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{{Short description|Peninsula in North West England}}{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}

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| location = Northwest England| grid_reference =SJ285850| waterbody = Irish Sea (Liverpool Bay) • Dee Estuary • Mersey Estuary| area_sqmi = | area_footnotes = | rank = | length_mi = | length_footnotes = | width_mi = | width_footnotes = | coastline_mi = | coastline_footnotes = | elevation_ft = | elevation_footnotes = | highest_mount = | country = United KingdomCountries of the United Kingdom>Country| country_admin_divisions = EnglandRegions of England>Region| country_admin_divisions_1 = North West England| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Ceremonial county| country_admin_divisions_2 =Merseyside • CheshireDistricts of England>BoroughsMetropolitan Borough of Wirral>Wirral • Cheshire West and Chester (part)| demonym = | population = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_rank = | population_rank_max = | density_sqmi = | density_rank = | density_footnotes = | ethnic_groups = | additional_info = | footnotes = }}The Wirral Peninsula ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪr|əl}}), known locally as the Wirral, is a peninsula in North West England. The roughly rectangular peninsula is about {{convert|15|mi}} long and {{convert|7|mi}} wide, and is bounded by the Dee Estuary to the west, the Mersey Estuary to the east, and Liverpool Bay to the north.Historically, the Wirral was wholly in Cheshire; in the Domesday Book, its border with the rest of the county was placed at "two arrow falls from Chester city walls". However, since the Local Government Act 1972, only the southern third has been in Cheshire, with almost all the rest lying in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside. An area of saltmarsh and reclaimed land adjoining the south-west of the peninsula lies in the Welsh county of Flintshire.

Toponymy

The name Wirral literally means "myrtle corner", from the Old English , a myrtle tree, and , an angle, corner or slope. It is supposed that the land was once overgrown with bog myrtle, a plant no longer found in the area, but plentiful around Formby, to which the Wirral would once have had a similar habitat.{{citation |url=http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/CHESHIRE/1999-11/0942529825 |title=Cheshire archives |publisher=Rootsweb |last=Upton |first=Gilbert |access-date=16 February 2008 |archive-date=23 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223123812weblink |url-status=dead }} The name was given to the Hundred of Wirral (or Wilaveston) around the 8th century.{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMAMAAAAYAAJ&q=wirral+wilaveston&pg=PA154 |title=The Hundred of Wirral |last=Williams Mortimer |first=William |page=154 |year=1847 |access-date=16 February 2008 }}

History

Prehistoric settlement

The earliest evidence of human occupation of the Wirral dates from the Mesolithic period, around 12,000 BC. Excavations at Greasby have uncovered flint tools, signs of stake holes and a hearth used by a hunter-gatherer community. Other evidence from about the same period has been found at Irby, Hoylake and New Brighton. Later Neolithic stone axes and pottery have been found in Oxton, Neston, and Meols. At Meols and New Brighton there is evidence of occupation through to the Bronze Age, around 1,000 BC, and funerary urns of the period have been found at West Kirby and Hilbre.{{citation|first=Stephen J.|last=Roberts|title=A History of Wirral|publisher=The History Press Ltd.|year=2002|isbn=978-1-86077-512-3}}Before the time of the Romans, the Wirral was inhabited by a Celtic tribe, the Cornovii. Artefacts discovered in Meols suggest it was an important port from at least 500 BC. Traders came from Gaul and the Mediterranean localities to seek minerals from North Wales and Cheshire.WEB,weblink Living with the Romans: Clues to the past, National Museums Liverpool, 16 February 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080829220038weblink">weblink 29 August 2008, live, There are remains of a small Iron Age fort at Burton, for which the town was named ( being Old English for "fort town").

The Romans and Britons

Around AD 70, the Romans founded Chester. Evidence of their occupation on the Wirral has been found, including the remains of a road near Mollington, Ledsham and Willaston. This road may have continued to the port at Meols, which may have been used as a base for attacking the north Wales coast. Storeton Quarry may also have been used by Romans for materials for sculpture. Remains of possible Roman roads have also been found at Greasby and at Bidston. By the end of the Roman period, pirates were a menace to traders in the Irish Sea, and soldiers may have been garrisoned at Meols to combat this threat.Although Roman rule ended with the departure of the last Roman troops in 410, later coins and other material found at Meols show that it continued to operate as a trading port. Evidence of Celtic Christianity from the 5th or 6th centuries is shown in the originally circular shape of churchyards at Bromborough, Woodchurch and elsewhere, and also in the dedication of the parish church at Wallasey to a 4th-century bishop, Hilary of Poitiers. The Celtic names of Liscard and Landican (from Llandecwyn) both suggest an ancient British origin. The name of Wallasey, meaning "Welsh (or foreigners') island", is evidence of British settlement. The Welsh name, both ancient and modern, for the Wirral is (:cy:Cilgwri|Cilgwri).{{citation|url=http://kimkat.org/amryw/1_vortaroy/geiriadur_cymraeg_saesneg_BAEDD_mi_1677e.htm|title=Welsh-English Online Dictionary|access-date=17 February 2008}} In Welsh mythology, the ouzel (or blackbird) of Cilgwri was one of the most ancient creatures in the world.{{citation|url=http://sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/wfb/wfb64.htm|title=The Ancients of the World|publisher=Sacred Texts|access-date=16 February 2008}}

