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Valletta
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{{Short description|Capital of Malta}}{{about|the Maltese capital|other uses|Valletta (disambiguation)}}{{Use British English|date=April 2022}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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| name | Valletta| native_name = Il-Belt Valletta| native_name_lang = Maltese| official_name = | other_name =
| Saluting Battery (Valletta)>Saluting Battery, Lower Barrakka Gardens, St. John’s Co-Cathedral and the city walls| image_flag = Flag of Valletta, Malta.svg| image_shield = Insigne Valettae coronatum.svg| etymology = | nickname = Il-Belt| motto = City Built By Gentlemen For Gentlemen| pushpin_map = Malta#European_Union#Mediterranean| pushpin_relief = 1| map_caption = Map of the Maltese Archipelago with Valletta | 35 | 54 | 14 | 45 | type:city_region:MT|display=inline,title}} | DATE=1869 | URL=HTTPS://ARCHIVE.ORG/DETAILS/HISTORICALGUIDE00BADGGOOG | PUBLISHER=CALLEJA, 152, | subdivision_type = Country| subdivision_name = Malta | Regions of Malta>Region | Port Region, Malta>Port Region | Districts of Malta>District| subdivision_name2 = Southern Harbour District| established_date = 28 March 1566| established_title2 = Capital city| established_date2 = 18 March 1571 | Jean Parisot de Valette>Jean de Parisot Valette| parts_type = Borders| parts_style = para| p1 = Floriana | List of mayors of places in Malta>Mayor| leader_name = Alfred Zammit | Labour Party (Malta)>PL| unit_pref = Metric| area_total_km2 = 0.61| area_urban_km2 = 256| area_note = | area_footnotes = | elevation_m = 56| elevation_footnotes = | population_total = 5,157| population_as_of = Jan. 2019| population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | WEBSITE=EUROSTAT | DATE=2020, | population_note = | population_demonym = Belti (m), Beltija (f), Beltin (pl) | Central European Time>CET| utc_offset1 = +1 | Central European Summer Time>CEST| utc_offset1_DST = +2 | Postal codes in Malta>Postal code| postal_code = VLT | List of country calling codes>Dialing code| area_code = 356| iso_code = MT-60 | Religion in Malta#Patron Saints>Patron saints | Saint Dominic>St. DominicOur Lady of Mount CarmelPaul the Apostle | Augustine of Hippo>St. Augustine | Public holidays in Malta#Traditional Feasts>Day of festa| blank1_info_sec1 = 3 August10 February | www.cityofvalletta.org/}}| module =
History{{see also|Mount Sciberras|Sciberras Peninsula}}File:Malta - Valletta - Triq il-Merkanti 12 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Former mural at Is-Suq tal-BeltIs-Suq tal-BeltThe peninsula was previously called Xagħret Mewwija (Mu’ awiya – Meuia; named during the Arab periodWEB,www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/Glossary+of+placenames+related+to+Islam+Christianity+and+Ethnicity.pdf, thinksite.eu, Thinksite.eu, 8 August 2017, 29 June 2018,www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/Glossary+of+placenames+related+to+Islam+Christianity+and+Ethnicity.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20180629211446www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/Glossary+of+placenames+related+to+Islam+Christianity+and+Ethnicity.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20180629211446www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/Glossary+of+placenames+related+to+Islam+Christianity+and+Ethnicity.pdf, dead, )WEB,www.independent.com.mt/articles/2013-01-06/newspaper-lifestyleculture/%E2%80%98Xaghret-Mewwija:-L-Istorja-tal-Belt-%E2%80%A6-Milwija%E2%80%99-aka-Dragut%E2%80%99s-revenge-637304835, ‘Xagħret Mewwija: L-Istorja tal-Belt … Milwija’ aka Dragut’s revenge – The Malta Independent, www.independent.com.mt, WEB,www.independent.com.mt/articles/2009-03-15/news/the-secrets-of-underground-valletta-221865/, The Secrets of underground Valletta – The Malta Independent, Independent.com.mt, or Ħal Newwija.p. 21, footnote 163 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117201321www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/Glossary%20of%20placenames%20related%20to%20Islam%20Christianity%20and%20Ethnicity.pdf |date=17 January 2016 }}. Mewwija refers to a sheltered place.WEB,melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Archivum%20Melitense/AM.01(1910-1912)/6%20AM.%201(1911-1912)11-12/04.pdf, p. 231, Some authors state that the extreme end of the peninsula was known as Xebb ir-Ras (Sheb point), of which name origins from the lighthouse on site.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=UsK_BAAAQBAJ&q=Mewwija+Valletta&pg=PT150, Malta: A Traveller’s Anthology, Deborah, Manley, 10 February 2012, Andrews UK Limited, 9781908493590, Google Books, BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=r7p2l48O2KoC&q=mewwija+sheb+er+ras&pg=PA215, Foundation, Dedication and Consecration in Early Modern Europe, M., Delbeke, M., Schraven, 9 December 2011, BRILL, 978-9004217577, Google Books, A family which surely owned land became known as Sceberras, now a Maltese surname as Sciberras.de Piro. At one point the entire peninsula became known as Sceberras.
