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{{short description|Island in French Polynesia}}{{about|the island|the country|French Polynesia|other uses|Tahiti (disambiguation)|}}{{redirect|Tahiti Nui|the song|Tahiti Nui (song)}}{{Use British English|date=February 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}

factoids

| map_caption = Tahiti, the largest island of the Society islands| native_name =| native_name_link = Tahitian language| nickname =| location = Pacific Ocean17S25type:isle_scale:250000_region:PF|display=inline}}| archipelago = Society Islands| total_islands =| major_islands = Tahiti| area_km2 = 1044| highest_mount = Mont Orohena| elevation_m = 2241| country = France| country_admin_divisions_title = Overseas collectivity| country_admin_divisions = French PolynesiaPapeete>Pape{{okina}}ete| country_largest_city_population = 136,777PUBLISHER = JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA RéPUBLIQUE FRANçAISE ARCHIVE-DATE = 3 JANUARY 2018 URL-STATUS = LIVE, | population_as_of = August 2017 census| density_km2 = 181| ethnic_groups = Tahitians| additional_info =}}Tahiti ({{IPAc-en|lang|t|É™|ˈ|h|iː|t|i}}; Tahitian {{IPA|ty|taˈhiti|}};Pronunciation of “Tahiti” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105105518forvo.com/search/Tahiti/ty/ |date=5 November 2019 }} in Tahitian. {{IPA-fr|ta.iti}}; previously also known as Otaheite) is the largest island of the Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. It is located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the nearest major landmass is Australia.WEB,www.turtlefiji.com/tahiti-vs-moorea/, Tahiti Vs Moorea: Can You Spot the Difference Between These Two French Polynesian Islands? - Turtle Fiji, 16 December 2021, 1 March 2022, 1 March 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220301171851/https://www.turtlefiji.com/tahiti-vs-moorea/, live, WEB,manoa.hawaii.edu/mix/partner-universities/ufp/, University of French Polynesia – Mānoa International Exchange, 1 March 2022, 1 March 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220301171852/https://manoa.hawaii.edu/mix/partner-universities/ufp/, live, Divided into two parts, Tahiti Nui (bigger, northwestern part) and Tahiti Iti (smaller, southeastern part), the island was formed from volcanic activity; it is high and mountainous with surrounding coral reefs. Its population was 189,517 in 2017, making it by far the most populous island in French Polynesia and accounting for 68.7% of its total population; the 2022 Census recorded a population of 191,779.Tahiti is the economic, cultural, and political centre of French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity and an overseas country of the French Republic. The capital of French Polynesia, Pape{{okina}}ete, is located on the northwest coast of Tahiti. The only international airport in the region, Fa{{okina}}a{{okina}}ā International Airport, is on Tahiti near Pape{{okina}}ete. Tahiti was originally settled by Polynesians between 300 and 800{{nbsp}}CE. They represent about 70% of the island’s population, with the rest made up of Europeans, Chinese and those of mixed heritage. The island was part of the Kingdom of Tahiti until its annexation by France in 1880, when it was proclaimed a colony of France, and the inhabitants became French citizens. French is the sole official language, although the Tahitian language (Reo Tahiti) is also widely spoken.

Geography

(File:TahitiAndMoorea2021OSM.png|thumb|upright=1.8|{{center|Tahiti-Mo’orea map}})(File:Tahiti, French Polynesia - NASA Earth Observatory.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|{{center|Tahiti from space}})Tahiti is the highest and largest island in French Polynesia lying close to Mo{{okina}}orea island. It is located {{convert|4400|km|nmi|0|abbr=off}} south of Hawai{{okina}}i, {{convert|7900|km|nmi|0|abbr=on}} from Chile, {{convert|5700|km|nmi|0|abbr=on}} from Australia.The island is {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} across at its widest point and covers an area of {{convert|1045|km2|abbr=on}}. The highest peak is Mont Orohena (Mou{{okina}}a {{okina}}Orohena) ({{convert|2241|m|abbr=on}}). Mount Roonui, or Mount Ronui (Mou{{okina}}a Rōnui), in the southeast rises to {{convert|1332|m|abbr=on}}. The island consists of two roughly round portions centered on volcanic mountains and connected by a short isthmus of Taravao.WEB,earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/147510/isthmus-of-taravao-tahiti, Isthmus of Taravao, Tahiti, NASA, 31 October 2019, 3 January 2023, 3 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230103001315/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/147510/isthmus-of-taravao-tahiti, live, The northwestern portion is known as Tahiti Nui (“big Tahiti“), while the much smaller southeastern portion is known as Tahiti Iti (“small Tahiti“) or Tai{{okina}}arapÅ«. Tahiti Nui is heavily populated along the coast, especially around the capital, Pape{{okina}}ete.The interior of Tahiti Nui is almost entirely uninhabited.www.ispf.pf/ISPF/Libraries/Cartographie/Pop01_densite_IDV.pdf" title="web.archive.org/web/20111113161132www.ispf.pf/ISPF/Libraries/Cartographie/Pop01_densite_IDV.pdf">Population Densité de population. Atlas démographique 2007. ispf.pf Tahiti Iti has remained isolated, as its southeastern half (Te Pari) is accessible only to those travelling by boat or on foot. The rest of the island is encircled by a main road which cuts between the mountains and the sea.WEB,www.afar.com/places/tahitis-loop-road-papeete, Tahiti’s Loop Road, AFAR, 3 January 2023, 3 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230103000945/https://www.afar.com/places/tahitis-loop-road-papeete, live, Tahiti’s landscape features lush rainforests and many rivers and waterfalls, including the Papeno{{okina}}o on the north side and the Fautaua Falls near Pape{{okina}}ete.BOOK, Natural Wonders of the World, Reader’s Digest Association, Inc, 1980, 0-89577-087-3, Scheffel, Richard L., United States of America, 145, Wernet, Susan J.,

