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{{Short description|Grammatical case}}{{Refimprove|date=July 2014}}In grammar, the essive case, or similaris case, (abbreviated {{sc|ess}}) is a grammatical case.O'Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, and Janie Rees-Miller. "Morphology: The Analysis of Word Structure." Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. Print. The essive case on a noun can express it as a definite period of time during which something happens or during which a continuous action was completed. It can also denote a form as a temporary location, state of being, or character in which the subject was at a given time. The latter meaning is often described as the equivalent of the English phrase "as a __".Niemi, Clemens. Finnish Grammar. 3rd ed. Duluth, MN: C.H. Salminen, 1945. Print.

Finnish

In Finnish, it is marked by adding "-na/-nä" (depending on the vowel harmony) to the stem of the noun. In Finnish, the essive case is technically categorized as an old locative case, a case that, in some way, indicates spatial location. However, in the present language, the case has lost the majority of its spatial meaning. The case instead typically denotes a state that is temporary or inclined to change.Some fixed expressions retain the essive in its ancient locative meaning, however: "at home" is kotona. If the inessive were used, kodissani, it would distinguish the activity from reading the papers, such as in the garage or in the garden (of the home).

• "I have a bathroom in my home" (not in the garage or garden).

The essive case is also used in a temporal sense with certain nouns, notably the names of weekdays, and vuosi (year), aamu (morning), ilta (evening), and yö (night), as well as dates. When marking something that cannot literally change states, the essive case can implicate the presence of alternative states, even two individual, differing "worlds".Salminen, Taru. "Retention of abstract meaning: The essive case and grammaticalization of polyphony in Finnish." New Reflections on Grammaticalization. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2002. Print. That can be seen in the following example: The example above illustrates the process by which marking of the essive case can be seen as creating two differing "worlds": one real and one illusionary. The "temporary" component of the meaning encoded by marking of the essive case on the Finnish word for "genuine" (aito) makes a distinction between the perceived state of the subject, as genuine at the time of purchase, and the actual state of subject, as not genuine as it is now perceived or at the time of the moment of speech.

Estonian

In Estonian, it is marked by adding "-na" to the genitive stem.Moseley, Christopher. Colloquial Estonian: The Complete Course for Beginners. New York, NY: Routledge, 2008. Print. Marking of the case in Estonian denotes the capacity in which the subject acts. The essive case is used for indicating "states of being" but not of "becoming", which is instead marked by the translative case, the elative case, or the nominative case. {{interlinear|lang=et|indent=2|laps → lapse → lapsena|"child" {} {"of child"} {} {"as a child", "when (I) was a child"}}

Further reading

• BOOK, Karlsson, Fred, 2018, Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar, London and New York, Routledge, 978-1-138-82104-0,
• WEB, Anhava, Jaakko, 2015, Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars, Helsinki, journal.fi, Finnish Scholarly Journals Online,weblink

See also

• Essive-formal case
• Essive-modal case

References

{{Reflist}}{{Grammatical cases}}