Hospitaller Malta 1566–1798
{{flagicon|France|1830}} French Republic 1798–1800{{flagicon|UK}} Protectorate of Malta 1800–1813{{flagicon|Malta|1943}} Crown Colony of Malta 1813–1964{{flagicon|Malta}} State of Malta 1964–1974{{flagicon|Malta}} Republic of Malta 1974–present}}Recent scholarly studies have however shown that the Xeberras phrase is of Punic origin and means ‘the headland’ and ‘the middle peninsula’ as it actually is.WEB, Vella, John, Thalassic imaginaries : witnesses to (an) unwritten history,www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/80897, limited, L-Università ta’ Malta, European Review of History, Taylor & Francis, 2 May 2022, Journal article, Order of Saint JohnFile:DetalleSiegeMalta.jpg|thumb|left|The Ottoman army bombs the Knights’ Three Cities from the peninsula of Sciberras during the 1565 Great Siege.]]File:Malte, La Valette, co-cathédrale St Jean.jpg|thumb|The nave of leftFile:Grandmaster’s palace, Valletta.jpg|thumb|Grandmaster’s PalaceGrandmaster’s PalaceFile:GrandHarbourValletta1801.jpg|thumb|Valletta and the 1801}}The building of a city on the Sciberras Peninsula had been proposed by the Order of Saint John as early as 1524.WEB, Attard, Sonia, The Valletta Fortifications,www.aboutmalta.com/history/vallettafort.shtml, aboutmalta.com, 12 July 2015, Back then, the only building on the peninsula was a small watchtowerJOURNAL, Scientia, Leopardi, E. R., 1949,melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)2(Apr.-Jun.)/01.pdf, The First Printed Description of Malta : Lyons 1536, 15, 2, 56, 58, dedicated to Erasmus of Formia (Saint Elmo), which had been built in 1488.WEB,www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/30600/1/Triton%20Square%20and%20Bisjuttin%20Area-Embelishment%20projects.pdf, Triton Square and Bisjuttin Area-Embelishment projects, Ministry for Tourism, January 2018, In 1552, the Aragonite watchtower was demolished and the larger Fort Saint Elmo was built in its place.WEB, History of Valletta,www.cityofvalletta.org/content.aspx?id=46634, City of Valletta, 19 September 2014, In the Great Siege of 1565, Fort Saint Elmo fell to the Ottomans, but the Order eventually won the siege with the help of Sicilian reinforcements. The victorious Grand Master, Jean de Valette, immediately set out to build a new fortified city on the Sciberras Peninsula to fortify the Order’s position in Malta and bind the Knights to the island. The city took his name and was called La Valletta.JOURNAL, Blouet, Brian W., Town Planning in Malta, 1530–1798, Town Planning Review, 35, 3, October 1964, 183, Liverpool University Press, 10.3828/tpr.35.3.383v818680j843v8, The Grand Master asked the European kings and princes for help, receiving a lot of assistance due to the increased fame of the Order after their victory in the Great Siege. Pope Pius V sent his military architect, Francesco Laparelli, to design the new city, while Philip II of Spain sent substantial monetary aid. The foundation stone of the city was laid by Grand Master de Valette on 28 March 1566. He placed the first stone in what later became Our Lady of Victories Church.BOOK,booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/books/b9789004222083_010, Building a Sense of Belonging. The Foundation of Valletta in Malta, Carmelina, Gugliuzzo, Foundation, Dedication and Consecration in Early Modern Europe, 9 December 2011, 209–224, Booksandjournals.brillonline.com, 10.1163/9789004222083_010, 9789004222083, In his book Dell’Istoria della Sacra Religione et Illustrissima Militia di San Giovanni Gierosolimitano (), written between 1594 and 1602, Giacomo Bosio writes that when the cornerstone of Valletta was placed, a group of Maltese elders said: ”Iegi zimen en fel wardia col sceber raba iesue uquie” (Which in modern Maltese reads, ”JiÄ¡i żmien li fil-Wardija [l-Għolja Sciberras] kull xiber raba’ jiswa uqija”, and in English, “There will come a time when every piece of land on Sciberras Hill will be worth its weight in gold“).WEB, Cassar, Mario, L-Istorja tal-Ilsien Malti,www.akkademjatalmalti.com/page.asp?p=9023#1600, L-Akkademja tal-Malti, 19 September 2014,www.akkademjatalmalti.com/page.asp?p=9023#1600," title="web.archive.org/web/20150923054701www.akkademjatalmalti.com/page.asp?p=9023#1600,">web.archive.org/web/20150923054701www.akkademjatalmalti.com/page.asp?p=9023#1600, 23 September 2015, dead, mt, De Valette died from a stroke on 21 August 1568 at age 74 and never saw the completion of his city. Originally interred in the church of Our Lady of the Victories, his remains now rest in St. John’s Co-Cathedral among the tombs of other Grand Masters of the Knights of Malta.Francesco Laparelli was the city’s principal designer and his plan departed from medieval Maltese architecture, which exhibited irregular winding streets and alleys. He designed the new city on a rectangular grid plan, and without any collacchio (an area restricted for important buildings). The streets were designed to be wide and straight, beginning centrally from the City Gate and ending at Fort Saint Elmo (which was rebuilt) overlooking the Mediterranean; certain bastions were built {{convert|47|m|ft|}} high. His