}}|intangible|

!

itm}}|intermittent|

!{{sc|itv}}

itiv}}, {{sc|it}}|itive|

!{{sc|iv}}{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

if}}|instrument voice/focus/trigger|

!

ivc}}|impersonal verb construction|

!

j}}	theme (linguistics)>thematic|

! {{sc|jus}}

juss}}|jussive mood|

! {{sc|kin}}|

kinship term>kinship suffix|

! {{sc|knwn}}|| known| !

-l}}|(used to form various lative cases)|

!

l}}	Diglossia>low variety/code, in adiglossic situation|

!

l}}|local (exophoric) person (= 1/2)

! L2

b}}| tags translation as code-switching.|

!

la}}	h}})|

! {{sc|lat}}|

lative case (= {{sc>mvmt}}, direction)|

!

lc}}|limited control|

!

lcl}}|locational|

!

length}}|vowel or consonant emphasis lengthening	date=July 2020}}

!

lex}}|lexical-thematic (affix), lexical|

! {{sc|lig}}|

ligature (grammar)>ligature, possessor ligature|

!{{sc|lim}}

lmt}}|limitative|

!

lkly}}|likely (modality)|

!

ll}}|land gender|

!

ll}}|lower level (spatial deixis)|Volker Gast (2012) Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. De Gruyter Mouton.

!

lm}}|landmark|

!

lm}}, {{sc|li}}|linking morph, linking interfix|

!

ln}}|last (= family) name|

! {{sc|lnk}}

lk}}, {{sc|link}}	interfix or a ligature (grammar)>ligature|

! {{sc|loc}}

lcv}}	locative case (includes essive case), locative verb ({{sc>exist}})|

! {{sc|log}}|

logophoric ({{sc>log.a}} speaker-logophoric PN, {{sc|log.b}} addressee-logophoric PN)|

!

loq}}|delocutive|

!

lp}}|linking particle|

!

lq}}|limiting quantifier|

!

ls}}|lexical stem|

!{{sc|lv}}

lf}}|locative/location voice/focus/trigger|

!

lv}}|linking vowel|

!

lv}}|lengthened vowel|

! {{sc|m}}

masc}}	masculine gender ({{sc>m.sg}}, {{sc	m.pl}}, {{sc|mpl}} or mp masculine plural)|

!

m-}}	modal case (prefix on case abbreviation, e.g. {{sc>mabl}} modal ablative)(b) marked (e.g. {{sc|mnf}} marked non-future)|

!{{sc|mal}}||malefactive case|!

male}}|male speaker|

! {{sc|man}}

mnr}}|manner; mood–aspect–negation (e.g. purpose-manner converb)|

!

mc}}|modal clitic|

!

mdt}}, {{sc|medit}}|meditative|

!

m.e.}}|multiple event|

!

mea}}|measure|

! {{sc|med}}|

mediative; (b) medial (e.g. medial past, medial demonstrative = {{sc>giv}}); (c) middle voice (= {{sc|mid}})|

!

mf}}|maximal field of view|

! {{sc|mid}}

md}}, {{sc	m}}, {{sc|mdl}}|middle voice, mediopassive|Laura McPherson (2013) A Grammar of Tommo So

!

mim}}	onomatopoeia>mimetic (≈ {{sc|ideo}})|Kimi Akita, Prashant Pardeshi (2019) Ideophones, Mimetics and Expressives

!

min}}|minimal number|

! {{sc|mir}}

adm}}	mirative>(ad)mirative|Olga Lovick (2020) A Grammar of Upper Tanana, volume 1.F. R. Palmer (2001) Mood and Modality

!

mirn}}|negative mirative|

!

mis}}|miscellaneous gender|

!{{sc|mit}}||mitigation|!

mloc}}|modal locative|

!

mod}}, {{sc|mo}}|modal case (modalis), e.g. certainty|

! {{sc|mod}}

mdl}}, {{sc|mp}}(modal particle)	grammatical mood>mood, modal, modal particle|

!

mod}}	Grammatical modifier>modifier|

! {{sc|mom}}||momentane, momentative (single-event verb)|!{{sc|mono}}|

Grammatical person>person|

!

mot}}|motion (combined with location glosses), mutative|

! {{sc|mov}}

mvmt}}|movement|

!

ms}}|maximal scope|

!

msap}}|main speech-act participant (= 1st person in assertions, 2nd in questions)

!{{sc|msd}}

masd}}	Arabic verbs#Masdar>maá¹£dar (verbal noun)|

!

mt}}|mental state (classifier)|

! {{sc|mul}}

mult}}, {{sc	date=July 2020}} {{sc	date=July 2020}}|multiplicative case, numeral|

!

mult}}|multal|

!

mvr}}|mover|

! {{sc|n}}

neut}}, {{sc|nt}}	neuter gender ({{sc>n.sg}}, {{sc	nsg}} non-singular], {{sc	npl}} or np neuter plural)Sometimes = non-human.|

! N|

noun (as a gloss in {{sc>nz}} nominalizer)|

! {{sc|n-}}

non-}}

e.g. {{sc>nsg}}, {{nowrap

sg}}}} non-singular; {{sc

n{{sc

nprs}}, {{nowrap

prs}}}} non-present; {{sc

n{{sc

nf}}, {{nowrap

f}}}} non-feminine; {{sc

n{{sc

nposs}}, {{nowrap

pos}}}} non-possessed; {{sc

n3}} non-3rd person; {{sc

n{{sc|pfv}}}} imperfective)|

!