English and Norse

, Eastham ]]The Anglo-Saxons under Æthelfrith, king of Northumbria, laid waste to Chester around 616. Æthelfrith withdrew, leaving the area west and south of the Mersey to become part of Mercia, and Anglo-Saxon settlers took over the Wirral except the northern tip. Many of the Wirral's villages, such as Willaston, Eastham and Sutton, were established and named at this time.Towards the end of the 9th century, Vikings began raiding the area. They settled along the Dee side of the peninsula, and along the sea coast, giving their villages names such as Kirby, Greasby and Meols. They introduced their own local government system with a parliament at Thingwall. The pseudo-historical Fragmentary Annals of Ireland appears to record the Hiberno-Scandinavian settlement of the Wirral peninsula in its account of the immigration of Ingimundr near Chester. This Irish source places this settlement in the aftermath of the Vikings' expulsion from Dublin in 902, and an unsuccessful attempt to settle on Anglesey soon afterwards. Following these setbacks, Ingimundr is stated to have settled near Chester with the consent of Æthelflæd, co-ruler of Mercia.BOOK, Downham, C, 2007, Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014,weblink limited, Dunedin Academic Press, Edinburgh, 978-1-903765-89-0, 27–28, 83–84, 206–209, 256, The boundary of the Viking colony is believed to have passed south of Neston and Raby, and along Dibbinsdale. Evidence of Norse speech on the Wirral can still be seen from place name evidence – such as the common (meaning "village" in Scandinavian languages) – suffixes and names such as Tranmere, which comes from ("cranebird sandbank"). Viking Age sculpture corroborates this.{{citation|url=http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/-sczsteve/ |title=Viking Wirral|last=Harding|first=Steven|access-date=24 July 2007}} Recent Y-DNA research has also revealed the genetic trail left by Scandinavians on the Wirral, specifically relatively high rates of the haplogroup R1a, associated in Britain with Scandinavian ancestry.{{citation|url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba103/ba103_vikings_purple.png |title=Haplogroup R1a1 on the Wirral|publisher=The Council for British Archaeology|access-date=24 June 2009}}Bromborough on the Wirral is also one of the possible sites of an epic battle in 937, the Battle of Brunanburh, which confirmed England as an Anglo-Saxon kingdom. This is the first battle where England united to fight the combined forces of the Norsemen and the Scots, and thus historians consider it the birthplace of England. The battle site covered a large area of the Wirral. Egil's Saga, a story which tells of the battle, may have referred to the Wirral as Wen Heath, in Icelandic.WEB,weblink Skaldic Poetry: Making the World Fantastic, Porter, Edel, Durham University, 24 July 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080926171211weblink">weblink 26 September 2008,

The Normans and the early Middle Ages

After invading England in 1066 and subduing Northumbria in 1069–1070, William the Conqueror invaded and ravaged Chester and its surrounding area, laying waste to much of the Wirral. The Domesday survey of 1086 shows that the Wirral then was more densely populated than most of England, and the manor of Eastham, which covered most of the east of the peninsula from Bidston to the River Gowy, was the second largest in Cheshire. Of the 28 former lords of the Wirral manors listed, 12 bore Norse names. By 1086, most of the area was in the hands of Norman lords such as Robert of Rhuddlan, his cousin Hugh d'Avranches, and Hamo de Mascy. The survey shows 405 family heads living in the peninsula, suggesting a total population of 2,000–3,000.WEB,weblink The Wirral Hundred/The Wirral Peninsula, Kemble, Mike, 12 August 2007, usurped,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070928041207weblink">weblink 28 September 2007, The Earls of Chester ruled the whole of the County Palatine, including the Wirral, almost as "a kingdom within a kingdom" for about 250 years. Between 1120 and 1123, Earl Ranulph le Meschin made several edicts that converted the Wirral into a hunting forest. This made the area subject to Forest Law which made the hunting of game, such as deer and boar, by unauthorised persons subject to harsh penalties.{{1728|title=Bloody hand|volume=1 |page=110|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0260&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&isize=M}} To enforce the forest laws was a chief forester who was appointed with a ceremonial horn, and the position soon became a hereditary responsibility of the Stanley family. However, after complaints from minor Wirral landowners about the wildness of the area and oppression by the Stanleys, Edward the Black Prince as Earl of Chester agreed to a charter confirming the disafforestation of the Wirral, shortly before his death from amoebic dysentery.WEB,weblink Was Edward the Black Prince really a nasty piece of work?, 7 July 2014, BBC News, The proclamation was issued by his father Edward III on 20 July 1376.{{citation|jstor=2913486|title=A Note on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 700-2. Modern Language Notes, Vol. 46, No. 7|journal=Modern Language Notes|last=Savage|first=H.L.|pages=455–457|issn=0149-6611|year=1931|volume=46|issue=7|doi=10.2307/2913486}}At the end of the 12th century, Birkenhead Priory stood on the west bank of the Mersey at a headland of birch trees, from which the town derives its name. The ruined priory is Merseyside's oldest surviving building and its Benedictine monks provided the first official Mersey ferry service around 1330, having been granted a passage to Liverpool by a charter from Edward III.WEB,weblink Local History and Heritage, Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, 30 March 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080322020659weblink">weblink 22 March 2008, At this time, large areas of Wirral were owned by Chester Abbey. In 1278 the Abbey was granted the right to hold an annual three-day fair at Bromborough, but the fair declined after the Black Death in 1349. Another fair was established in 1299 at Burton. Meanwhile, Meols continued as an important port, and the eroded coastline there has provided what is described as "the largest collection of medieval domestic items to have come from any single site outside London".{{citation|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/mol/archaeology/fieldarchaeology/meols2.asp |title=Field Archaeology: Meols in the medieval period and after|publisher=National Museums Liverpool|access-date=6 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117062758weblink|archive-date=17 November 2007}}