assistant was the Maltese architect Girolamo Cassar, who later oversaw the construction of the city himself after Laparelli’s death in 1570.The Ufficio delle Case regulated the building of the city as a planning authority.JOURNAL, Graff, Philippe, La Valette: une ville nouvelle du XVIe siècle et son évolution jusqu’à nos jours,www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0997-1327_1994_num_71_1_1641, fr, Publications de l’Université de Provence, Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée: Le carrefour maltais, 1994, 71, 1, 157, 10.3406/remmm.1994.1641, 2105-2271, The city of Valletta was mostly completed by the early 1570s, and it became the capital on 18 March 1571 when Grand Master Pierre de Monte moved from his seat at Fort St Angelo in Birgu to the Grandmaster’s Palace in Valletta.File:Joseph Mallord William Turner - Malta.jpg|thumb|Turner’s depiction of the Grand Harbour, National Museum of Fine Arts ]]Seven Auberges were built for the Order’s Langues, and these were complete by the 1580s.BOOK, Rudolf, Uwe Jens, Berg, Warren G., 2010, Historical Dictionary of Malta,books.google.com/books?id=nwuUOVkaMB0C&pg=PA33, Scarecrow Press, 33, 9780810873902, JOURNAL, Scientia, Cassar, Paul, 1946,melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2012(1946)2(Apr.-Jun.)/02.pdf, The Hospital of the Order of St. John in Malta, 12, 2, 57–59, An eighth Auberge, Auberge de Bavière, was later added in the 18th century.JOURNAL, Ellul, Michael, Carlo Gimach (1651–1730) – Architect and Poet, Proceedings of History Week, 1986, 20–22,melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW%201986/02s.pdf, Historical Society of Malta,www.melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.03(1960-63)/MH.3(1963)4/orig02.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160302135025www.melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.03(1960-63)/MH.3(1963)4/orig02.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160302135025www.melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.03(1960-63)/MH.3(1963)4/orig02.pdf, 2 March 2016, live, 4 January 2016, In Antoine de Paule’s reign, it was decided to build more fortifications to protect Valletta, and these were named the Floriana Lines after the architect who designed them, Pietro Paolo Floriani of Macerata.NEWS, Floriana’s Pavilion from the Knights to the British,www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20140504/life-features/Floriana-s-Pavilion-from-the-Knights-to-the-British.517786, 18 April 2015, Times of Malta, 4 May 2014, During António Manoel de Vilhena’s reign, a town began to form between the walls of Valletta and the Floriana Lines, and this evolved from a suburb of Valletta to Floriana, a town in its own right.BOOK, Armstrong, Gary, Mitchell, Jon P., Global and Local Football: Politics and Europeanization on the Fringes of the EU,books.google.com/books?id=zliK30npLlsC&q=false&pg=PA44, Routledge, 2008, 44, 9781134269198, In 1634, a gunpowder factory explosion killed 22 people in Valletta.JOURNAL, Spiteri, Stephen C., Stephen C. Spiteri, Hospitaller Gunpowder Magazines, Arx – International Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification, 2012, Occasional Papers, 2,www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Journals/arx-occasional-papers-hospitaller-gunpowder-magazines.html, 6, In 1749, Muslim slaves plotted to kill Grandmaster Pinto and take over Valletta, but the revolt was suppressed before it even started due to their plans leaking out to the Order.BOOK, Eltis, David, Bradley, Keith, Cartledge, Paul, The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3: AD 1420-AD 1804, 2011, Cambridge University Press, 9780521840682, 144,books.google.com/books?id=5qp_3aL76isC&pg=PA144, Later on in his reign, Pinto embellished the city with Baroque architecture, and many important buildings such as Auberge de Castille were remodeled or completely rebuilt in the new architectural style.JOURNAL, Mifsud Bonnici, Carmelo, Malta Letteraria, Fr. Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca,melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Malta%20Letteraria/ML.n.s.,%2011(1936)/11.pdf, 230, 11, 8, August 1936, In 1775, during the reign of Ximenes, an unsuccessful revolt known as the Rising of the Priests occurred in which Fort Saint Elmo and Saint James Cavalier were captured by rebels, but the revolt was eventually suppressed.WEB, Borg Muscat, David, Reassessing the September 1775 Rebellion: a Case of Lay Participation or a ‘Rising of the Priests’?,mhs.eu.pn/mh3/20022.html, Malta Historical Society,mhs.eu.pn/mh3/20022.