-n}}	fn}} feminine name, {{sc	mn}} masculine name, {{sc	or place name, {{sc>pln}} place name, {{sc|psn}} personal name)|

!{{sc|narr}}

nar}} cn?	Grammatical tense>tense|

!

nc}}|noncontrol|

!

nc}}|noun-class marker|

! {{sc|ncompl}}

icp}}, {{sc	incmp}}, {{sc	incmpl}}, {{sc|incompl}}	Grammatical aspect>aspect (normally = {{sc|npfv}})|

!{{sc|nctm}}

icm}}|in contemporative (perfective appositional)|

!

ncur}}|noncurative|

! {{sc|ndef}}

indf}}, {{sc	indef}}, {{sc|ind}}	definiteness>indefinite|

! {{sc|nec}}||necessitative|! {{sc|neg}}

not}}, {{sc|ng}}	grammatical polarity>negation, negative ({{sc	id.neg}} identity negation)|

!

negat}}|negatory, negator|

!

negf}}|final negator|

!

negn}}|negative nominalization|

! {{sc|neut}}

neutr}}, {{sc|ntr}}|neutral aspect|

!

nex}}|non-extended|

!

nf}}|non-final form/marker (cf. non-feminine)|

!

nf}}|non-finite (cf. non-feminine)|

!

nfc}}|non-finite conditional|

! {{sc|nfin}}

nf}} cn?	nonfinite verb, non-finite clause) ({{sc>nf}} may be ambiguous with non-feminine)|

!

nfnd}}|non-future neutral disjunct|

!

nfpd}}|non-future perfective disjunct|

! {{sc|nh}}

nhum}}, n{{sc|h}}|non-human|

!

nm}}, {{sc|nmasc}}|non-masculine|

! {{sc|nmz}}

nmlz}}, {{sc	nomz}}, {{sc	nm}}, {{sc	nmnl}}, {{sc	nomi}}, {{sc	nomn}}, {{sc	nzr}}, {{sc	nz}}	nominalization (e.g. {{sc>pat.nz}} patient nominalizer)|Mary Swift (2004) Time in Child Inuktitut: A Developmental Study of an Eskimo–Aleut LanguagePaul Kroeber (1999) The Salish language family: reconstructing syntax. University of Nebraska Press.

! {{sc|nom}}

nm}}|nominative case|

!

noms}}	ntr}})|

!

nondum}}|’not yet’|

!

nonin}}|noninstigational|

!

n/p}}|neuter plural|

!

np}}|noun particle (cf. NP ‘noun phrase’)|

!

np}}|near past|

!

npc}}|non-past completive|

!

npdl}}|noun-phrase delimiter|

!

npf}}|noun prefix|

! {{sc|npfv}}

ipfv}}, {{sc	imp}}, {{sc	imperfv}}, {{sc	impf}}|imperfective aspect|

!

nposs}}, {{sc|unposs}}|non-possessed (marker of unpossessed noun)|

!

npp}}|non-past progressive|

!

nr}}	nr.dist}} ‘near distal’)|

!

ns}}|non-subject (see oblique case)|

!

ns}}|non-singular|

!

nsit}}, {{sc|newsit}}|new situation|

!

nsp}}	nsp}} non-specific)|

!

ntel}}, {{sc	at}}|atelic|

!

ntl}}|neutral direction|

! {{sc|ntr}}

intr}} cn?, {{sc	itr}}	intransitive case for the S argument, = {{sc>noms}})|

!

nts}}|non-topical subject|

! {{sc|num}}|

numeral (linguistics)>numeral, numerative ({{sc|num.cl}} numeral classifier)|

!

nv}}	sbv}} subjective version)|

!

nvexp}}|nonvisual experiential (evidential)|

! {{sc|nvis}}

invis}}, {{sc|nvsen}}	nvsen}} non-visual sensory); invisible (deixis)|

!

nvn}}	vnv}})|

!{{sc|nvol}}

avol}}, {{sc|invol}}|nonvolitional, avolitional, involuntative/involitive|

!

nw}}|non-witnessed|

!

nx.pst}} (= {{sc|uwpst}})|non-experienced past|

!

-o}}	ablo}} objective ablative, {{sc	o}} 3m object, {{sc|2sg.o}} 2sg object|

! {{sc|obj}}

objv}}, {{sc|ob}}	object (grammar)>object(ive), object agreement ({{sc|top.ob}} topical object); objective case|

! {{sc|obl}}

o}}|oblique case, oblique form of pronoun|

!

obs}}|observation|

! {{sc|obv}}||obviative|!

ofc}}	o.foc}} or {{sc|p.foc}}|

!

oinv}}|inverted object|

!

om}}|object marker|

!{{sc|onom}}||onomatopoeia|!

op}}|object prefix|

!

opp}}|opposite|

! {{sc|opt}}|

optative mood (= {{sc>des}}) |

!

or}}|orientation (direction) marker|

!

or}}	ds}} or {{sc|ss}})|

! {{sc|ord}}||ordinal numeral|!

ord}}|ordinary|

!{{sc|orig}}||origin, originative|!

os}}|oblique stem|

!

os}}|onstage region|

!

other}}|non-main speech-act participant (= 2nd or 3rd persion in assertions, 1st or 3rd in questions)|

!

out}}|outward|

!

ov}}|objective version|

!

p}}	p.hod}} prehodiernal, {{sc|p.cras}} postcrastinal)|

!

p}}	abs.p}} absolutitive proper case; {{sc	pers}} personal (proper) article.|

!

p}}|previous (evidence)|

!