Geology

File:Brooklyn Museum - Diadem Mountain at Sunset, Tahiti - John La Farge - overall.jpg|thumb|left|Diadem Mountain at Sunset, Tahiti, John LaFargeJohn LaFargeThe Society archipelago is a hotspot volcanic chain consisting of ten islands and atolls. The chain is oriented along the N. 65° W. direction, parallel to the movement of the Pacific Plate. Due to the plate movement over the Society hotspot, the age of the islands decreases from 5 Ma at Maupiti to 0 Ma at Mehetia, where Mehetia is the inferred current location of the hotspot as evidenced by recent seismic activity. Maupiti, the oldest island in the chain, is a highly eroded shield volcano with at least 12 thin lava flows, which accumulated fairly rapidly between 4.79 and 4.05 Ma. Bora Bora is another highly eroded shield volcano consisting of basaltic lavas accumulated between 3.83 and 3.1 Ma. The lavas are intersected by post-shield dikes. Taha{{okina}}a consists of shield-stage basalt with an age of 3.39 Ma, followed by additional eruptions 1.2 Ma later. Raiatea consists of shield-stage basalt followed by post-shield trachytic lava flows, all occurring from 2.75 to 2.29 Ma. Huahine consists of two coalesced basalt shield volcanoes, Huahine Nui and Huahine Iti, with several flows followed by post-shield trachyphonolitic lava domes from 3.08 to 2.06 Ma. Mo{{okina}}orea consists of at least 16 flows of shield-stage basalt and post-shield lavas from 2.15 to 1.36 Ma. Tahiti consists of two basalt shield volcanoes, Tahiti Nui and Tahiti Iti, with an age range of 1.67 to 0.25 Ma.JOURNAL, Uto, K., Yamamoto, Y., Sudo, M., Uchiumi, S., Ishizuka, O., Kogiso, T., Tsunakawa, H., New K-Ar ages of the Society Islands, French Polynesia, and implications for the Society hotspot feature, Earth, Planets and Space, 2007, 59, 7, 879–885, 2007EP&S...59..879U, 10.1186/BF03352750, free, (File:Mont Aorai.jpg|thumb|Mount Aorai in northwestern part Tahiti)

Climate

November to April is the wet season, the wettest month of which is January with {{convert|340|mm|in}} of rain in Pape{{okina}}ete. August is the driest with {{convert|48|mm|in}}.The average temperature ranges between {{convert|21|and|31|C|0}}, with little seasonal variation. The lowest and highest temperatures recorded in Pape{{okina}}ete are {{convert|16|and|34|C|0}}, respectively.Papeete, French Polynesia {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111140844www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=173919&refer= |date=11 January 2012 }}. Weatherbase.com. Retrieved 26 September 2007.{{Weather box|location = Tahiti, 1961-1990 normals|single line = Yes|metric first = Yes|width = auto|Jan high C = 30.3|Feb high C = 30.5|Mar high C = 30.8|Apr high C = 30.6|May high C = 29.9|Jun high C = 28.9|Jul high C = 28.3|Aug high C = 28.2|Sep high C = 28.6|Oct high C = 29.1|Nov high C = 29.5|Dec high C = 29.8|year high C =|Jan mean C = 26.8|Feb mean C = 27.0|Mar mean C = 27.2|Apr mean C = 26.9|May mean C = 26.2|Jun mean C = 25.1|Jul mean C = 24.4|Aug mean C = 24.3|Sep mean C = 24.8|Oct mean C = 25.5|Nov mean C = 26.1|Dec mean C = 26.4|year mean C =|Jan low C = 23.4|Feb low C = 23.5|Mar low C = 23.5|Apr low C = 23.3|May low C = 22.5|Jun low C = 21.2|Jul low C = 20.8|Aug low C = 20.5|Sep low C = 21.0|Oct low C = 21.9|Nov low C = 22.6|Dec low C = 23.1|year low C =|precipitation colour = green|Jan precipitation mm = 315.2|Feb precipitation mm = 233.0|Mar precipitation mm = 195.3|Apr precipitation mm = 140.8|May precipitation mm = 92.0|Jun precipitation mm = 60.2|Jul precipitation mm = 60.5|Aug precipitation mm = 48.0|Sep precipitation mm = 46.3|Oct precipitation mm = 90.8|Nov precipitation mm = 162.1|Dec precipitation mm = 317.0|year precipitation mm =World Meteorological OrganizationTAHITI PUBLISHER=WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ARCHIVE-DATE=16 APRIL 2021 URL-STATUS=LIVE, }}

History

{{See also|Kingdom of Tahiti}}

Geological history

About 1.4 million to 870,000 years ago, the island of Tahiti was formed as a volcanic shield.

Early settling of Tahiti

The first Tahitians arrived from Western Polynesia some time before 500{{nbsp}}BC.P. V. Kirch: On the Road of the Winds – An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact; Berkeley, Los Angeles, London 2002, pp. 230–231. There is much debate as to the exact date of the original Polynesian migration to Tahiti, and indeed whether it came in one wave or several. Some experts put it as late as 500–800 BCE.JOURNAL, Wilmshurst, J.M., High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia, PNAS, 108, 5, 1815–20, 10.1073/pnas.1015876108, 21187404, 3033267, 2011, 2011PNAS..108.1815W, free, Linguistic, biological and archaeological evidence supports a long migration from Southeast Asia via the Fijian, Samoan and Tongan Archipelagos using outrigger canoes that were up to twenty or thirty metres long and could transport families as well as domestic animals.In 1769, for instance, James Cook mentions a great traditional ship (va{{okina}}a) in Tahiti that was {{convert|33|m|abbr=on}} long and could be propelled by sail or paddles.Laneyrie-Dagen, p. 148In 2010, an expedition on a simple outrigger canoe with a sail retraced the route back from Tahiti to Asia.O Tahiti Nui Freedom au bout de son rêve {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528054029www.lesnouvelles.pf/article/la-vie-au-fenua/o-tahiti-nui-freedom-au-bout-de-son-reve |date=28 May 2013 }}. Lesnouvelles.pf (20 November 2010). Retrieved 26 July 2013.File:TahitiRaiatea.jpg|thumb|View of Ra{{okina}}iātea Mountain. The mummies of Tahitian rulers were formerly deposited on this mountain, which is considered sacred (tapu).]]