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20140421164525mhs.eu.pn/mh3/20022.html,">web.archive.org/web/20140421164525mhs.eu.pn/mh3/20022.html, 21 April 2014, 2005,French occupation and British rule(File:Malta GC. Valletta-1967 (8240967236).jpg|thumb|Early morning in 1967 on the notorious Strait Street known to generations of British Servicemen (especially to sailors on shore leave) as “The Gut”. Bars and bordellos abounded, and brawls were common, but its popularity never waned.)In 1798, the French invaded the island and expelled the Order.JOURNAL, Ekistics, Zammit, Andre, 1986, Valletta and the system of human settlements in the Maltese Islands, 53, 316/317, Athens Center of Ekistics, 89–95, 43620704, After the Maltese rebelled, French troops continued to occupy Valletta and the surrounding harbour area, until they capitulated to the British in September 1800. In the early 19th century, the British Civil Commissioner, Henry Pigot, agreed to demolish the majority of the city’s fortifications.NEWS, Bonello, Giovanni, Let’s hide the majestic bastions,www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20121118/life-features/Let-s-hide-the-majestic-bastions.445894, 14 October 2014, Times of Malta, 18 November 2012, The demolition was again proposed in the 1870s and 1880s, but it was never carried out and the fortifications have survived largely intact.Eventually building projects in Valletta resumed under British rule. These projects included widening gates, demolishing and rebuilding structures, widening newer houses over the years, and installing civic projects. The Malta Railway, which linked Valletta to Mdina, was officially opened in 1883.BOOK, Cole, Beverly, Trains, H.F.Ullmann, 2011, 978-3-8480-0516-1, Potsdam, Germany, 64, It was closed down in 1931 after buses became a popular means of transport.In 1939, Valletta was abandoned as the headquarters of the Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet due to its proximity to Italy and the city became a flash point during the subsequent two-year long Siege of Malta.BOOK, Peter Jacobs, Fortress Islands Malta: Defence & Re-Supply During the Siege,books.google.com/books?id=DV6qCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10, 31 January 2016, Pen and Sword, 978-1-4738-8255-3, 10–, German and Italian air raids throughout the Second World War caused much destruction in Valletta and the rest of the harbor area. The Royal Opera House, constructed at the city entrance in the 19th century, was one of the buildings lost to the raids.File:-The Harbor at Valletta, Malta- MET DP115643 (cropped).jpg|Valletta harbour {{circa|1850}}, photo by Calvert JonesFile:Goats_at_Port_Real_Wellcome_L0045092_(cropped).jpg|King’s Gate {{circa}} 1884–1905File:Teatru_Rjal,_Malta_1911.jpg|Royal Opera House in 1911File:Bomb Damage in Valletta, Malta, 1 May 1942. A8701.jpg|Bomb damage in Valletta during the Second World WarContemporaryIn 1980, the 24th Chess Olympiad took place in Valletta.WEB, 24th Chess Olympiad,www.olimpbase.org/1980/1980in.html, OlimpBase, 2 March 2014, The entire city of Valletta has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980, along with Megalithic Temples of Malta and the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni. On 11 November 2015, Valletta hosted the Valletta Summit on Migration in which European and African leaders discussed the European migrant crisis.WEB, Valletta Conference on Migration (Malta, 11–12 November 2015) – Orientation debate,www.statewatch.org/news/2015/jul/eu-council-november-015-migration-valletta-conference-orientation-debate-10387-15.pdf, statewatch.org, Council of the European Union, 12 November 2015, 30 June 2015, After that, on 27 November 2015, the city also hosted part of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2015.NEWS, Queen to greet line-up of despots at meeting of Commonwealth leaders in Malta,www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/12018566/Queen-to-greet-line-up-of-despots-at-meeting-of-Commonwealth-leaders-in-Malta.html, 29 November 2015, Daily Telegraph, 26 November 2015, Valletta was the European Capital of Culture in 2018.WEB,www.gov.mt/en/About%20Malta/valletta/Pages/European-Capital-of-Culture-in-2018.aspx, Valletta awarded the title of European Capital of Culture in 2018, gov.mt, 25 June 2015, File:City Gate, Valletta 002.jpg|Renzo Piano’s Valletta City Gate (2014)File:Parliament Building.jpg|Detail of the Parliament House (2015)File:Sacra Infermeria in 2016.jpg|Mediterranean Conference Centre, former Sacra Infermeria (2016)File:Triton Fountain.jpg|Renovated Tritons’ Fountain (2018)File:Drapeaux UE et Malte - La Valette.jpg|Auberge d’Italie, renovated in 2016 to host the new MUÅ»A (Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Arti)File:The interior after its restoration in 2018.jpg|Renovated covered market Is-Suq tal-Belt, 2018GovernmentFile:Castille at night.jpg|thumb|Auberge de CastilleAuberge de CastilleFile:Parliament House (Malta).jpeg|thumb|Renzo Piano’s Parliament House ]]Local governmentThe Valletta Local Council was established by the Local Councils Act of 1993, along with the other local councils of Malta.WEB, About Local Government,www.lca.org.mt/pages/iseSinglePages.asp?m=20, Local Councils’ Association, 12 July 2015, 7 December 2014,www.lca.org.mt/pages/iseSinglePages.asp?m=20," title="web.archive.org/web/20141207214517www.lca.org.mt/pages/iseSinglePages.asp?m=20,">web.archive.org/web/20141207214517www.lca.org.mt/pages/iseSinglePages.asp?m=20, dead, The first election was held on 20 November 1993. Other elections were held in 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2013,WEB, Elezzjonijiet tal-Kunsilli Lokali fis-Snin li Għaddew (1993–2013),lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Elezzjonijiet%201993-2013.pdf, lc.gov.mt,lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Elezzjonijiet%201993-2013.