-p}}	1p, 2p}}, 3f{{sc	p}} (1st, 2nd, 3rd masc & fem possessor). = {{sc|1poss}} etc.|

!

p.ant}}|past anterior|

!

p.imp}}|plural imperative|

!

p/i}}	pas/imp}})|

! {{sc|pass}}

pas}}, {{sc	psv}}	grammatical voice>passive voice|

!

pabs}}|past absolutive|

!

pat}}	patient (grammar)>patientive (= {{sc|und}}) Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding, as it is not the value of a morphological category.|

! {{sc|paus}}||pausal, pause|! {{sc|pau}}

pauc}}, {{sc|pa}} cn?, pc	paucal number ({{sc>m.pau}} or mpc masculine paucal, {{sc	gpauc}} greater paucal)|Doris Payne (1990) Amazonian Linguistics

!

pc}}|past completive|

!

pc}}|concord particle|

!

pc}}|perfective converb|

!

pcl}}|’polysemic clause linkage marker’|

!

pcp}}|(a) completive participle; (b) participatory evidence|

!

pdr}}|past, deferred realization|

!

pds}}|previous event, different subject|

!

pe}}|perpetuity|

!

pe}}|previous event |

! -pe

pe}}	pl.ex}})|

! {{sc|peg}}||pegative case (a special case for the giver)|!{{sc|pej}}||pejorative|! {{sc|peramb}}||perambulative|!

peri}}|peripheral|

! {{sc|perl}}

per}} cn?, {{sc|prl}}|perlative case|

!{{sc|perm}}||permission, permissive mood|!

perm}}|permanent|

! {{sc|pers}}

p}}	pers.ev}} personal evidential / personal experience, {{sc	pers.exp}} personal experience); personal/proper article (grammar)	(= {{sc>pers.art}}); ‘personal’ affix (= 4th person)|

!

pers}}, {{sc|persis}}|persistive|

!

perse}}	pers.ev}})|

!

pert}}|pertensive|

!

perv}}|pervasive|

! {{sc|pfv}}

pf}}, {{sc|perfv}}|perfective aspect|

!

phab}}|past habitual|

!

phas}}|phasal aspect|

! -pi

pi}}	pl.in}})|

!

pimpf}}|progressive imperfective	date=July 2020}}

!

pimpv}}|past imperfective|

!

pinf}}|physical inferential|

!

pk}}|personal knowledge|

! {{sc|pl}}

plur}}	plural (but {{sc>1pl}} also 1p, {{sc|3pl.m}} also 3mp)|

! {{sc|plup}}

plu}}, {{sc	pperf}}, {{sc	pluprf}}, {{sc	plperf}}, {{sc	date=July 2020}}|pluperfect|

! {{sc|plur}}, {{sc|vpl}}

plu}}, {{sc	pl}}, {{sc|plurac}}	pluractional (= {{sc>vpl}} verbal plural)|Terrill Schrock (2017) The Ik language: Dictionary and grammar sketch

!

pm}}|predicate marker|

!

pn}}, {{sc	pr}} cn	proper noun/name, personal name (e.g. {{sc>pn.det}} proper-noun determiner)|Leonid Kulikov, Andrej Malchukov, Peter De Swart (2006) Case Valency And Transitivity. John Benjamins.

! PO||primary object|!

po}}|patient-orientated verb|

!

podir}}|postdirective (= postlative)|

! {{sc|poel}}

postel}}|postelative case|

! {{sc|poess}}

poste}}, {{sc|postess}}|postessive case (’after’)|

! {{sc|pol}}|

Register (sociolinguistics)>register|

!

pos}}|positive|

! {{sc|poss}}

pos}}, {{sc	psr}}	possessive, possessor ({{sc>2poss}} 2nd-person possessive; {{sc|poss.cl}} possessive classifier)|

!{{sc|posb}}

possb}}, {{sc|possib}}|possible, modal possibility|

!

possd}}|possessed|

!{{sc|post}}

po-}}	postlocative (behind). May be equivalent to {{sc>postess}} or {{sc	poste(ss)}} ({{sc	postl(at)}} ({{sc	postel}} ({{sc	post-ess}}, {{sc	post-dir}}, {{sc|post-ela}} etc. if not.|

!

post}}, {{sc|postp}}|postposition, postpositional case|

!

post}}|post-terminal aspect|

! {{sc|postl}}

podir}}, {{sc	postdir}}|postlative case, or ‘postdirective’|

! {{sc|pot}}

poten}} cn?	potential mood (cf. {{sc>ver}})|

!

pp}}|(a) predicative possessive particle; (b) present progressive; (c) past perfect; (d) pragmatic particle|

!

ppa}}|active perfect participle|

!

ppast}}|post-terminal past|

!

ppf}}|perfect participle|

!

ppfv}}|past perfective (= perfect)|Maïa Ponsonnet (2019) Difference and Repetition in Language Shift to a Creole: The Expression of Emotions

!

ppp}}|(a) past passive participle; (b) past perfect participle|

! {{sc|pprt}}

pp}}, {{sc	ppart}}, {{sc|pastp}} [cn]|passive participle, past participle|

!

pps}}|pseudo-passive|

!

pr}}	pr.part}} pragmatic particle)|

!

prc}}|precedence|

! {{sc|prec}}||precative mood (requests)|!

prec}}, {{sc|precon}}	preca}} athematic precondition, {{sc|prect}} thematic precondition)|

!

prec}}, {{sc|pre}}|precise, precision|

! {{sc|pred}}|

predicate (grammar)>predicative affix, predicative|

!

predict}}|prediction|

! {{sc|prep}}||preposition, prepositional case|! {{sc|pret}}

prt}}	preterite (= {{sc>pfv.pst}})|

!

prev}}|previous (in evidentials)|

!

preven}}|preventive|

! {{sc|prf}}

pft}}, {{sc	perf}}	perfect (grammar)>perfect|

!

prfrm}}, {{sc|perform}}|performative|

!

prior}}, {{sc|pr}}|prior, preceding |

! {{sc|priv}}

prv}}, {{sc|prvt}}|privative case|

! {{sc|pro}}

pn}}, {{sc	pron}}	pronoun>pronominal base, ({{sc|pro}} only) proform|

! {{sc|prob}}

pb}}|probabilitive|

!

procomp}}|procomplement|

!

prod}}|product verbalizer|

! {{sc|prog}}

prg}}, {{sc|progr}}|progressive aspect|

! {{sc|proh}}

prh}}, {{sc|prohib}}|prohibitive mood (’don’t!’)|

! {{sc|prol}}

prolat}}, {{sc|prl}}	prolative case (= {{sc>via}})|

!

prol}}|prolonged action|

!{{sc|prop}}

propr}}	Grammatical case>proprietive case (quality of having X)|

!

prop}}|proper-noun marker|

!

propos}}, {{sc|prop}}|propositive mood (inclusive jussive)|Jieun Kiaer (2020) Pragmatic Particles: Findings from Asian Languages

! {{sc|pros}}

prosec}}|prosecutive case (’across’, ‘along’)|Alexander Lubotsky, Jos Schaeken, Jeroen Wiedenhof (2008) Evidence and Counter-Evidence: Essays in Honour of Frederik Kortlandt, volume 2.