Civilization before the arrival of the Europeans

Before the arrival of the Europeans, the island was divided into territories, each dominated by a single clan. The most important clans were the closely related Teva i Uta (Teva of the Interior) and the Teva i Tai (Teva of the Sea)Bernard Gille, Antoine Leca (2009) Histoire des institutions de l’Océanie française: Polynésie, Nouvelle-Calédonie, Wallis et Futuna, L’Harmattan, {{ISBN|978-2-296-09234-1}} whose combined territory extended from the peninsula in the south of Tahiti Nui.Salvat, p. 187File:Representation of a human sacrifice in a morai at Otaheite in the presence of Captain Cook and his officers, Le Costume Ancien et Moderne by Giulio Ferrario, 1827.jpg|thumb|left|An 1827 representation of human sacrifice in Tahiti, based on the account of Captain CookCaptain CookClan leadership consisted of a chief (ari{{okina}}i rahi), nobles (ari{{okina}}i), and under-chiefs ({{okina}}Īato{{okina}}ai). The ari{{okina}}i were also the religious leaders, revered for the mana (spiritual power) they inherited as descendants of the gods. As symbols of their power, they wore belts of red feathers. Nonetheless, to exercise their political power, councils or general assemblies composed of the ari{{okina}}i and the {{okina}}Īato{{okina}}ai had to be called, especially in case of war.The chief’s spiritual power was also limited; each clan’s practice was organized around their marae (stone temple) and its priests.Anne Salmond quotes John Orsmond, an early missionary, as stating, “Marae were the sanctity and glory of the land, they were the pride of the people of these islands.” This was especially true for the ancestral and national marae associated with the royal line. “It was the basis of royalty; It awakened the gods; It fixed the red feather girdle of the high chiefs.“BOOK, Salmond, Anne, Aphrodite’s Island, 2010, University of California Press, Berkeley, 9780520261143, 28, 33–34, registration,archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/28, {{rp|23,26–27}}

First European visits

File:Captain Wallis, on his arrival at O’Taheite, in conversation with Oberea the Queen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The meeting between Wallis and Oberea]]The first European to arrive at Tahiti may have been Spanish explorer Juan Fernández in his expedition of 1576–1577.José Toribio Medina, El Piloto Juan Fernandez, descubridor de las islas que llevan su nombre, y Juan Jufré, armador de la espedición que hizo en busca de otras en los Mares del Sur Santiago de Chile, 1918, reprinted by Gabriela Mistral, 1974, pp. 169 Alternatively, Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, serving the Spanish Crown in an expedition to Terra Australis, was perhaps the first European to see Tahiti. He sighted an inhabited island on 10 February 1606.James Burney (1803) A Chronological History of the Voyages or Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean, Vol. 5, London, p. 222 However, it has been suggested that he actually saw the island of Rekareka to the southeast of Tahiti.JOURNAL, Geo. Collingridge,www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_12_1903/Volume_12,_No.3,_September_1903/Who_discovered_Tahiti%3F_by_Geo._Collingridge,_p184-186, Journal of the Polynesian Society, Who Discovered Tahiti?, 184–186, 12, 1903, 3, 4 July 2010, 10 October 2017,www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_12_1903/Volume_12,_No.3,_September_1903/Who_discovered_Tahiti%3F_by_Geo._Collingridge,_p184-186," title="web.archive.org/web/20171010191712www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_12_1903/Volume_12,_No.3,_September_1903/Who_discovered_Tahiti%3F_by_Geo._Collingridge,_p184-186,">web.archive.org/web/20171010191712www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_12_1903/Volume_12,_No.3,_September_1903/Who_discovered_Tahiti%3F_by_Geo._Collingridge,_p184-186, live, Hence, although the Spanish and Portuguese made contact with nearby islands, they may not have arrived at Tahiti.The next stage of European visits to the region came during the period of intense Anglo-French rivalry that filled the twelve years between the Seven Years’ War and the American Revolutionary War.BOOK, Cameron-Ash, M., Lying for the Admiralty: Captain Cook’s Endeavour Voyage, 2018, Rosenberg, 9780648043966, 44–53, The first of these visits, and perhaps the first European visit to Tahiti, was under the command of Captain Samuel Wallis. While circumnavigating the globe in {{HMS|Dolphin|1751|6}},BOOK, Douglas Oliver, Ancient Tahitian Society, University Press of Hawaii, 1974, 3, 0-8248-0267-5, they sighted the island on 18 June 1767Laneyrie-Dagen, p. 181 and then harbored in Matavai Bay between the chiefdom Pare-Arue (governed by Tu (Tu-nui-e-a{{okina}}a-i-te-Atua) and his regent Tutaha) and the chiefdom Ha{{okina}}apape, governed by Amo and his wife “Oberea” (Purea). The first contacts were difficult,Salvat, pp. 44–45 but to avert all-out war after a British show of force, Oberea laid down peace offerings leading to cordial relations.{{rp|45–84,104,135}}File:Hodges, Resolution and Adventure in Matavai Bay.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Matavai Bay, Tahiti, painted by William Hodges, member of an expedition led by Captain Cook ]]On 2 April 1768,Louis-Antoine de Bougainville” Voyage autour du monde par la frégate la Boudeuse et la flûte l’Étoile ”, ch VIII Read on Wikisource the expedition of Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, aboard {{ship|French frigate|Boudeuse|1766|2}} and {{ship|French fluyt|Etoile|1767|2}} on the first French circumnavigation, sighted Tahiti. On 5 April, they anchored off Hitia{{okina}}a O Te Ra and were welcomed by its chief Reti. Bougainville was also visited by Tutaha. Bougainville stayed about ten days.By 12 April 1769 Captain James Cook had arrived in Tahiti’s Matavai Bay, commanding {{HMS|Endeavour}}.Laneyrie-Dagen, p. 185{{rp|141}} He had been sent on a scientific mission with astronomy, botany, and artistic details. On 14 April Cook met Tutaha and Tepau{{rp|144}} and the next day he picked the site for a fortified camp at Point Venus for Charles Green’s observatory.{{rp|147}} Botanist Joseph Banks and artist Sydney Parkinson, along with Cook, gathered valuable information on fauna and flora as well as on native society, language and customs, including the proper name of the island.“Otahiti” The ‘O’ was an error of translation -- when asked the name of the island, natives replied “O Tahiti”, meaning “It is Tahiti”. Cook also met many island chiefs.{{rp|154–155,175,183–185}} Cook and Endeavour left Tahiti on 13 July 1769.{{rp|149,186–202,205}} Cook estimated the population to be 200,000 including all the nearby islands in the chain.Robert W. Kirk (2008) Pitcairn Island, the Bounty Mutineers and Their Descendants, p. 78, {{ISBN|0-7864-3471-6}}{{rp|308}} This estimate was reduced to 35,000 by Cook’s contemporary, anthropologist and Tahiti expert Douglas L. Oliver.Oswald A. Bushnell (1993). The gifts of civilization: germs and genocide in HawaiÊ»i {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424210748books.google.com/books?id=pKBhBxgKxs8C |date=24 April 2016 }}. University of Hawaii Press, p. 240, {{ISBN|0-8248-1457-6}}The Viceroy of Peru, Manuel de Amat y Juniet, under order of the Spanish Crown, organized an expedition to colonize the island in 1772. He would ultimately send three expeditions aboard the ship Aguila, the first two under the command of navigator Domingo de Bonechea. Four Tahitians, Pautu, Tipitipia, Heiao, and Tetuanui, accompanied Bonechea back to Peru in early 1773 after the first Aguila expedition.{{rp|236–256,325}}Cook returned to Tahiti between 15 August and 1 September 1773. Greeted by the chiefs, Cook anchored in Vaitepiha Bay before returning to Point Venus. Cook left Tahiti on 14 May 1774.{{rp|263–279,284,290,301–312}}Pautu and Tetuanui returned to Tahiti with Bonechea aboard Aguila on 14 November 1774; Tipitipia and Heiao had died. Bonechea died on 26 January 1775 in Tahiti and was buried near the mission he had established at Tautira Bay. Lt Tomas Gayangos took over command and set sail for Peru on 27 January, leaving the Fathers Geronimo Clota and Narciso Gonzalez and the sailors Maximo Rodriguez and Francisco Perez in charge of the mission. On the third Aguila expedition, under Don Cayetano de Langara, the mission on Tahiti was abandoned on 12 November 1775, when the Fathers successfully begged to be taken back to Lima.JOURNAL, Jorge Ortiz Sotelo,derroteros.perucultural.org.pe/textos/derroteros13/i.pdf, Expediciones peruanas a Tahití, siglo XVIII, Derroteros de la Mar del Sur, 13, 2005, 95–103, dead,derroteros.perucultural.org.pe/textos/derroteros13/i.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20070609092803derroteros.perucultural.org.pe/textos/derroteros13/i.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20070609092803derroteros.perucultural.org.pe/textos/derroteros13/i.pdf, 9 June 2007, WEB,www.getamap.net/maps/french_polynesia/french_polynesia_(general)/_amat_islade/, Get a Map database and website, 4 May 2013, 13 December 2019,www.getamap.net/maps/french_polynesia/french_polynesia_(general)/_amat_islade/," title="web.archive.org/web/20191213223409www.getamap.net/maps/french_polynesia/french_polynesia_(general)/_amat_islade/,">web.archive.org/web/20191213223409www.getamap.net/maps/french_polynesia/french_polynesia_(general)/_amat_islade/, live, {{rp|321,323,340,351–357,361,381–383}}During his final visit in 1777 Cook first moored in Vaitepiha Bay. From there he reunited with many Tahitian clans and established British presence on the remains of the Spanish mission. On 29 September 1777 Cook sailed for Papeto{{okina}}ai Bay on Mo{{okina}}orea.{{rp|440–444,447}}