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20150712111825lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Elezzjonijiet%201993-2013.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20150712111825lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Elezzjonijiet%201993-2013.pdf, 12 July 2015, mt, 2017.WEB, Elezzjonijiet tal-Kunsilli Lokali 2015–2023,lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Elezzjonijiet%202015-2023.pdf, lc.gov.mt,lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Elezzjonijiet%202015-2023.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20150712112012lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Elezzjonijiet%202015-2023.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20150712112012lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Elezzjonijiet%202015-2023.pdf, 12 July 2015, mt, The present local council was elected in 2019.WEB, Council Members,lc.gov.mt/Page.aspx?catid=12&pid=205, lc.gov.mt, 12 July 2015, 12 January 2018,lc.gov.mt/Page.aspx?catid=12&pid=205," title="web.archive.org/web/20180112222145lc.gov.mt/Page.aspx?catid=12&pid=205,">web.archive.org/web/20180112222145lc.gov.mt/Page.aspx?catid=12&pid=205, dead, The local council is housed in a building in South Street. The following people have served as Mayors of Valletta:WEB, Mayors from 1993,vassallohistory.wordpress.com/mayors-from-1993/, vassallohistory.wordpress.com, 16 August 2014, 12 July 2015,
National governmentValletta is the capital city of Malta,WEB, The Maltese Islands,www.gov.mt/en/About%20Malta/Maltese%20Islands/Pages/The-Maltese-Islands.aspx, Government of Malta,web.archive.org/web/20150717055049/https://gov.mt/en/About%20Malta/Maltese%20Islands/Pages/The-Maltese-Islands.aspx, 17 July 2015, and is the country’s administrative and commercial hub.WEB, The Capital City Valletta,www.gov.mt/en/Pages/Valletta-Write-up.aspx, Government of Malta,web.archive.org/web/20150627103211/https://www.gov.mt/en/Pages/Valletta-Write-up.aspx, 27 June 2015, The Parliament of Malta has been housed at the Parliament House near the city’s entrance since 2015: it was previously housed at the Grandmaster’s Palace in the city centre.BOOK, Maitland, Robert, 2014, Tourism in National Capitals and Global Change,books.google.com/books?id=hQDPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137, Routledge, 9781317850076, 135–142, The latter palace still houses the Office of the President of Malta,WEB, Il-Palazz tal-Belt,president.gov.mt/il-palazzi-tal-president/il-palazz-tal-belt/, Office of the President of Malta,president.gov.mt/il-palazzi-tal-president/il-palazz-tal-belt/," title="web.archive.org/web/20150926164218president.gov.mt/il-palazzi-tal-president/il-palazz-tal-belt/,">web.archive.org/web/20150926164218president.gov.mt/il-palazzi-tal-president/il-palazz-tal-belt/, 26 September 2015, mt, while the Auberge de Castille houses the Office of the Prime Minister of Malta. The courthouse and many government departments are also located in Valletta.WEB, Auberge de Castille et Leon,www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01127.pdf, National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands, 28 December 2012,www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01127.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304111831www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01127.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160304111831www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01127.pdf, 4 March 2016,Geography(File:Prelucrare 3D pentru La Valletta Harbour.jpg|thumb|Valletta between its two harbours)The Valletta peninsula has two natural harbours, Marsamxett and the Grand Harbour.BOOK, Gatt, Oliver, 2008, Valletta City of the Knights,www.bdlbooks.com/knights/279-valletta-city-of-the-knights.html, Bdlbooks.com, 1, 978-99957-20-05-6, The Grand Harbour is Malta’s major port, with unloading quays at nearby Marsa. A cruise-liner terminal is located along the old seawall of the Valletta Waterfront that Portuguese Grandmaster Manuel Pinto da Fonseca built.BOOK, Guillaumier, Alfie, 2005, Bliet u Rħula Maltin, 2, Klabb Kotba Maltin, 947, 99932-39-41-0,ClimateValletta features a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with very mild, wet winters and warm to hot, slightly long, dry summers, with an average annual temperature above {{convert|23|°C|0|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|16|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Valletta experiences a lack of precipitation during the summer months and most of the precipitation happens during the winter months. Winter temperatures are moderated by the surrounding sea, as a result, the city has very mild winters and a long seasonal lag. The official climate recording station in Malta is at Luqa Airport, which is a few miles inland from Valletta. Average high temperatures range from around {{convert|16|°C|0|abbr=on}} in January to about {{convert|32|°C|0|abbr=on}} in August, while average low temperatures range from around {{convert|10|°C|0|abbr=on}} in January to {{convert|23|°C|0|abbr=on}} in August.