! {{sc|prosp}}

pros}}, {{sc|prsp}} cn?	prospective aspect or mood ({{sc>ppros}} past prospective)|

! {{sc|prot}}|

protasis (linguistics)>protasis|

!

prov}}|pro-verb|

! {{sc|prox}}

px}}, {{sc|prx}}	proximal demonstrative; Proximate (grammar)>proximate (e.g. {{sc|prox.imp}} proximate imperative)|

!

prp}}|property predication|

! {{sc|prs}}

pres}}, {{sc|pr}}|present tense|

!

prsc}}|prescriptive|

!

prsv}}	presentative (linguistics)>presentative|

!|ps-

ap}} pseudo-antipassive, ps{{sc|pass}} pseudo-passive|

!

ps}}|passing state|

!

ps}}|passé simple|

!

ps}}|undergoer (patient-role subject)|

!

psa}}	pss}} previous same subject)|

!

pss}}	psa}} previous same agent); {{sc	psst}} previous event, same subject of v.i. and v.t.|

!

pssm}}, {{sc|pssd}}| possessum (impersonal), possessed|

!

pssr}}	possession (linguistics)>possessor|

! {{sc|pst}}

past}}, {{sc	ps}}, {{sc	pas}}	past tense (e.g. {{sc>pindef}} past indefinite, {{sc	spst}} simple past)|

!

pstn}}|past nominalization|

!

pst.pr}}|past/present (different readings on different word classes)|

!

pt}}|potent case inflection|

!

ptcl}}, {{sc	ptc}}, {{sc	ptl}}, {{sc	part}}	particle (grammar)>particle(Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding this and instead translating/glossing the meaning.),particalizer|

! {{sc|ptcp}}

part}}, {{sc	ppl}}, {{sc	pple}}, {{sc	ptcpl}}, {{sc	particip}}, {{sc|p}}|participle, participial (mood)|

!

pth}}|path|

! {{sc|ptv}}

prtv}}, {{sc	part}}, {{sc	ptt}}, {{sc|partve}}|partitive case|

!{{sc|punc}}

punct}}, {{sc	pu}}, {{sc	pct}}, {{sc|pnct}}	Grammatical aspect>punctual aspect, punctiliar|

! {{sc|prp}}

purp}}, {{sc|pur}}	Grammatical case>purposive case/converb ({{sc|nprp}} non-purposive)|

! {{sc|pv}}

pf}}, {{sc	ov}}	patient focus>patient/object voice/focus/trigger{{fix|text=is Starosta ‘object focus’ true focus, not voice?}}|Guzman & Bender, eds. (2000) Grammatical Analysis: Studies in Honor of Stanley Starosta. University of Hawaii Press

!

pv}}	pivot (grammar)>pivot form/nominal|

!

pv}}|possessive verbalizer|

!{{sc|pvb}}

prev}}, {{sc	pv}}|preverb|

!

pvp}}|post-verbal particle (only particle so glossed)|

!

px}}|possessive suffix|

! {{sc|q}}

qst}}, {{sc	quest}}, QP	question word or particle (= {{sc>int}})|

!

qm}}|quantity marker|

!

qu}}, {{sc|qm}}, QM	q}})|

!{{sc|qual}}||qualifier|! {{sc|quant}}

qnt}}	Quantifier (linguistics)>quantifier|

! {{sc|quot}}

quo}}, {{sc|qt}}|quotative (quotative case, quotative mood, quotation marker)|

!

qv}}|quotative verb|

!

r}}	noun class#Common criteria for noun classes>rational gender (thinking beings) ({{sc	r.pl}} or rp rational plural)	date=July 2020}}

!{{sc|-r}}|

3r}} 3rd-person reflexive)|

!

r-}}|relational (prefix on case abbreviation)|

!

r.ext}}, {{sc|rt.ext}}|root extension|

!

r/a}}|realis/assertive|

!

ra}}|repeated action|

!

ra}}|relative agreement|

!{{sc|rar}}||raritive|!

re}}|refactive|

!

rea}}|reactive (responding)|

! {{sc|real}}

rls}}, {{sc	r}}|realis mood|

! {{sc|rec}}

rct}}, {{sc|r}}	rec.pst}}, {{sc	recent past tense, {{sc>r.prf}} recent perfect)|

!

rec}}|receptive|

! {{sc|recp}}

rcp}}, {{sc	recipr}}, {{sc|rec}}|reciprocal voice|

!

red}}, {{sc	redup}}, {{sc	dup}}{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}|reduplication, reduplicant (avoid if possible; instead gloss with meaning of reduplicated element)|

! {{sc|ref}}

rfr}}|referential, referentive|

! {{sc|refl}}

rfl}}, {{sc	reflx}}, {{sc	rflex}}, {{sc	r}}	reflexive pronoun/possessive, reflexive voice; ‘{{sc>r}}’ used with person-number-gender)|

!{{sc|reg}}||regal (e.g. pronouns)|!

reg}}|regularity|

!{{sc|regr}}

reg}}|regressive|

! {{sc|rel}}

r}}	relz}} relativizer); (b) relative pronoun affix; (c) relational ({{sc	past.rel}} relative past|

!

rel.fut}}	relative tense>relative future|

!

relev}}|relevance|

! {{sc|rem}}

rm}}, {{sc|rmt}}	rem.pst}} or {{sc	remp}} remote past tense, {{sc	rem.f}} or {{sc	remote future tense; also {{sc>rem}} remote past tense|

! {{sc|rep}}

repet}}, {{sc|rpt}}	Iterative aspect>repetitive aspect (cf {{sc|iter}})(b) repetitive numeral(c) repeated word in repetition|

! {{sc|res}}

resu}}, {{sc|result}}	resultative ({{sc>res.n}} resultative noun)|Eric McCready, Masaharu Mizumoto & Stephen Stich (2018) Epistemology for the Rest of the World. OUP.