British influence and the rise of the Pōmare

Bounty“>

Mutineers of the Bounty

File:Thomas Gosse, Transplanting of the bread-fruit trees from Otaheite, 1796, UMKC.jpg|thumb|left|William Bligh overseeing the transplantation of breadfruitbreadfruitOn 26 October 1788, {{HMS|Bounty}}, under the command of Captain William Bligh, landed in Tahiti with the mission of carrying Tahitian breadfruit trees (Tahitian: {{okina}}uru) to the Caribbean. Sir Joseph Banks, the botanist from James Cook’s first expedition, had concluded that this plant would be ideal to feed the African slaves working in the Caribbean plantations at very little cost. The crew remained in Tahiti for about five months, the time needed to transplant the seedlings of the trees. Three weeks after leaving Tahiti, on 28 April 1789, the crew mutinied on the initiative of Fletcher Christian. The mutineers seized the ship and set the captain and most of those members of the crew who remained loyal to him adrift in a ship’s boat. A group of mutineers then went back to settle in Tahiti.Although various explorers had refused to get involved in tribal conflicts, the mutineers from the Bounty offered their services as mercenaries and furnished arms to the family which became the Pōmare Dynasty. The chief TÅ« knew how to use their presence in the harbours favoured by sailors to his advantage. As a result of his alliance with the mutineers, he succeeded in considerably increasing his supremacy over the island of Tahiti.In about 1790, the ambitious chief TÅ« took the title of king and gave himself the name Pōmare. Captain Bligh explains that this name was a homage to his eldest daughter Teri{{okina}}inavahoroa, who had died of tuberculosis, “an illness that made her cough (mare) a lot, especially at night (pō)”. Thus he became Pōmare I, founding the Pōmare Dynasty and his lineage would be the first to unify Tahiti from 1788 to 1791. He and his descendants founded and expanded Tahitian influence to all of the lands that now constitute modern French Polynesia.In 1791, {{HMS|Pandora|1779|6}} under Captain Edward Edwards called at Tahiti and took custody of fourteen of the mutineers. Four were drowned in the sinking of Pandora on her homeward voyage, three were hanged, four were acquitted, and three were pardoned.