{{Weather box|location = Malta (Luqa Airport in the suburbs of Valletta, 1991–2020)|metric first = yes|single line = yes|Jan high C = 15.7|Feb high C = 15.7|Mar high C = 17.4|Apr high C = 20.0|May high C = 24.2|Jun high C = 28.7|Jul high C = 31.7|Aug high C = 32.0|Sep high C = 28.6|Oct high C = 25.0|Nov high C = 20.8|Dec high C = 17.2|year high C = 23.1|Jan mean C = 12.9|Feb mean C = 12.6|Mar mean C = 14.1|Apr mean C = 16.4|May mean C = 20.1|Jun mean C = 24.2|Jul mean C = 26.9|Aug mean C = 27.5|Sep mean C = 24.9|Oct mean C = 21.8|Nov mean C = 17.9|Dec mean C = 14.5|year mean C = 19.5|Jan low C = 10.1|Feb low C = 9.5|Mar low C = 10.9|Apr low C = 12.8|May low C = 15.8|Jun low C = 19.6|Jul low C = 22.1|Aug low C = 23.0|Sep low C = 21.2|Oct low C = 18.4|Nov low C = 14.9|Dec low C = 11.8|year low C = 15.9|Jan precipitation mm = 79.3|Feb precipitation mm = 73.2|Mar precipitation mm = 45.3|Apr precipitation mm = 20.7|May precipitation mm = 11.0|Jun precipitation mm = 6.2|Jul precipitation mm = 0.2|Aug precipitation mm = 17.0|Sep precipitation mm = 60.7|Oct precipitation mm = 81.8|Nov precipitation mm = 91.0|Dec precipitation mm = 93.7|year precipitation mm = 580.7|Jan precipitation days = 10.0|Feb precipitation days = 8.2|Mar precipitation days = 6.1|Apr precipitation days = 3.8|May precipitation days = 1.5|Jun precipitation days = 0.8|Jul precipitation days = 0.0|Aug precipitation days = 1.0|Sep precipitation days = 4.3|Oct precipitation days = 6.6|Nov precipitation days = 8.7|Dec precipitation days = 10.0|year precipitation days = 61|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm|Jan sun = 169.3|Feb sun = 178.1|Mar sun = 227.2|Apr sun = 253.8|May sun = 309.7|Jun sun = 336.9|Jul sun = 376.7|Aug sun = 352.2|Sep sun = 270.0|Oct sun = 223.8|Nov sun = 195.0|Dec sun = 161.2|year sun = 3054 | Meteo Climate,LUQA WEATHER AVERAGES 1991–2020 | URL-STATUS=LIVE | ARCHIVE-DATE=10 OCTOBER 2014 | PUBLISHER=METEO-CLIMAT-BZH.DYNDNS.ORG, MaltaWeather.com (sun data)MALTA’S CLIMATE >URL=HTTP://WWW.MALTAWEATHER.COM/INFORMATION/MALTAS-CLIMATE/ | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150806124550/HTTP://WWW.MALTAWEATHER.COM/INFORMATION/MALTAS-CLIMATE/ | ACCESS-DATE=21 OCTOBER 2013 | DF=DMY, |date=October 2013}}CityscapeFile:Valletta Lower Barrakka gardens Malta 2014 2.jpg|thumb|Lower Barrakka GardensLower Barrakka Gardens(File:ValletaDistrictMap.png|thumb|A neighborhood map with approximate boundaries)The architecture of Valletta’s streets and piazzas ranges from mid-16th century Baroque to Modernism. The city is the island’s principal cultural center and has a unique collection of churches, palaces and museums and act as one of the city’s main visitor attractions. When Benjamin Disraeli, future British Prime Minister, visited the city in 1830, he described it as “a city of palaces built by gentlemen for gentlemen,” and remarked that “Valletta equals in its noble architecture, if it does not excel, any capital in Europe,” and in other letters called it “comparable to Venice and Cádiz” and “full of palaces worthy of Palladio.“WEB,www.maltaexpo.com/page.asp?p=16005&l=1, Valletta – the Capital City, 30 November 2008, Maltaexpo.com, 3 July 2009,www.maltaexpo.com/page.asp?p=16005&l=1," title="web.archive.org/web/20090703235029www.maltaexpo.com/page.asp?p=16005&l=1,">web.archive.org/web/20090703235029www.maltaexpo.com/page.asp?p=16005&l=1, dead, WEB,collectables.maltaexpo.com/page.asp?n=product&p=209746&c=734, LP21 – Valletta ‘Citta Umilissima’ Lapel Pin, 30 November 2008, Collectables – Our Products, Maltaexpo.com, 3 July 2009,collectables.maltaexpo.com/page.asp?n=product&p=209746&c=734," title="web.archive.org/web/20090703235130collectables.maltaexpo.com/page.asp?n=product&p=209746&c=734,">web.archive.org/web/20090703235130collectables.maltaexpo.com/page.asp?n=product&p=209746&c=734, dead, Buildings of historic importance include St John’s Co-Cathedral, formerly the Conventual Church of the Knights of Malta. It has the only signed work and largest painting by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio.BOOK, Patrick, James, Renaissance and Reformation,books.google.com/books?id=i6ZJlLHLPY8C&pg=PA194, 2007, Marshall Cavendish, 978-0-7614-7651-1, 194, The Auberge de Castille et Leon, formerly the official seat of the Knights of Malta of the Langue of Castille, Léon and Portugal, is now the office of the Prime Minister of Malta. The Grandmaster’s Palace, built between 1571 and 1574 and formerly the seat of the Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, used to house the Maltese Parliament, now situated in a purpose-built structure at the entrance to the city, and now houses the offices of the President of Malta.WEB, Grandmaster Palace,www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01134.pdf, National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands, 28 December 2012,www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01134.