!

res}}|resignative|

!

resid}}|residue class|

!

return}}|returnative|

!

rev}}|revisionary|

!

rf}}|referential-focus|

!

rln}}|relational|

!

rsm}}, {{sc	date=August 2020}}|resumptive marker, resumptive pronoun|

!{{sc|resp}}|

Honorifics (linguistics)>respect|

!

resp}}|responsive|

! {{sc|ret}}

retro}}	retrospective (grammar)>retrospective (recollection; synonym for ‘perfect’ in some traditions) ({{sc|pretro}} past retrospective)|

!{{sc|rev}}||reversative, reversive|!

rev}}|reverential|

!

r/m}}|reflexive/middle voice|

!

rm}}|relative marker|

!

rnr}}|result nominalizer|

! {{sc|root}}

r}}, $	root word>root)|

!{{sc|roy}}||royal (e.g. pronouns)|!

rp}}	rec.pst}}(b) remote past, = {{sc|rem.pst}}|

!

rp}}|reflexive-possessive|

!

rpc}}|remote past continuous|

!

rpi}}|remote past inferred|

!

rpr}}|remote past reported|

!

rpst}}|remote past|

! {{sc|rpt}}

rprt}}, {{sc	rpr}}, {{sc|revid}}	evidentiality>reported evidential (= {{sc|hsy}}); reportative|

!

rpv}}|remote past visual|

!{{sc|rq}}

rhet}}, {{sc|rqt}}|rhetorical question|

!

r/r}}, {{sc	r}}|reflexive/reciprocal|Crevels & Muysken (2009) Lenguas de bolivia.

!

rsn}}| reason|

!{{sc|rst}}

rest}}, {{sc	rstr}}|restrictive (restrictive numeral, adverbial)|

!

rt}}|roundtrip|

!{{sc|rv}}{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

rf}}|reason voice/focus/trigger|

!

-s}}	abls}} subjective ablative, {{sc	s}} 3f subject|

!

sa}}	aa}})|

!

saa}}|speaker-addressee authority|

!

sal}}|salient|

!{{sc|sap}}|

msap}})|

! {{sc|sbel}}

subel}}|subelative case (’from under’)|

!

sben}}|self-benefactive|

! {{sc|sbess}}

sube}} cn?, {{sc|subess}}|subessive case (’under’)|

! {{sc|sbj}}

subj}}, {{sc	S/A}}, {{sc	sj}}	subject (grammar)>subject case, subject agreement ({{sc|nsbj}} non-subject)|Tej K. Bhatia (1993) Punjabi: A Conginitive-descriptive Grammar

!

sbv}}, {{sc|subj}}|subjective, subjective speaker perspective|

!{{sc|scep}}||sceptical|!

sd}}|sudden-discovery tense|

!

sds}}|simultaneous event, different subject|

! {{sc|se}}|

switch-reference>same event (cf {{sc	se.da}} same event, different argument/subject)|

!{{sc|sec}}|

sec.ev}} secondhand evidential, {{sc|imp.sec}} secondhand imperative)|

!{{sc|sej}}||sejunct (opposite of conjunct)|! {{sc|sem}}

smlf}}, {{sc|semel}}|semelfactive aspect (’once’)|Neil Alexander Walker (2020) A Grammar of Southern Pomo

!

sem}}|special evaluative marker|

! {{sc|sen}}

sns}}, {{sc	sens.ev}}	sensory evidential mood, = {{sc>vis}}+{{sc	nvsen}} non-visual sensory)|

!{{sc|sep}}||spatial separation, separative|! {{sc|seq}}

sq}}|sequential|

! {{sc|ser}}|

serial verb>serial marker|

!

sf}}|subject focus|

!

sf}}|stem formation|

!

sf}}|sentence-final marker|

!

sfn}}|softener|

!

sfoc}}|sentence focus|

!

sfp}}, {{sc|sfs}}|sentence-final particle/suffix|

! {{sc|sg}}

sing}}	grammatical number>singular (but {{sc	3sg.m}} also 3ms)|

! {{sc|sgv}}

sgt}}, {{sc	singl}}, {{sc|sglt}}|singulative number, singulative nominal|

!

sh}}| subject honorific |Gabriele Diewald & Ilse Wischer (2002) New Reflections on Grammaticalization

! {{sc|sim}}

simul}}|simultaneous aspect, simultaneity|

! {{sc|simv}}

sim}}, {{sc|sml}}|similative (e.g. plural based on prototypical member of group)|Johan van der Auwera (2011) Adverbial Constructions in the Languages of Europe

!

in}}|singular intransitive action|

!

sinv}}|inverted subject|

!{{sc|sit}}||situative (situational aspect)|! {{sc|sjv}}

sbjv}}, {{sc	subjv}}, {{sc	sb}}, {{sc|su}}	subjunctive mood ({{sc>sub}} and {{sc|subj}} may be ambiguous with ‘subject’)|

!{{sc|skt}}

kst}}{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}|suck-teeth (= kiss-teeth)|Kofi Yakpo (2019) A grammar of Pichi

!

sl}}|same level (spatial deixis)|

!

sm}}|series marker|

! {{sc|smbl}}

sembl}}|semblative|

!

smi}}|semeliterative|

!

smr}}|same reference|

!

so}}|same object|

!{{sc|soc}}| |(a) sociative case (socialis); (b) sociative causative|Lars Johanson & Martine Robbeets (2012) Copies Versus Cognates in Bound Morphology. Brill.David W. Fleck, Masayoshi Shibatani, Roberto Zariquiey (2019) Nominalization in Languages of the Americas. John Benjamins.!{{sc|sp}}

spc}}, {{sc	spcf}}, {{sc|specfc}}	nsp}}, {{sc	nspec}} nonspecific: cf. also {{sc|nsp}} entry)|