The 16th, 17th and 18th centuries

A Subsidy Roll of 1545 shows that the population of the Wirral was no more than 4,000. The peninsula was divided into 15 parishes (Wallasey, Bidston, Upton, Woodchurch, West Kirby, Thurstaston, Heswall, Bebington, Bromborough, Eastham, Neston, Burton, Shotwick, Backford and Stoke). Most parishes were subdivided into smaller townships, of which the largest in terms of population were Neston, Burton, Wallasey, Tranmere (then within the parish of Bebington) and Liscard, and were the same size as small rural villages.File:Leasowe Lighthouse (2)-by-Sue-Adair.jpg|thumb|LeasoweLeasoweThe Wirral's proximity to the port of Chester influenced the history of the Dee side of the peninsula. From about the 14th century, Chester provided facilities for trade with Ireland, Spain, and Germany, and seagoing vessels would "lay to" in the Dee awaiting favourable winds and tides. As the Dee started to silt up, harbouring facilities developed at Shotwick, Burton, Neston, Parkgate, Dawpool, and "Hoyle Lake" or Hoylake. However, there was not a gradual progression of development, and downstream anchorages such as that at Hoyle Lake (which replaced Meols) were in occasional use from medieval times, depending on the weather and state of the tide. The main port facilities were at Neston and Parkgate.At the same time, larger ships and economic growth in Lancashire stimulated the growth of Liverpool. The first wet dock in Britain was opened in Liverpool in 1715, and the town's population grew from some 6,000 to 80,000 during the 18th century. The need to develop and protect the port led to a chain of lighthouses being built along the north Wirral coast. The commercial expansion of Liverpool, and the increase in stage coach traffic from Chester, also spurred the growth of ferries across the River Mersey. By the end of the 18th century the Wirral side of the Mersey had five ferry houses, at Seacombe, Woodside, the Rock, New Ferry and Eastham.{{citation|url=http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConNarrative.31&chapterId=152|title=Ferries across the Mersey: Early history of Mersey ferries|publisher=E. Chambré Hardman Archive|access-date=15 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013205832weblink|archive-date=13 October 2007}}Other communications were also improving. Turnpike roads linking Chester with Eastham, Woodside, and Neston were built after 1787. In 1793, work began on the Ellesmere Canal, connecting the Mersey with Chester and Shropshire through the fluvioglacial landform known as the Backford gap, and the town of Ellesmere Port began to develop.The excavation of the New Cut of the Dee, opened in 1737, to improve access to Chester, diverted the river's course to the Welsh side of the estuary and took trade away from the Wirral coastline.WEB,weblink The River Dee, National Oceanography Centre, 4 May 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080312191659weblink">weblink 12 March 2008, Although plans were made to overcome its gradual silting up, including one in 1857 to cut a ship canal from a point between Thurstaston and Heswall to run along the length of the Wirral to Chester, this and other schemes came to nothing, and the focus of general trade moved irrevocably to the much deeper Mersey. However, from the late 18th century there was coal mining near Neston, in tunnels stretching up to {{convert|2|mi|km|0|abbr=off|spell=on}} under the Dee, and a quay at Denhall was used for coal exports.

The 19th century

The first steam ferry service across the Mersey started in 1817, and steam-powered ships soon opened up the Wirral's Mersey coast for industrialisation. The 1820s saw the birth of the area's renowned shipbuilding tradition when William Laird opened his shipyard in Birkenhead, later expanded by his son John Laird. The Lairds were largely responsible for the early growth of Birkenhead, commissioning the architect James Gillespie Graham to lay it out as a new town modelled on Edinburgh. In 1847, Birkenhead's first docks and its municipal park, the first in Britain and the inspiration for New York's Central Park, were opened, and the town expanded rapidly. Bolstered by migration from Ireland, Wales and rural Cheshire, Birkenhead's population of less than one thousand in 1801 rose to over 33,000 by 1851, and to 157,000 by 1901. The town became a borough in 1877, incorporating within it Oxton and Tranmere.The improved communications also allowed Liverpool merchants to buy up and develop large estates on the Wirral. James Atherton and William Rowson developed the resort of New Brighton, and new estates for the gentry were also built at Egremont, Oxton, Claughton and Rock Ferry. Arrowe Hall was built for the Shaw family in 1835.In the mid-19th century docks were established at Birkenhead and in the Wallasey Pool, and continuing development for a wide range of industry both there and along the banks of the Mersey. The New Chester Road was opened in 1833. The Wirral's first railway was built in 1840, planned by George Stephenson and connecting Birkenhead with Chester. In 1852 Price's Patent Candle Company built a factory and model village at Bromborough. This was followed in 1888 by William Lever's establishment of the much larger Sunlight soap factory and Port Sunlight garden village, designed to house its employees and provide them with a benign environment. The opening of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894, with its outfall at Eastham, led to further port-side and industrial development beside the Mersey at Ellesmere Port.In 1886, the Mersey Railway tunnel was opened, linking the Wirral and Liverpool. This led to the further rapid growth of suburbs in the Wirral, particularly in Wallasey, Hoylake and West Kirby, and later Bebington and Heswall. Wallasey's population grew to over 53,000 by 1901, and the town also achieved borough status soon after the turn of the century.