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160507183023www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01134.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160507183023www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01134.pdf, 7 May 2016, Admiralty House is a Baroque palace dating to the late 1570s. It was the official residence of the Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet during the British era from the 1820s onwards. From 1974 until 2016, it was the site of the National Museum of Fine Arts.The Manoel Theatre () was constructed in just ten months in 1731, by order of Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena, and is one of the oldest working theatres in Europe. The Mediterranean Conference Centre was formerly the Sacra Infermeria. Built in 1574, it was one of Europe’s most renowned hospitals during the Renaissance. The fortifications of the port, built by the Knights as a magnificent series of bastions, demi-bastions, cavaliers and curtains, approximately {{convert|100|m|ft|}} high, all contribute to the unique architectural quality of the city.Neighbourhoods(File:Valletta, Malta - 2018 (39570984425).jpg|thumb|Valletta in the foreground and Fort Saint Elmo at the front)(File:St Lazarus Curtain.jpg|thumb|Exterior and interior outlines of Valletta)Valletta contains a number of unofficial neighbourhoods, including:JOURNAL, Zahra, Lorenzo, Laqmijiet ta’ Postijiet fil-Belt Valletta, Melita Historica, 1999, 2, 23, 55,melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/L-Imnara/L-Imnara.%2006(1999)2=23/09s.pdf,melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/L-Imnara/L-Imnara.%2006(1999)2=23/09s.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160417215246melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/L-Imnara/L-Imnara.%2006(1999)2=23/09s.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160417215246melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/L-Imnara/L-Imnara.%2006(1999)2=23/09s.pdf, 17 April 2016,
EconomyEurostat estimates the labour force in 2015 for the greater Valletta area at around 91,000 people. This corresponds to a share of just under 50 percent of Malta. As in Malta as a whole, tourism is an important economic sector. The most important tourist zone is the area surrounding the Grand Harbour. For the cruise industry, after several years of planning, work began in 2002 to build the Valletta Waterfront Project, a cruise terminal, in the Grand Harbour.WEB,timesofmalta.com/articles/view/restoring-and-reviving-vallettas-waterfront.83943, Restoring and reviving Valletta’s waterfront, timesofmalta.com, 17 July 2005, 17 July 2005, There is also a publishing house in Valletta, Allied Newspapers Ltd., a media company. This company publishes the two market-leading newspapers, Times of Malta and The Sunday Times of Malta.EducationThe Valletta Campus of the University of Malta is situated in the Old University Building. It serves as an extension of the Msida Campus, especially offering international masters programmes.WEB,www.youthinfo.gov.mt/default.asp?m=cat&id=38, Valletta Campus – Youth Information, Youthinfo.gov.mt, 3 June 2018, A church school, “St. Albert the Great”, is also situated in Valletta. The Headmaster is Alternattiva Demokratika politician Mario Mallia.WEB,www.stalbert.edu.mt/find-st-albert-the-great/, Find Us, Stalbert.edu.mt, 3 June 2018, WEB,www.alternattiva.org.mt/people-2/, People – Alternattiva Demokratika, Alternativtiva.org.mt, 3 June 2018,CultureFile:Renzo Piano Pjazza Teatru Rjal.jpeg|thumb|Renzo Piano’s Pjazza Teatru Rjal on the ruins of the Royal Opera House ]]File:Saint_James_Cavalier.jpeg|thumb|right|Saint James CavalierSaint James Cavalier(File:Merchants Street Valletta (80653).jpg|thumb|Merchants Street at night, with a statue of Saint Dominic)Valletta was designated European Capital of Culture for 2018.WEB,valletta2018.org/, Valletta 2018, Valletta 2018, The year was inaugurated with an event called Erba’ Pjazez (Four Squares), with shows focused in 4 plazas in the city – Triton Square, St. George’s Square, St. John’s Square, and Castille Square – along with other shows in other points.WEB,valletta2018.org/events/erba-pjazez/, Erba’ Pjazez, Vallrtta2018.org, 3 June 2018, This was followed by the unveiling of a public art installation, Kif Jgħid il-Malti (Maltese Sayings), which featured a number of Maltese language proverb figured in gypsum, in order to engage linguistic heritage.WEB,www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-02-02/local-news/A-bum-a-bird-and-a-pig-Valletta-2018-unveils-Kif-Jghid-Il-Malti-public-art-installations-6736184371, A bum, a bird and a pig: Valletta 2018 unveils ‘Kif Jgħid Il-Malti’ public art installations – The Malta Independent, Independent.com.mt, 3 June 2018, WEB,www.timesofmalta.com/mobile/articles/view/20180202/arts-entertainment/valletta-2018-unveils-public-art-installations.669557, Arts & Entertainment, Timesofmalta.com, 2 February 2018, 3 June 2018,Saint James CavalierSaint James Cavalier, originally a raised gun platform, was converted into a Centre of Creativity in the year 2000 as part of Malta’s Millennium Project. It now houses a small theatre, a