Landings of the whalers

In the 1790s, whalers began landing at Tahiti during their hunting expeditions in the southern hemisphere. The arrival of these whalers, who were subsequently joined by merchants coming from the penal colonies in Australia, marked the first major overturning of traditional Tahitian society. The crews introduced alcohol, arms and infectious diseases to the island, and encouraged prostitution, which brought with it venereal disease. These commercial interactions with westerners had catastrophic consequences for the Tahitian population, which shrank rapidly, ravaged by diseases and other cultural factors.JOURNAL, 2639926, 1996, Martin, P. M., Emerging infectious diseases and the depopulation of French Polynesia in the 19th century, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2, 4, 359–361, Combes, C., 8969256, 10.3201/eid0204.960416, During the first decade of the 19th century, the Tahitian population dropped from 16,000 to 8,000–9,000; the French census in 1854 counted a population just under 6,000.Introduction to anthropology. Ed., T. Waitz, tr. by J. F. Collingwood. (Anthrop. soc. of London), pp. 158–159 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215073635books.google.com/books?id=KaMEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA158 |date=15 December 2019 }}.

Arrival of the missionaries

On 5 March 1797, representatives of the London Missionary Society landed at Matavai Bay (Mahina) on board Duff, with the intention of converting the pagan native populations to Christianity. The arrival of these missionaries marked a new turning point for the island of Tahiti, having a lasting impact on the local culture.The first years proved hard work for the missionaries, despite their association with the Pōmare, the importance of whom they were aware of thanks to the reports of earlier sailors. In 1803, upon the death of Pōmare I, his son Vaira{{okina}}atoa succeeded him and took the title of Pōmare II. He allied himself more and more with the missionaries, and from 1803 they taught him reading and the Gospels. Furthermore, the missionaries encouraged his wish to conquer his opponents, so that they would only have to deal with a single political contact, enabling them to develop Christianity in a unified country. The conversion of Pōmare II to Protestantism in 1812 marks moreover the point when Protestantism truly took off on the island.In about 1810, Pōmare II married Teremo{{okina}}emo{{okina}}e daughter of the chief of Raiatea, to ally himself with the chiefdoms of the Leeward Islands. On 12 November 1815, thanks to these alliances, Pōmare II won a decisive battle at Fe{{okina}}i PÄ« (Puna{{okina}}auia), notably against Opuhara,See: House of Teururai. the chief of the powerful clan of Teva. This victory allowed Pōmare II to be styled Ari{{okina}}i Rahi, or the king of Tahiti. It was the first time that Tahiti had been united under the control of a single family. This marked the end of Tahitian feudalism and the military aristocracy, which were replaced by an absolute monarchy. At the same time, Protestantism quickly spread, thanks to the support of Pōmare II, and replaced the traditional beliefs. In 1816 the London Missionary Society sent John Williams as a missionary and teacher, and starting in 1817, the Gospels were translated into Tahitian (Reo Maohi) and taught in the religious schools. In 1818, the minister William Pascoe Crook founded the city of Pape{{okina}}ete, which became the capital of the island.(File:Tahitiennes en robe mission.jpg|thumb|left|Tahitians in missionary robes)In 1819, Pōmare II, encouraged by the missionaries, introduced the first Tahitian legal code, known under the name of the Pōmare Legal Code, which consists of nineteen laws. The missionaries and Pōmare II thus imposed a ban on nudity (obliging them to wear clothes covering their whole body), banned dances and chants (described as immodest), tattoos, and costumes made of flowers.In the 1820s, the entire population of Tahiti converted to Protestantism. Duperrey, who berthed in Tahiti in May 1823, attests to the change in Tahitian society in a letter dated 15 May 1823: “The missionaries of the Royal Society of London have totally changed the morals and customs of the inhabitants. Idolatry no longer exists among them, and they generally profess the Christian religion. The women no longer come aboard the vessel, and even when we meet them on land they are extremely reserved. (...) The bloody wars that these people used to carry out and human sacrifices have no longer taken place since 1816.“Etienne Taillemite (1999), Marins français à la découvert du monde, Fayard, {{ISBN|2-213-60114-3}}, p. 498When, on 7 December 1821, Pōmare II died, his son Pōmare III was only eighteen months old. His uncle and the religious people therefore supported the regency, until 2 May 1824, the date on which the missionaries conducted his coronation, a ceremony unprecedented in Tahiti. Taking advantage of the weakness of the Pōmare, local chiefs won back some of their power and took the hereditary title of Tavana (from the English word “governor“). The missionaries also took advantage of the situation to change the way in which powers were arranged, and to make the Tahitian monarchy closer to the English model of a constitutional monarchy. They therefore created the Tahitian Legislative Assembly, which first sat on 23 February 1824.In 1827, the young Pōmare III suddenly died, and it was his half-sister, {{okina}}Aimata, aged thirteen, who took the title of Pōmare IV. The Birmingham-born missionary George Pritchard, who was the acting British consul, became her main adviser and tried to interest her in the affairs of the kingdom but the authority of the Queen, who was certainly less charismatic than her father, was challenged by the chiefs, who had won back an important part of their prerogatives since the death of Pōmare II. The power of the Pōmare had become more symbolic than real; time and time again Queen Pōmare, Protestant and anglophile, sought in vain the protection of England.File:TahitiDupetitThouars.jpg|thumb|Abel Aubert du Petit-ThouarsAbel Aubert du Petit-ThouarsIn November 1835 Charles Darwin visited Tahiti aboard HMS Beagle on her circumnavigation, captained by Robert FitzRoy. He was impressed by what he perceived to be the positive influence the missionaries had had on the sobriety and moral character of the population. Darwin praised the scenery, but was not flattering towards Tahiti’s Queen Pōmare IV. Captain Fitzroy negotiated payment of compensation for an attack on an English ship by Tahitians, which had taken place in 1833.Charles Darwin (1839). www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-voyage-of-the-beagle/chapter-18.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20010417174821www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-voyage-of-the-beagle/chapter-18.html">“Chapter 18 – Tahiti and New Zealand” in The Voyage of the Beagle. literature.orgFile:Pomare IV Queen of Tahiti.jpg|thumb|left|Queen Pōmare IVPōmare IVIn Sept. 1839, the island was visited by the United States Exploring Expedition.BOOK, Stanton, William, The Great United States Exploring Expedition, 1975, University of California Press, Berkeley, 0520025571, 123, registration,archive.org/details/greatunitedstate00will/page/123, One of its members, Alfred Thomas Agate, produced a number of sketches of Tahitian life, some of which were later published in the United States.