The 20th century

The dockland areas of Wallasey and Birkenhead continued to develop and prosper in the first half of the century, specialising in trade with Africa and the Far East. A host of other port-related industries then came into existence, such as flour milling, tanning, edible oil refining and the manufacture of paint and rubber-based products. In 1922 a new oil dock was built at Stanlow near Ellesmere Port, and in 1934 oil refining began there. A large chemical and oil refining complex still dominates the area.In 1929, the 3rd World Scout Jamboree was held at Arrowe Park and this celebrated the 21st Anniversary of the publication of Scouting for Boys. Thirty-five countries were represented by 30,000 Scouts, plus another 10,000 British Scouts who took the opportunity to camp in the vicinity.The rail tunnel under the Mersey was supplemented by a vehicle tunnel in 1934, the Queensway Tunnel. A third tunnel opened in 1971, the Kingsway Tunnel, connecting with the M53 motorway which now runs up the centre of the peninsula. These new roads contributed to the massive growth of commuting by car between Liverpool and the Wirral, and the development of new suburban estates around such villages as Moreton, Upton, Greasby, Pensby, and Bromborough.In 1940–1941, as part of the Blitz, parts of the Wirral, especially around the docks, suffered extensive bomb damage. There were 464 people killed in Birkenhead and 355 in Wallasey, and 80% of all houses in Birkenhead were either destroyed or badly damaged. During the Second World War, the Wirral held two RAF sites, RAF West Kirby (which was a camp, not an airfield) and RAF Hooton Park and a number of anti-aircraft sites to protect the docks of Birkenhead and Liverpool.After the Second World War, economic decline began in the older industries in the area which had started to become known as Merseyside. However, there continued to be industrial development along the Mersey between Birkenhead and Ellesmere Port, including the large Vauxhall Motors car factory on the site of RAF Hooton Park.

The 21st century

Plans were announced in 2006 for a £4.5bn development around the docklands to be called Wirral Waters.NEWS, BBC - Liverpool - Capital of Culture - Wirral's skyline to rival New York,weblink 13 August 2022, www.bbc.co.uk, The development is a mixture of industrial, office, residential and leisure facilities. Planning permission was granted in 2010 and work began on the site in 2011, with development work potentially lasting for 30 years.NEWS, Approval for £4.5bn The Wirral waterfront regeneration,weblink 13 August 2022, BBC News, 29 November 2010,

Geography

The Wirral can be defined both as a geographical peninsula and as a socio-cultural area. The current Metropolitan Borough of Wirral has a population of 312,293 (according to the 2001 census),{{citation|url=http://www.wirral.gov.uk/LGCL/100009/200064/content_0000728.html|title=An introduction to Wirral: population|publisher=Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|access-date=30 March 2008|archive-date=20 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120080625weblink|url-status=dead}} and covers an area of {{convert|60.35|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}, bounded by the Cheshire Plain, the Dee and the Mersey. The Irish Sea lies to its north west side.

Geology

The peninsula is formed almost wholly from sedimentary bedrock of Triassic age, being sandstone, mudstones and siltstones. Strata exposed at or near the modern surface include the following (in stratigraphic order i.e. uppermost/youngest at top):

• Mercia Mudstone Group
  • Sidmouth Mudstone Formation
  • Tarporley Siltstone Formation
• Sherwood Sandstone Group
  • Helsby Sandstone Formation (divided into an upper Frodsham Sandstone Member and a lower Delamere Member in places)
  • Wilmslow Sandstone Formation
  • Chester Pebble Beds Formation
  • Kinnerton Sandstone Formation