cinema, music rooms and art galleries. Various exhibitions are regularly held there. It has welcomed over a million visitors since opening.WEB, St.James Cavalier Theatre Overview in Valletta, Malta,www.islandofgozo.org/place?id=42&item=stjames-cavalier-theatre, Island of Gozo, Gozo Tourism Association, 30 September 2014, 6 October 2014,www.islandofgozo.org/place?id=42&item=stjames-cavalier-theatre," title="web.archive.org/web/20141006132546www.islandofgozo.org/place?id=42&item=stjames-cavalier-theatre,">web.archive.org/web/20141006132546www.islandofgozo.org/place?id=42&item=stjames-cavalier-theatre, dead,MusicThe Valletta International Baroque Festival is held every year in January. Jazz music in Malta was introduced in the Strait Street area, frequented by Allied sailors during both World Wars.NEWS, 2017-09-01, What are the best events taking place throughout the year in Malta?, en-GB, The Telegraph,www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/why-choose-malta/best-events/, 2022-10-30, 0307-1235, Malta’s Jazz Festival took place here. Strait Street is also known as The Gut. This area is undergoing a programme of regeneration. The city’s dual band clubs are the “King’s Own Band Club” () and “La Valette National Philharmonic Society” ().{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}CarnivalValletta is the scene of the Maltese Carnival, held in February each year, leading up to Lent.JOURNAL, Cassar Pullicino, Joseph, The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory, Scientia, October–December 1949, 15, 4, 167,melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)4(Oct.-Dec.)/01.pdf,melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)4(Oct.-Dec.)/01.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160417173522melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)4(Oct.-Dec.)/01.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160417173522melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)4(Oct.-Dec.)/01.pdf, 17 April 2016, There were no carnival trucks in 2020 or 2021 due to the Covid-19 pandemic, but trucks returned in 2022.{{cn|date=May 2024}}In 1823 the Valletta carnival was the scene of a human crush tragedy in which at least 110 boys perished.BOOK, Hezekiah Niles, Niles, Hezekiah, Niles’ Weekly Registrar, March–September 1823, William Ogden Niles, Baltimore, 189–190,books.google.com/books?id=JPQaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA189, Melancholy Affair,Feasts
In literature and the arts
Twin towns – sister cities{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Malta}}Valletta is twinned with:WEB, Palermo and Valletta together for 2018. Cultural twinning at Palazzo Asmundo,www.palermoworld.it/eng/palermo-and-valletta-together-for-2018-cultural-twinning-at-palazzo-asmundo/, palermoworld.it, 30 December 2017, Palermo World, 18 September 2019,
Transport(File:Malta - Valletta - Vjal Nelson - Bus terminal Valletta.jpg|thumb|Bus station at Valletta)Malta International Airport is {{convert|8|km}} from the city in the town of Luqa. Malta’s public transport system, which uses buses, operates mostly on routes to or from Valletta, with their central terminus just outside the city gate. Traffic within the city itself is restricted, with some principal roads being completely pedestrian areas. In 2006, a park and ride system was implemented in order to increase the availability of parking spaces in the city. People can leave their vehicles in a nearby Floriana car park and transfer to a van for the rest of the trip.In 2007, a congestion pricing scheme was implemented to reduce long-term parking and traffic while promoting business in the city.WEB, CVA System – The Purpose Of,www.cva.gov.mt/, Controlled Vehicular Access Technology, 18 July 2015,www.cva.gov.mt/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120306095431www.cva.gov.mt/,">web.archive.org/web/20120306095431www.cva.gov.mt/, 6 March 2012, dead, WEB,www.maltamedia.com/artman2/publish/govt_politics/article_1745.shtml, Valletta traffic congestion considerably reduced, 6 May 2007, MaltaMedia News, 5 April 2008, An ANPR-based automated system takes photos of vehicles as they enter and exit the charging zone and vehicle owners are billed according to the duration of their stay.Valletta is served by a fleet of electric taxis which transport riders from 10 points in Valletta to any destination in the city.NEWS, Galea Debono, Fiona, Valletta gets its own clean taxi service,www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20070615/local/valletta-gets-its-own-clean-taxi-service.14499, 24 June 2015, Times of Malta, 15 June 2007, As of 2021, an underground Malta Metro is being planned, with a projected total cost of €6.2 billion,WEB,timesofmalta.com/articles/view/watch-live-government-announces-metro-study-results.905092, Government unveils 25-station, €6.2 billion underground Metro proposal, Times of Malta, October 2021, 2 October 2022, centred on the Valletta urban area.Notable peopleSports
Further reading
References{{reflist}}Notes{{NoteFoot}}External links{{Commons category}}{{wikivoyage|Valletta}}
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