!

sp}}	fp}}). See usage note at particle and {{sc|fp}}.|

!

sp}}	date=July 2020}} perfective past|

!

sp}}|subject prefix|

!

sp}}	sp.prox}} speaker-proximate, {{sc|dem.sp}} demonstrative near speaker|

!

spat}}|spatial|

! {{sc|specfr}}

spec}}	Specifier (linguistics)>specifier|

! {{sc|specl}}

spec}}|speculative mood|

!{{sc|spkr}}||speaker-anchored, speaker perspective|!

spl}}|spotlighting|

!

spont}}|spontaneous|

!

sr}}|(a) same referent, (b) switch reference|

!

src}}, {{sc|so}}|source|

!

srp}}|self-reporting pronoun|

! {{sc|ss}}

sa}}	switch-reference>same-subject/actor/argument marker (cf {{sc|se}})|

!

sso}}|same-subject overlap (’while’)|

!

sss}}|same-subject succession (’then’)|

!

sss}}	sssi}} of intransitive clause, {{sc|ssst}} of transitive clause)|

! {{sc|stat}}

stv}}, {{sc	sta}}, {{sc|stt}}|stative aspect, stative verb |

! {{sc|stem}}

st}}, $	stem (linguistics)>stem)|

!

stim}}|stimulative|

!

str}}|strong|

!{{sc|sub}}|

sublocative (under). May be equivalent to {{sc>subess}} or {{sc	sube(ss)}} ({{sc	subl(at)}} ({{sc	subel}} ({{sc	sub-ess}}, {{sc	sub-dir}}, {{sc|sub-ela}} etc. if not.|

!

sub}}, {{sc	date=July 2023}}|subitive. |

! {{sc|subl}}

sbdir}}, {{sc	subdir}}|sublative case (’down under’), also ‘subdirective’|István Kenesei, Robert Vago & Anna Fenyvesi (1998) Hungarian. Routledge.

! {{sc|subr}}

sub}}, {{sc	sbrd}}, {{sc|sr}}	subordination (linguistics)>subordinator (’that’), subordinate|

!

subs}}|subsequent|

!

subsec}}|subsecutive mood|

!

subst}}|substitutive|

!

subz}},{{citation needed	sbst}}|substantivizer (= nominalizer)|

!

suc}}|successive (’then’)|

!

sug}}|suggestive mood|

! {{sc|sup}}||supine|! {{sc|sup}}|[dbl check next]|superlative (most: cf. super-lative, super-essive)|!

sup}}, {{sc	suppl}}|supplicative, supplication|

! {{sc|supel}}

srel}}, {{sc|superel}}|superelative case (’from on top of’, ‘from above’)|

!{{sc|super}}

sup-}}, {{sc|spr}}	superlocative. May be equivalent to {{sc>superess}} or {{sc	supere(ss)}} ({{sc	superl(at)}} ({{sc	superel}} ({{sc	superabl}} etc. if a single morpheme, as {{sc	super-lat}} or {{sc	super-ela}} etc. if not.|

! {{sc|supess}}

sup}}, {{sc	sress}}, {{sc	super}}, {{sc|superess}} cn?|superessive case (’above’; ‘on’)|

! {{sc|supl}}

suplat}}, {{sc	srdir}}, {{sc|spr}}|super-lative, superdirective (’to above’)|

!{{sc|supp}}

psup}}, {{sc|presupp}}|(pre)suppositive, presumptive, suppositional, presupposition|

!

surp}}|surprise|

!

svc}}|serial verb construction|

!

sw}}|switch|

!

sym}}|symmetric|

! {{sc|-t}}|

Symmetrical voice>trigger (used for {{sc	pt}}, {{sc|gt}} etc.) [old fashioned; ‘voice’ is now standard]|

!

-t}}	tamt}} thematic tense-aspect-mood, {{sc|antt}} thematic antecedent, etc.)|

!

t}}, {{sc|tmp}}|temporal|

! {{sc|ta}}

t/a}} |tense/aspect|

!{{sc|tag}}|

question tag>tag question|

! {{sc|tam}}

tma}}|tense–aspect–mood|

! {{sc|tel}}|

telic aspect (cf {{sc>pfv}}) ({{sc	c:tel}} culminatory telic)(b) contrastive emphasis|Till Woerfel (2018) Encoding Motion Events: The Impact of Language-Specific Patterns and Language Dominance in Bilingual Children. De Gruyter.

! {{sc|temp}}

tem}}|temporal case; temporal converb|

!

temp}}|temporarily|

!

tens}}|number of tens (in a numeral)

!{{sc|tent}}||tentative|! {{sc|ter}}

term}}, {{sc|termin}}	terminative case>terminative ~ terminalis (’up to’) (case, aspect)|

!

term}}|non-subject|

!

th}}, {{sc	them}}, {{sc|themat}}|thematic element (e.g. thematic consonant, suffix); theme|

!

tj}}|trajector|

!{{sc|tkn}}||teknonym|!

tm-}}	tm}}hrs, {{sc	tm}}yrs for events hours, days, years ago|

!

tnd}}|tendency|

! {{sc|tns}}

t}}, {{sc	ts}}	tense (grammar)>tenseLehmann (2004) recommends avoiding this and specifying the tense.|

! {{sc|top}}

tp}}, {{sc|tpc}}	Topic and comment)>topic marker ({{sc|topp}} topical patientive)|

!

topz}}, {{sc|topr}}|topicalizer|

! {{sc|tot}}||totalitative, totality|! {{sc|tr}}

trans}}, {{sc|trns}}	transitive verb ({{sc>trz}}, {{sc|trr}} transitivizer); transitive case (rare)|

!

tr}}|transitional sound|

!

tr}}|trajector|

!