A small outcrop of Carboniferous rocks occurs around Little Neston, being an extension of the Flintshire Coalfield across the Dee estuary. These Coal Measures rocks were formerly exploited by a small mining operation.The strata have a slight, generally easterly dip and are cut by numerous extensional faults most of which are aligned broadly north–south. For the most part the bedrock is poorly exposed being covered by superficial deposits of Quaternary age. Notable exposures of the Helsby Sandstone occur at Bidston Hill and at Red Rocks at the northwestern tip of the Wirral along with the tidal islands at Hilbre. Elsewhere Mercia Mudstone rocks outcrop prominently at Caldy Hill, Thurstaston Common and Heswall Dales.WEB, 1:50000 geology series, England and Wales sheet 96, Liverpool, Bedrock,weblink Maps Portal, British Geological Survey, 27 July 2020, Much of the Wirral is covered by a mantle of glacial till, a legacy of the last ice age. Wind-blown sands cover the northern coastal margin. Low ground behind these sand are reclaimed tidal flat deposits which also extend into the heavily modified Birket which occupies a buried bedrock channel. This channel and others beneath the Dee and Mersey estuaries were formed in part by the southeasterly movement of Irish Sea Ice during successive ice ages. Low cliffs of the Kinnerton Sandstone at Burton Point are part of a relict shoreline, the Dee estuary having silted up during the post-glacial period. The former coast can be traced from Blacon northwest to Burton Point and thence to Parkgate where spring tides still reach the historic coastline.WEB, 1:50000 geology series, England and Wales sheet 96, Liverpool, Bedrock and Superficial deposits,weblink Maps Portal, British Geological Survey, 27 July 2020, BOOK, Howard, A. S., Hough, E., Crofts, R. G., Reeves, H. J., Evans, D. J., Geology of the Liverpool District, 2007, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, 9780852725894, 18–23, First, A well developed glacial drainage channel, known as the Deva Spillway cuts across the base of the peninsula between the two estuaries on either side of the Wirral and is interpreted as having played a major part in the deglaciation of the region in late-glacial/post-glacial times.BOOK, Earp, J. R., Taylor, B. J., Geology of the Country around Chester and Winsford, 1986, British Geological Survey, HMSO, London, 0118843923, 79–80, First,

Physical geography

Although it has been stated that "it is difficult to find any work in which there is a written description of the exact area defining the Wirral Peninsula",{{citation|url=http://vwlowen.co.uk/wirral/textmain.htm |title=The Wirral Peninsula|last=Owen|first=John|access-date=3 May 2020 }} historian Stephen Roberts defines it as "the peninsula which is bounded by the Dee and Mersey estuaries, Irish Sea and... the route of the Shropshire Union Canal between Ellesmere Port and Chester". This definition extends the original hundred slightly further east, to the River Gowy.The Shropshire Union Canal joins the Mersey at Ellesmere Port and the Dee at Chester. This canal technically makes the peninsula an island. In the north of the peninsula, the River Fender, Arrowe Brook and Greasby Brook drain into The Birket, which itself flows into the River Mersey via Wallasey Pool (Birkenhead Docks). Further south, the Clatter Brook and Dibbinsdale Brook drain into the Mersey at Bromborough Pool.Two approximately parallel sandstone ridges run down the length of the peninsula. The western ridge is made up of Grange and Caldy Hills at 256 feet in height, then Thurstaston Hill (298 ft), Poll Hill in Heswall (350 ft, the highest point on the Wirral) and Burton (222 ft). The less continuous eastern ridge consists of Bidston Hill (231 ft), Prenton (259 ft) and Storeton Hill (229 ft). The shallow Fender valley runs between these ridges.

Climate

The Wirral features a temperate maritime climate (Köppen: Cfb) with mild summers, cool winters and rainfall spread evenly throughout the year.A weather station was maintained on the peninsula, at Bidston, between 1845 and 2002.weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110224035445weblink">"Historical weather data for Bidston Observatory." National Oceanography Centre. Archived from the original in 2011.

Human geography

The major urban centres of the Wirral are to its east: these include Birkenhead and Wallasey. To the west and south, the Wirral is more rural. Two-thirds of the population of the Wirral live on one third of the land in Birkenhead and Wallasey, according to Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Other towns to the south and west of this area are usually considered part of the Wirral: notably, Ellesmere Port is often described as one of its "border towns". For regional economic planning, the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral is considered part of the Liverpool City Region.WEB,weblink The Liverpool City Region - The Strategic Proposals, Merseyside.org.uk, May 2005, 12 August 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080912115037weblink">weblink 12 September 2008,

Settlements

There are many towns and villages on the Wirral. Those administered by the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral are listed in (:Category:Towns and villages in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|List of towns and villages in Wirral (borough)). Those also on the Wirral but administered by Cheshire West and Chester include:{||

• Burton
• Capenhurst
• Ellesmere Port|
• Great Sutton
• Hooton
• Little Sutton|
• Ness
• Neston
• Overpool|
• Parkgate
• Puddington
• Shotwick|
• Willaston
• Little Neston|

M53 Divide

The M53 is also seen as an east–west divide between the affluent and developing areas of the Wirral.JOURNAL,weblink Health inequalities on Wirral: a living Black report?, Anthony G., Cummins, 31 October 2020, www.bmj.com, WEB,weblink The M53 divide: how Wirral is split between poverty and wealth, Tom, Houghton, 2 September 2018, Liverpool Echo,