French protectorate and the end of the Pōmare kingdom

(File:Pomare, Queen of Tahiti, the persecuted Christian, by George Baxter, 1845 (frameless, digital restoration).jpg|thumb|right|Queen Pomare and her family on the verandah of Mr.{{nbsp}}Pritchard’s house, during the French Invasion of TahitiJOURNAL, Queen Pomare and her Family on the Verandah of Mr. Pritchard’s House, The Missionary Repository for Youth, and Sunday School Missionary Magazine, 1847, IX, Frontispiece,books.google.com/books?id=0FkEAAAAQAAJ, 6 November 2015, John Snow, Paternoster Row, London, 14 April 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210414012739/https://books.google.com/books?id=0FkEAAAAQAAJ, live, )In 1836, the Queen’s advisor Pritchard had two French Catholic priests expelled, François Caret and Honoré Laval. As a result, in 1838 France sent Admiral Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars to obtain reparations. Once his mission had been completed, Admiral Du Petit-Thouars sailed towards the Marquesas Islands, which he annexed in 1842. Also in 1842, a European crisis involving Morocco escalated between France and Great Britain, souring their relations. In August 1842, Admiral Du Petit-Thouars returned and landed in Tahiti. He then made friends with Tahitian chiefs who were hostile to the Pōmare family and favourable to a French protectorate. He had them sign a request for protection in the absence of their Queen, before then approaching her and obliging her to ratify the terms of the treaty of protectorate. The treaty had not even been ratified by France itself when Jacques-Antoine Moerenhout was named royal commissaire alongside Queen Pōmare.Within the framework of this treaty, France recognised the sovereignty of the Tahitian state. The Queen was responsible for internal affairs, while France would deal with foreign relations and assure the defence of Tahiti, as well as maintain order on the island. Once the treaty had been signed there began a struggle for influence between the English Protestants and the Catholic representatives of France. During the first years of the Protectorate, the Protestants managed to retain a considerable hold over Tahitian society, thanks to their knowledge of the country and its language. George Pritchard had been away at the time. He returned however to work towards indoctrinating the locals against the Roman Catholic French.

Tahitian War of independence (1844–47)

In 1843, the Queen’s Protestant advisor, Pritchard, persuaded her to display the Tahitian flag in place of the flag of the Protectorate.WEB, Colin Newbury,www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82,_No._1/Resistance_and_collaboration_in_French_Polynesia%3A_the_Tahitian_war%3A_1844-7,_by_Colin_Newbury,_p_5-27/p1, Journal of the Polynesian Society: Resistance And Collaboration In French Polynesia: The Tahitian War: 1844-7, By Colin Newbury, P 5-27, Jps.auckland.ac.nz, 24 April 2013, 1 February 2018,www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._1/Resistance_and_collaboration_in_French_Polynesia%3A_the_Tahitian_war%3A_1844-7%2C_by_Colin_Newbury%2C_p_5-27/p1," title="web.archive.org/web/20180201181343www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._1/Resistance_and_collaboration_in_French_Polynesia%3A_the_Tahitian_war%3A_1844-7%2C_by_Colin_Newbury%2C_p_5-27/p1,">web.archive.org/web/20180201181343www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._1/Resistance_and_collaboration_in_French_Polynesia%3A_the_Tahitian_war%3A_1844-7%2C_by_Colin_Newbury%2C_p_5-27/p1, live, By way of reprisal, Admiral Dupetit-Thouars announced the annexation of the Kingdom of Pōmare on 6 November 1843 and set up the governor Armand Joseph Bruat there as the chief of the new colony. He threw Pritchard into prison, and later sent him back to Britain. The annexation caused the Queen to be exiled to the Leeward Islands, and after a period of troubles, a real Franco-Tahitian war began in March 1844. News of Tahiti reached Europe in early 1844. The French (wikt:statesman|statesman) François Guizot, supported by King Louis-Philippe of France, had denounced annexation of the island.The war ended in December 1846 in favour of the French. The Queen returned from exile in 1847 and agreed to sign a new covenant, considerably reducing her powers, while increasing those of the commissaire. Thus, the French reigned over the Kingdom of Tahiti. In 1863, they put an end to the British influence and replaced the British Protestant Missions with the Société des missions évangéliques de Paris (Society of Evangelical Missions of Paris).

Later 19th Century

During the same period about a thousand Chinese, mainly Cantonese, were recruited at the request of a plantation owner in Tahiti, William Stewart, to work on the great cotton plantation at Atimaono. When the enterprise resulted in bankruptcy in 1873, some Chinese workers returned to their country, but a large number stayed in Tahiti and mixed with the population.In 1866 the district councils were formed, elected, which were given the powers of the traditional hereditary chiefs. In the context of the republican assimilation, these councils tried their best to protect the traditional way of life of the local people, which was threatened by European influence.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}(File:Tahitian schoolchildren, by Coulon.jpg|thumb|upright|Tahitian children, {{circa}}{{nbsp}}1906)In 1877, Queen Pōmare died after ruling for fifty years. Her son, Pōmare V, then succeeded her on the throne. The new king seemed little concerned with the affairs of the kingdom, and when in 1880 the governor Henri Isidore Chessé, supported by the Tahitian chiefs, pushed him to abdicate in favour of France, he accepted. On 29 June 1880, he ceded Tahiti to France along with the islands that were its dependencies. He was given the titular position of Officer of the Orders of the Legion of Honour and Agricultural Merit of France. Having become a colony, Tahiti thus lost all sovereignty. Tahiti was nevertheless a special colony, since all the subjects of the Kingdom of Pōmare would be given French citizenship.Law of 30 December 1880, Messager de Tahiti, 25 March 1881 On 14 July 1881, among cries of “Vive la République!” the crowds celebrated the fact that Polynesia now belonged to France; this was the first celebration of the Tiurai (national and popular festival). In 1890, Pape{{okina}}ete became a commune of the Republic of France.The French painter Paul Gauguin lived on Tahiti in the 1890s and painted many Tahitian subjects. Papeari has a small Gauguin museum.In 1891 Matthew Turner, an American shipbuilder from San Francisco who had been seeking a fast passage between the city and Tahiti, built {{ship||Papeete|schooner|2}}, a two-masted schooner that made the trip in seventeen days.BOOK, Gibbs, Jim,www.worldcat.org/oclc/1242, Superior Publishing Company, West Coast windjammers in story and pictures, 1968, 0-517-17060-4, 1st, Seattle, 42, 1242,