transf}}, {{sc|trnsf}}|transformative (’becoming’, dynamic equiv. of essive)|

!

transp}}|(transposition of deictic zero away from ego, e.g. ‘uphill’ from an object rather than from the speaker)|Working paper of the Cognitive Anthropology Research Group of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 1991

! {{sc|transl}}

tra}}, {{sc	trans}}, {{sc	translv}} cn?, {{sc	trl}}translative, {{sc|tsl}}translocative	translative case (becoming, into); (b) translocative (across; may be compounded for e.g. {{sc>ant-trans}} pass in front of, {{sc	sub-trans}} pass under)|

! {{sc|tri}}

trl}}, {{sc|tr}}|trial number|

!

trip}}	~}}]|Richard Oehrle, E. Bach, Deirdre Wheeler (2012) Categorial Grammars and Natural Language Structures

!

trm}}|transmutative|

! {{sc|trn}}|

transnumeral (neither {{sc>sg}} nor {{sc|pl}})|Anne Storch, Gerrit Dimmendaal (2014) Number – Constructions and Semantics

!

trposs}}|transfer of possession|

!{{sc|trz}}

tz}}|transitivizer|Patricia Hofherr & Brenda Laca (2012) Verbal Plurality and Distributivity

!

ts}}|(a) thematic suffix; (b) tense|

!

tv}}|thematic vowel|

! {{sc|tvf}}||truth-value focus|!

u}}	inflection>uninflected ({{sc|aux.u}} uninflected auxiliary)|

!

ua}}|unit augmented|

!

uc}}| upcoast	date=July 2020}}

!

uf}}|uncertain future|

!

ugr}}, {{sc	und}}, {{sc|u}} cn?	role and reference grammar>undergoer role (cf {{sc|pat}})|

!

uh}}	afw}}. cf {{sc|ur}}.)	date=July 2020}}

!

ul}}|upper level (spatial deixis)|

!

uncert}}|uncertain mood|

!

unif}}|unified|

!{{sc|unsp}}

unspec}}|unspecified (person, tense)|

!

unw}}|’unwillingness’ marker|

!

up}}|upward|

! {{sc|ur}}|

cf {{sc>uh}} away from the water)|

!

usit}}|usitative, for usual, customary or typical events|

!{{sc|util}}|| utilitive|!{{sc|uv}}

uf}}	pv}} + {{sc	cv}} })|Isabelle Bril (2021) Experiential constructions in Northern Amis, ICAL-15

!

uv}}|uncertain visual|

!

uwpst}}|unwitnessed past|

!

v}}|viewer|

! {{sc|-v}}|

Symmetrical voice>trigger (used for {{sc	pv}}, {{sc	cv}} etc.)	date=August 2021}}

!

va}}|verbal adjective|

! {{sc|val}}|

valency (grammar)>valency-increasing; valence marker|

!

val}}|validator|

! {{sc|vb}}| V

verbal (disambiguation)>verbal (as a gloss in {{sc	vz}} verbalizer, {{sc	plur}}, {{sc	vd}} verbal dative, {{sc|vall}} verbal allative, etc.)|Nicholas Evans (1995) A Grammar of Kayardild, Mouton de Gruyter

!{{sc|vbz}}

vblz}}, {{sc	verb}}, {{sc	vbzr}}, {{sc	vr}}, {{sc|vz}}|verbalizer|Claudine Chamoreau, Zarina Estrada-Fernández (2016) Finiteness and Nominalization. John Benjamins.

!

vcl}}|verb class marker / classifier|

!

vco}}|voluntary comitative|

! Vd

vd}}, v.d.	ditransitive verb>verb, ditransitive (e.g. as a covert category)|Australian Aboriginal Studies. Journal of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Issue 1, 1994, p. 32

! {{sc|ve}}

veg}}	ve}} gender from {{sc|veg}} food affix.|

! {{sc|ven}}

vent}}|venitive/ventive (coming towards; cf andative)|

! {{sc|ver}}|

veridical, conditional mood>veridical mood (certain conditional; cf. {{sc|pot}})|

!

verif}}|verificative|

!

vers}}|versionizer; versative|

! {{sc|vert}}||vertical classifier|! Vi

vi}}, v.i.	intransitive verb>verb, intransitive (e.g. as a covert category)|

! {{sc|via}}||vialis case|!{{sc|virt}}||virtual mode|Rik van Gijn & Jeremy Hammond (2016) Switch Reference 2.0, p 222.! {{sc|vis}}

vs}}, {{sc|vevid}}	evidentiality>visual evidential ({{sc	vis.p}} previous visual evidence);(b) visible (demonstrative, e.g. {{sg|3vis}})|

!

vloc}}|verbal locative|

! {{sc|vn}}||verbal noun|Andrej Malchukov, Bernard Comrie & Martin Haspelmath, eds. (2010) Studies in Ditransitive Constructions: A Comparative Handbook!

vnv}}	nvn}})|

! {{sc|voc}}||vocative case|! {{sc|vol}}|

volitive mood; volitional (cf. {{sc>avol}} avolitional)|

!

vp}}|verbal particle|

! Vr

vr}}, v.r.	reflexive verb>verb, reflexive (e.g. as a covert category)|

!

vsm}}|verb-stem marker|

! Vt

vt}}, v.t.	transitive verb>verb, transitive (e.g. as a covert category)|

!

wh.ex}}	Wh-question>wh- clause (’what a ...!’)	date=July 2020}}

!

wh}}|interrogative pronoun (wh-word), wh- agreement|

! {{sc|whq}}

wh.q}}	Wh-question>wh- question|Seventh Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, March 27–31, 1995, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland. Association for Computational Linguistics, European Chapter, 1995.

!{{sc|wit}}|

witnessed evidential (cf. {{sc>exp}})|

!

wp}}, {{sc|wpst}}|witnessed past|Diana Forker, Information structure in the languages of the Caucasus, submitted to Polinsky (ed.) Handbook of Caucasian languages, OUP.