Landmarks

Despite containing urban and industrial areas, the Wirral still has picturesque villages, sandy beaches, large areas of land owned by the National Trust, as well as views across the two estuaries and out into the Irish Sea.{{citation|url=http://www.wirralsociety.net/ |title=Wirral Society|access-date=24 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929011616weblink|archive-date=29 September 2007|url-status=live}} Wirral Council has identified over 130 public access points within its administrative area to beaches and to open water.Wirral Council, Wirral Beaches management Plan, 2011 (draft), accessed 4 September 2023 Among the areas of open land are Bidston Hill, Caldy Hill, Eastham Country Park, including the Victorian Pleasure Gardens, Hilbre Island, North Wirral Coastal Park, Thurstaston Common and Thor's Stone and the Wirral Way. Ness Botanical Gardens are part of the University of Liverpool and have won many awards.WEB,weblink Ness Botanical Gardens, University of Liverpool, 22 May 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090420210342weblink">weblink 20 April 2009, The visitor centre at RSPB Burton Mere Wetlands provides birdwatching facilities in the Dee Estuary nature reserve.WEB, Dee Estuary - Burton Mere Wetlands - Facilities, RSPB,weblink 23 November 2015, Places of architectural interest include Hamilton Square, Rock Park and Port Sunlight. The view of the buildings on Liverpool's Pier Head when crossing on the Mersey Ferry is famous. Many villages of the Wirral such as Burton are also well preserved with their characteristic red sandstone buildings and walls. The old port of Parkgate also attracts many visitors. The arts are well represented by the Lady Lever Art Gallery at Port Sunlight and the Williamson Art Gallery in Birkenhead. The historical sites include Birkenhead Priory, Leasowe Lighthouse, Hadlow Road railway station and the buildings and ancient carvings on Bidston Hill.

Accents and dialects

For reasons that are both social and geographical, accents on the east side of the Wirral tend to show a stronger Merseyside influence than those on the west side.WEB, Louise, Sardais, Local dialect, BBC Online,weblink 6 August 2015, Neston once had a distinctive dialect derived from the migrant workers at the Denhall Colliery.{{citation|first=Greg|last=Dawson|title=Wyrale|year=1996|publisher=Dawson |isbn= 0952259826}}

Wirral in literature

• Sir Gawain spent Christmas on the Wirral before his confrontation with the Green Knight.

• Olaf Stapledon, a writer, spent much of his life in West Kirby and Caldy, and many landscapes mentioned in his works can be identified.
• Local historian John Lamb has claimed that both Jules Verne and Robert Louis Stevenson based some of their major works on features on the Wirral Peninsula.Charlotte Hadfield, "Liverpool teacher makes 'one of the greatest discoveries in literary history'", Liverpool Echo, 9 August 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023
• Jim Bennett, although born in Liverpool has lived for many years on the Wirral and in Heswall. Many landmarks, places and shops are used in his writing. His collection of poems Larkhill was nominated for the Ted Hughes Poetry Award.
• The Wirral is described in Helen Forrester's book Twopence to Cross the Mersey (1974) as a place unreachable and comparably rich from the perspective of a poor girl struggling to live with her family in Liverpool during the Great Depression, despite having an aunt in West Kirby and the Mersey ferry costing just two old pence.
• Maria V. Snyder named the maximum security prison in her book Spy Glass after the Wirral, after she was awarded the "Wirral paperback of the year" by school pupils for her earlier book Poison Study.
• The Wirral is the setting of the novel Awaydays by Kevin Samson, published by Cape in March 1998 and filmed in 2009. Set in 1979, the story follows a music-loving young man who hides his middle-class background when he joins a group of hooligans who follow Tranmere Rovers.WEB,weblink The Book, awaydaysthemovie.com, 22 November 2015,
• Ramsey Campbell, a writer, has lived most of his life on the Wirral, and many of his novels and short stories explore landscapes in the area (e.g. Thurstaston Common in his novel Thieving Fear).