Twentieth century to present

In 1903, the Établissements Français d’Océanie (French Establishments in Oceania) were created, which collected together Tahiti, the other Society Islands, the Austral Islands, the Marquesas Islands and the Tuamotu Archipelago.File:FRE-OCE-11-French Oceania-1 franc (1943).jpg|thumb|A one-franc World War II banknote (1943), printed in Pape{{okina}}ete, depicting the outline of Tahiti on reverse]]During the First World War, the Pape{{okina}}ete region of the island was attacked by two German warships. A French gunboat as well as a captured German freighter were sunk in the harbour and the two German armoured cruisers bombarded the colony. Between 1966 and 1996 the French Government conducted 193 nuclear bomb tests above and below the atolls of Moruroa and Fangataufa. The last test was conducted on 27 January 1996.Noni Article: Nuclear Tests in Tahiti {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220184640www.sarinoni.com/article/Nuclear+Tests+in+Tahiti.htm |date=20 February 2008 }}. Sarinoni.com. Retrieved 26 July 2013.In 1946, Tahiti and the whole of French Polynesia became an overseas territory (Territoire d’outre-mer). Tahitians were granted French citizenship, a right that had been campaigned for by nationalist leader Pouvana{{okina}}a a Oopa for many years.BOOK, Brij Vilash, Lal, Kate, Fortune, The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia,books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&pg=PA278, 2000, University of Hawaii Press, 978-0-8248-2265-1, 278–, 22 November 2015, 2 January 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160102092517/https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&pg=PA278, live, On 17 July 1974, the French did a nuclear test over Mururoa Atoll, codenamed {{Interlanguage link|Centaure (nuclear test)|lt=Centaure|fr|Centaure (essai nucléaire)}}, but the atomic cloud and fallout didn’t take the direction planned. 42 hours later, the cloud reached Tahiti and the surrounding islands.WEB, 2021-03-09, Essais nucléaires : en Polynésie française, l’explosion atomique qui ne s’est pas passée comme prévu,www.franceculture.fr/environnement/essais-nucleaires-en-polynesie-francaise-lexplosion-atomique-qui-ne-sest-pas-passee-comme-prevu, 2022-03-18, France Culture, fr, 18 March 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220318234029/https://www.franceculture.fr/environnement/essais-nucleaires-en-polynesie-francaise-lexplosion-atomique-qui-ne-sest-pas-passee-comme-prevu, live, As many as 111,000 people were affected.NEWS, 2021-03-09, French nuclear tests contaminated 110,000 in Pacific, says study, en-GB, BBC News,www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56340159, 2022-03-18, 5 March 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220305021313/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56340159, live, Reports showed that some people on Tahiti were exposed to 500 times the maximum allowed level for plutonium.WEB, 2013-07-03, French nuclear tests ‘showered vast area of Polynesia with radioactivity’,www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/french-nuclear-tests-polynesia-declassified, 2022-03-18, the Guardian, en, 27 December 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211227055412/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/french-nuclear-tests-polynesia-declassified, live, In 2003, French Polynesia’s status was changed to that of an overseas collectivity (collectivité d’outre-mer), and in 2004 it was declared an overseas country (pays d’outre-mer or POM).In 2009, Tauatomo Mairau claimed the Tahitian throne and attempted to re-assert the status of the monarchy in court.

Politics

{{Further|Politics of French Polynesia}}(File:Flag of French Polynesia.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|Flag of French Polynesia)File:Oceania Political Map (EEZ based).png|thumb|upright=1.8|Political map of Oceania, showing EEZ borders]]Tahiti is part of French Polynesia. French Polynesia is a semi-autonomous territory of France with its own assembly, president, budget and laws. France’s influence is limited to subsidies, education, and security.Tahitians are French citizens with complete civil and political rights. French is the official language, but Tahitian and French are both in use. However there was a time during the 1960s and 1970s when children were forbidden to speak Tahitian in schools. Tahitian is now taught in schools; it is sometimes even a requirement for employment.During a press conference on 26 June 2006 during the second France-Oceania Summit, French President Jacques Chirac said he did not think the majority of Tahitians wanted independence. He would keep an open door to a possible referendum in the future.Elections for the Assembly of French Polynesia, the Territorial Assembly of French Polynesia, were held on 23 May 2004.In a surprise result, Oscar Temaru’s pro-independence progressive coalition, Union for Democracy, formed a government with a one-seat majority in the 57-seat parliament, defeating the conservative party, Tāhō{{okina}}era{{okina}}a Huira{{okina}}atira, led by Gaston Flosse. On 8 October 2004, Flosse succeeded in passing a censure motion against the government, provoking a crisis.JOURNAL, Trémon, Anne-Christine, Conflicting Autonomist and Independentist Logics in French Polynesia, 2006,www.jstor.org/stable/20707349, The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 115, 3, 259–288, 20707349, 0032-4000, 18 March 2022, 18 March 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220318234221/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20707349, live, Flosse was removed from office in 2004 but was subsequently re-elected in 2008 after a period of political instability. His main rival Oscar Temaru served as the President of French Polynesia during multiple terms: 2004-2005, 2006-2008, and 2009-2013. He led the left-wing pro-independence party, Union for Democracy (UPLD). Temaru focused on greater autonomy for French Polynesia and calls for independence.Wesley-Smith, Terence, Gerard Finin, and Tarcisius Kabutaulaka. “An Interview with Oscar Temaru.” The Contemporary Pacific 25.2 (2013): 300-307. online {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103104743scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/33580/1/v25n2-300-307.pdf |date=3 November 2018 }}

Demographics

{{Further|Tahitians}}The indigenous Tahitians are of Polynesian ancestry and make up 70% of the population alongside Europeans, East Asians (mostly Chinese), and people of mixed heritage, sometimes referred to as Demis.(File:Districts de Tahiti.png|thumb|upright=2)The places of birth of the 189,517 residents of the island of Tahiti at the 2017 census were the following:WEB,ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2017/Donnees_detaillees/Migrations.aspx, Recensement 2017 – Données détaillées - Migrations, Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF), 2019-04-07, fr, 7 April 2019,ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2017/Donnees_detaillees/Migrations.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20190407144337ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2017/Donnees_detaillees/Migrations.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20190407144337ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2017/Donnees_detaillees/Migrations.aspx, live,