! {{sc|x}}| ?|(unidentified morpheme)| !

ynq}}, {{sc	p.int}}, {{sc|pi}}	pc}} vs {{sc|cq}})|

!

-z}}

(al)izer (e.g. {{sc|adjz}} adjectivizer, {{sc|nz}} nominalizer, {{sc|trz}} transitivizer, {{sc|vbz}} verbalizer)| ! {{sc|zo}}|

noun class#Common criteria for noun classes>zoic gender (animals)		TITLE=TWO FEMININE GENDERS IN ONEIDA	YEAR=1984	ISSUE=2	PAGES=125–137, 30027499,

Kinship

It is common to abbreviate grammatical morphemes but to translate lexical morphemes. However, kin relations commonly have no precise translation, and in such cases they are often glossed with anthropological abbreviations. Most of these are transparently derived from English; an exception is ‘Z’ for ‘sister’. (In anthropological texts written in other languages, abbreviations from that language will typically be used, though sometimes the single-letter abbreviations of the basic terms listed below are seen.) A set of basic abbreviations is provided for nuclear kin terms (father, mother, brother, sister, husband, wife, son, daughter); additional terms may be used by some authors, but because the concept of e.g. ‘aunt’ or ‘cousin’ may be overly general or may differ between communities, sequences of basic terms are often used for greater precision. There are two competing sets of conventions, of one-letter and two-letter abbreviations:Both sets of glosses appear in Jeffrey Heath (1980) Dhuwal (Arnhem Land) Texts on Kinship and Other Subjects. University of Sydney.Philip Kreyenbroek (2009) From DaÄ“nā to Dîn. Harrassowitz.Lu, Tian Qiao (2008) A Grammar of Maonan. Boca Raton, Florida: Universal Publishers.{| class=“wikitable“|+! 1-Letter Gloss! 2-Letter Gloss! Meaning! Equivalent sequence of nuclear relations! A || Au

| = MZ or FZ / MoSi or FaSi

! B || Br

| [basic term]

! C || Ch

| = S or D / So or Da

! || Cu

| = MZD, MZS, MBD, MBS, FZD, FZS, FBD, FBS = MoSiDa, MoSiSo, MoBrDa, MoBrSo, FaSiDa, FaSiSo, FaBrDa, FaBrSo

! D || Da

| [basic term]

! e, E || o, el

| (e.g. eB, eZ)

! Ego || ego

| (EgoE = one’s spouse)

! ex || ex

| (e.g. exH, exW)

! F || Fa

| [basic term]

! || F | female kin! G || Gr

| e.g. GF = PF (MF or FF); GS = CS (SS or DS) e.g. GrFa = PaFa (MoFa or FaFa); GrSo = ChSo (SoSo or DaSo)

! || Gen

| (see below)

! H || Hu

| [basic term]

! LA || La

| e.g. BLA = WB or HB or ZH / BrLa = WiBr or HuBr or SiHu

! M || Mo

| [basic term]

! || M | male kin! || Ne

| = BrSo or SiSo

! || Ni

| = BrDa or SiDa

! P || Pa

| = M or F / Mo or Fa

! S || So

| [basic term]

! SI, G || Sb

| = B or Z / Br or Si

! SP, E || Sp

| = H or W / Hu or Wi

! || st | step-! U || Un

| = MB or FZ / MoBr or FaBr

! W || Wi

| [basic term]

! y, Y || y, yo

| (e.g. yB, yZ)

! Z || Si

| [basic term]

! (m.s.) || (m.s.)

| (when kin terms differ by gender of speaker)

! (f.s.) || (f.s.)| female speaking |(when kin terms differ by gender of speaker)! μ || ♂

| (when kin terms differ by gender of the person they are related to)

! φ || ♀ | female ego |(when kin terms differ by gender of the person they are related to)! ∥ || ∥

| (across a brother–brother or sister–sister link)

! + || +

| (across a brother–sister link)

! os || os

| (some langs distinguish siblings of the same and opposite gender from the ego; e.g. for some Tok Pisin speakers, a woman’s susa (osSb, from English ‘sister’) is her brother and her brata (ssSb, from English ‘brother’) is her sister)

! ss || ss| same sex (as ego)|cf. os (opposite sex) aboveThese are concatenated, e.g. MFZS = MoFaSiSo ‘mother’s father’s sister’s son’, yBWF = yBrWiFa ‘younger brother’s wife’s father’. ‘Elder/older’ and ‘younger’ may affix the entire string, e.g. oFaBrSo (an older cousin – specifically father’s brother’s son), MBDy (a younger cousin – specifically mother’s brother’s daughter) or a specific element, e.g. MFeZS ‘mother’s father’s elder sister’s son’, HMeB ‘husband’s mother’s elder brother’.’Gen’ indicates the generation relative to the ego, with ∅ for the same (zero) generation. E.g. Gen∅Ch (child of someone in the same generation, i.e. of a sibling or cousin); ♂Gen+1F (female one generation up, i.e. mother or aunt, of a male); Gen−2M (male two generations down, i.e. grandson or grandnephew).’Cross’ and ‘parallel’ indicate a change or lack of change in gender of siblings in the chain of relations. Parallel aunts and uncles are MoSi and FaBr; cross-aunts and uncles are FaSi and MoBr. Cross-cousins (+Cu) and parallel cousins (∥Cu) are children of the same. Parallel niece and nephew are children of a man’s brother or woman’s sister; cross-niece and nephew are the opposite. ‘Elder’ and ‘younger’ occurs before these markers: o∥Cu, y+Cu, and the gender of the ego comes at the very beginning, e.g. ♂o∥CuF, ♀y+CuM.

Literature

• Leipzig Glossing Rules
• Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing Morphosyntax.
• Summary of case forms: BOOK, Blake, Barry J., Second, 1994, 2001, Case, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521807611, 195–206,

Notes

{{Reflist|group=“nb“}}

References

{{Reflist}}