Notable people

Television and film

The Wirral has hosted a variety of different films and television programmes. Chariots of Fire was filmed at various locations on the Wirral including the Oval Sports Centre, Bebington, the Woodside Ferry Terminal,{{citation|url=http://www.wheredidtheyfilmthat.co.uk/film.php?film_id=60|title=Chariots of Fire|publisher=Where Did They Film That?|access-date=18 February 2007}} and Bridge Cottage in Port Sunlight village, while the 1950 Ealing comedy The Magnet was filmed in Wallasey and New Brighton.The 51st State was partly filmed around the docks in Birkenhead. Awaydays, based on a novel of the same name by Kevin Sampson, was filmed extensively on the Wirral.WEB,weblink The Movie, awaydaysthemovie.com, 4 May 2009, In 2012 the movie Blood, starring Paul Bettany and Stephen Graham was filmed on the Wirral.WEB,weblink Blood (I) (2012), IMDB, 22 November 2015, The Queensway Tunnel in Birkenhead is also featured in the Harry Potter film, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 during the scene where Harry and Hagrid escape on a flying motorcycle and pass through the tunnel. The scene was filmed while the tunnel was closed for repairs.NEWS,weblink Harry Potter film tour for Liverpool Queensway tunnel after Deathly Hallows filming, Liverpool Echo, 4 December 2010, Alan, Weston, 24 January 2011, The 2013 film Fast & Furious 6 tunnel chase scene was filmed in the Queensway Tunnel. The unused Birkenhead Dock branch of the Queensway Tunnel was filmed as a New York underpass in the 2014 movie (Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit). In October 2017, the tunnel branch was used for the filming of the drama, Bulletproof, starring Noel Clarke and Ashley Walters.WEB, Kirkham, Jenny, This is what was being filmed inside the Birkenhead Tunnel today,weblink liverpoolecho, 31 October 2017, 23 October 2017, Scenes for the 2016 film Florence Foster Jenkins, starring Hugh Grant and Meryl Streep, were filmed around New Brighton.{{cn|date=July 2023}}In television, sitcom Watching, produced by Granada Television between 1987 and 1993, was partly set and filmed at various Wirral locations, particularly Meols.WEB,weblink Watch Watching Free Online, OVGuide, 23 November 2015, WEB,weblink Filming locations, IMDB, 23 November 2015, More recently,{{when|date=July 2023}} (Mike Bassett: Manager), starring Ricky Tomlinson was a follow-up to the film (Mike Bassett: England Manager), and featured a fictional football club called Wirral County, a parody of Tranmere Rovers, who Bassett (Tomlinson) managed after being sacked from the England job.{{cn|date=July 2023}}It is also believed{{by whom|date=July 2023}} that the Lime Pictures production Hollyoaks films occasionally, on location, on the Wirral. The BBC comedy drama Candy Cabs filmed external scenes in West Kirby and Hoylake in 2011. Wallasey School featured in (Grease: The School Musical) on Sky One in 2009.{{cn|date=July 2023}}The BBC Two drama Peaky Blinders was filmed at various locations on the Wirral, including Port Sunlight village. The second series Peter Kay's Car Share also filmed at various Wirral locations including Meols and West Kirby. Sky One's 2016 thriller, The Five, starring Lee Ingleby shot scenes around the Wirral including in Port Sunlight.{{cn|date=July 2023}}The 2017 ITV drama Safe House starring Jason Watkins and Sunetra Sarker filmed several scenes on the peninsula.{{cn|date=July 2023}} In the autumn of 2017 filming began in Port Sunlight and Thornton Hough for a biopic about the author Tolkien starring Nicholas Hoult.WEB, Cameras roll in Thornton Hough for filming of Tolkien biopic,weblink Wirral Globe, 25 October 2017, 31 October 2017, en, A row of cottages in the historic village of Port Sunlight also featured on the 2014 series of BBC Two's The Great Interior Design Challenge. The village also played host to two episodes of BBC One's The Antiques Roadshow hosted by Fiona Bruce.{{cn|date=July 2023}}In 2018, the feature film Official Secrets had two beach scenes filmed at Thurstaston beach on the Dee Estuary.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Media

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada, the local television station TalkLiverpool also broadcasts to the area. Television signals are received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter. WEB,weblink Full Freeview on the Winter Hill (Bolton, England) transmitter, May 2004, UK Free TV, 7 March 2024, With its close proximity with North Wales, BBC Wales and ITV Cymru Wales can also be received from the Moel-y-Parc TV transmitter. WEB,weblink Full Freeview on the Moel-Y-Parc (Flintshire, Wales) transmitter, May 2004, UK Free TV, 7 March 2024, Wirral is served by the local radio stations: BBC Radio Merseyside, Heart North West, Capital North West & Wales, Radio City, Smooth North West, Greatest Hits Radio Liverpool & The North West, Radio Wirral, and Wirral Wave Radio, a community based station. WEB,weblink Wirral Wave Radio, 7 March 2024, WEB,weblink North West Radio Stations, 7 March 2024, The area is served by the local newspapers: Wirral Globe WEB,weblink Wirral Globe, 17 October 2013, British Papers, 7 March 2024, and Liverpool Echo.

Transport

The M53 motorway runs along the length of the Wirral, from near Chester. At the north eastern end, the Wirral is joined to Liverpool by three tunnels under the Mersey: two road tunnels, one from Wallasey (Kingsway) and one from Birkenhead (Queensway), and the Mersey Railway tunnel.The Wirral peninsula is served by a network of bus routes. These are provided by larger companies whose networks of bus services in the North West of England are extensive, such as Arriva North West and Stagecoach Wirral. Furthermore, the peninsula is also served by many independent bus operators. Independent bus companies which operate on the peninsula include A2B Travel, Cumfybus, Helms Coaches and Eazibus.Most bus services operate from the three bus stations: Birkenhead bus station, Heswall bus station and Woodside bus station, although many services start from other interchanges, such as New Brighton, Seacombe Ferry and Liscard Village.The Wirral Line of the electrified Merseyrail network links West Kirby, New Brighton, Chester and Ellesmere Port via many other towns and villages to all four of Liverpool's city centre stations (James Street, Moorfields, Lime Street and Liverpool Central) through the underground Loop tunnel. Another railway line, the Borderlands Line, offers hourly diesel services from {{stnlnk|Bidston}} (on the West Kirby branch of the Wirral Line) to Wrexham in North Wales.Regular Mersey Ferry crossings operate to Liverpool from both Woodside and Seacombe, providing a commuter shuttle and pleasure cruises.The nearest passenger airports are Liverpool John Lennon Airport and Manchester Airport. There were plans to introduce commercial flights to nearby Hawarden Airport in North Wales,NEWS,weblink North-south Wales air route plan for Chester-Hawarden airport, BBC News, 8 March 2013, 22 November 2015, but these plans were dropped in 2014.NEWS,weblink Hawarden Airport: Commercial flights plan 'dead in the water', Porter, Gary, 2014-08-12, northwales, 2017-03-26, NEWS,weblink Commercial flights plan for Hawarden airport dropped, 2014-08-12, BBC News, 2017-03-26, en-GB,

Sports

Football

• Tranmere Rovers Football Club is the Wirral's only professional football club and play at Prenton Park, Birkenhead. They play in League Two of The Football League.
• Cammell Laird 1907 F.C. are a non-league football club on the Wirral and play in the North West Counties League at North West Construction Stadium formerly Kirklands, Rock Ferry.
• Several Football League teams have played at New Brighton including the defunct New Brighton Tower F.C. and New Brighton A.F.C., who most recently played in the West Cheshire League.

Golf

• The Open Championship was played at the Royal Liverpool Golf Club in Hoylake in 1897, 1902, 1907, 1913, 1924, 1930, 1936, 1947, 1956, 1967, 2006, 2014 and 2023.WEB,weblink Royal Liverpool & Royal Troon agree Open hosting duties for 2023 and 2024, BBC Sport, 7 December 2020, 4 May 2022, The Women's British Open was played at Royal Liverpool in 2012.

Rugby

• Caldy RFC play at Paton Field, Thurstaston. They are a rugby union club who play in England's second tier, the RFU Championship.
• Wirral Warriors play at the Memorial Ground in Clatterbridge. They are members of the Rugby League Conference.WEB,weblink Wirral Warriors RLFC, Pitchero,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100605064920weblink">weblink 5 June 2010, live,
• Birkenhead Park FC play at the Upper Park in Birkenhead Park and compete in the fifth tier of rugby union, National League 3 North.WEB,weblink BPFC, Pitchero, 16 September 2010,
• Wirral Rugby Club founded 1936 by former pupils of Wirral Grammar School for Boys and play rugby union at Memorial Ground near Clatterbridge.WEB,weblink Wirral RUFC, Pitchero, 16 September 2010,
• Anselmians RUFC formed 1947 by former pupils of St Anselm's College. They play rugby union at Eastham.WEB,weblink Anselmians RUFC, Pitchero, 22 November 2015,
• Hoylake RUFC
• Port Sunlight RFC formed in 1908 by employees of the Lever Brothers companyWEB,weblink work=Pitchero, 16 September 2010,
• Oldershaw RUFCWEB,weblink Oldershaw Rugby Club, www.pitchero.com,
• New Brighton RUFC
• Wallasey RUFCWEB,weblink Wallsey Rugby Club, www.pitchero.com,

Watersports

• Hoylake, in north west Wirral is one of the premier European land sailing (sand yachting) sites, and was host to the week-long European Championships in September 2007 and again in 2011.WEB,weblink Wirral Sand Yacht Club, wsyc.org.uk, 22 July 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070707225320weblink">weblink 7 July 2007, live,
• West Kirby, in north west Wirral has a marine lake for windsurfing, sailing and sea kayaking and hosts the British Open Team Racing Championship (Wilson Trophy) sailing competition.
• New Brighton is a popular place for jet-skiing as well as for paddle boarding and kitesurfing.WEB, A Guide To Kitesurfing In Merseyside,weblink 2022-06-29, www.northernkites.co.uk, 9 June 2022,

Cricket

• Birkenhead Park Cricket Club
• Birkenhead St Mary's Cricket Club
• Irby Cricket Club
• Neston Cricket Club
• Upton Cricket Club
• Wirral Cricket Club was founded in 1936 as part of the Wirral Club. The club became noted after recording the game's lowest score in 100 years, on 27 April 2014.WEB,weblink Wirral Cricket Club three all out in Cheshire League match, 27 April 2014, BBC Sport, 23 November 2015, WEB,weblink The three runs that brought fame and fortune to Wirral, 2 May 2014, Charles, Randall, Club Cricket Conference, 23 November 2015, NEWS,weblink Wirral cricket club back in nets after recording game's lowest score in almost 100 years, Liverpool Echo, 29 April 2014, Marc, Waddington, 23 November 2015,

Other

• Neston South Wirral Hockey Club, based at Neston Cricket Club, is the largest club on the Wirral with 8 men's and 5 ladies' sides playing each Saturday.{{cn|date=July 2023}}
• Oxton Hockey Club was founded in 1888 and is now a National League side.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

See also

• The Wirral Hundred
• Wirral Waters
• List of people from Wirral

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Further reading

• BOOK, The vertebrate fauna of Cheshire and Liverpool Bay, T.A., Coward, C., Oldham, I, Witherby & Co., London, 1910,weblink
• BOOK, The vertebrate fauna of Cheshire and Liverpool Bay, T.A., Coward, C., Oldham, II, Witherby & Co., London, 1910,weblink

External links

{{Commons category|Wirral Peninsula}}{{Wikivoyage|Wirral}}

• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100726051937weblink">Wirral Archives Service

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