• 75.4% were born in Tahiti (up from 71.5% at the 2007 census)
• 9.3% in Metropolitan France (down from 10.9% in 2007)
• 5.9% elsewhere in the Society Islands (down from 6.4% in 2007)
• 2.8% in the Tuamotu-Gambier (down from 3.3% in 2007)
• 1.8% in the Marquesas Islands (down from 2.0% in 2007)
• 1.6% in the Austral Islands (down from 2.0% in 2007)
• 1.3% in the overseas departments and territories of France other than French Polynesia (1.0% in New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna; 0.3% in the other overseas departments and collectivities) (down from 1.6% in 2007)
• 0.5% in East and Southeast Asia (same percentage as in 2007)
• 0.3% in North Africa (most of them Pieds-Noirs) (down from 0.4% in 2007)
• 1.1% in other foreign countries (down from 1.5% in 2007)

Most people from metropolitan France live in Pape{{okina}}ete and its suburbs, notably Puna{{okina}}auia, where they made up 16.8% of the population at the 2017 census, and Arue, where they made up 15.9%; these percentages do not include their children born in French Polynesia.

Historical population

{| rules=“all” cellspacing=“0” cellpadding=“4” style="margin:auto; border:1px solid #999; border-right:2px solid #999; border-bottom:2px solid #999; background:#f3fff3;”! 1767 !! 1797 !! 1848 !! 1897 !! 1911 !! 1921 !! 1926 !! 1931 !! 1936 !! 1941 !! 1951 50,000ROBERT C. SCHMITT >JOURNAL = LAND ECONOMICS ISSUE = 1 PAGES = 71–75 JSTOR = 3144728 Memoirs of Arii Taimai. Ch. I {{Webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206002114www.pseudopodium.org/repress/tahiti/01.html 16,000 align=center 10,750 align=center 11,700 align=center 16,800 align=center 23,100 align=center| 30,500! 1956 !! 1962 !!1971 !! 1977 !! 1983 !! 1988 !! 1996 !! 2002 !! 2007 !! 2012 !! 2017 !! 2022 38,140 align=center 79,494 align=center 115,820 align=center 150,721 align=center 178,133 align=center 189,517 align=center| 191,779 Official figures from past censuses.HTTP://WWW.INSEE.FR/FR/THEMES/DETAIL.ASP?REF_ID=POPULEGALESCOM&PAGE=RECENSEMENT/POPULEGALESCOM/POPCOMSEUPOLYNESIE.HTM >TITLE = POPULATION DES COMMUNES DE POLYNéSIE FRANçAISE ACCESS-DATE = 13 OCTOBER 2013 ARCHIVE-URL = HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20180919080644/HTTP://WWW.INSEE.FR/FR/THEMES/DETAIL.ASP?REF_ID=POPULEGALESCOM PUBLISHER = INSEE ARCHIVE-DATE = 19 SEPTEMBER 2018 URL-STATUS = LIVE, HTTP://WWW.ISPF.PF/LIBRARIES/RP2002/RETRO1.SFLB.ASHX >TITLE = POPULATION STATISTIQUE DES COMMUNES ET COMMUNES ASSOCIéES AUX RECENSEMENTS DE 1971 à 2002 ACCESS-DATE = 13 OCTOBER 2013 ARCHIVE-URL = HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20121218221151/HTTP://WWW.ISPF.PF/LIBRARIES/RP2002/RETRO1.SFLB.ASHX DF = DMY-ALL, HTTP://WWW.PERSEE.FR/WEB/GUEST/HOME>ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://ARCHIVE.TODAY/20120909045309/HTTP://WWW.PERSEE.FR/WEB/GUEST/HOMETITLE=PERSéE : PORTAIL DE REVUES EN SCIENCES HUMAINES ET SOCIALESARCHIVE-DATE=9 SEPTEMBER 2012, persee.fr, La Grande Encyclopédie for the 1897 censusmembres.lycos.fr/hmsbounty/francais/prot_tahiti.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20070605065718membres.lycos.fr/hmsbounty/francais/prot_tahiti.htm">1848 census. lycos.fr

Administrative divisions

The island consists of 12 communes, which, along with Mo{{okina}}orea-Maiao, make up the Windward Islands administrative subdivision.The capital is Pape{{okina}}ete and the largest commune by population is Fa{{okina}}a{{okina}}ā while Taiarapu-Est has the largest area.

Communes of Tahiti

The following is a list of communes and their subdivisions sorted alphabetically:www.ispf.pf/ispf/EnqRep/Recensement/Recens2007/TableauxEtCartes/Population.aspx" title="web.archive.org/web/20110222015712www.ispf.pf/ispf/EnqRep/Recensement/Recens2007/TableauxEtCartes/Population.aspx">Recensement 2007 – Population: Chiffres clés. Iles Du Vent.ispf.pf{|class=“wikitable sortable”! Commune !! Population 2022 Census !! Area !! Density 2022 Census!!class=“unsortable” | Subdivisions (with 2022 pop’n)!!class=“unsortable” | NotesArue, French Polynesia>Arue 10,322 {{convertkm2sortable=on}} {{convertPD/sqkmsortable=on}} Tetiaroa, an atoll north of Arue belongs to the commune.Faaa>Fa{{okina}}a{{okina}}ā 29,826 {{convertkm2sortable=on}} {{convertPD/sqkmsortable=on}} Largest commune (by population) in Tahiti and French Polynesia.Hitia’a O Te Ra>Hitia{{okina}}a O Te Ra10,196 {{convertkm2sortable=on}} {{convertPD/sqkmsortable=on}} Hitiaa (2,102), Mahaena>Maha{{okina}}ena (1,219), Papenoo (3,900), Tiarei (2,975)>| The administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Hitia{{okina}}a.Mahina, French Polynesia>Māhina 14,623 {{convertkm2sortable=on}} {{convertPD/sqkmsortable=on}} Close to the Papeno{{okina}}o River.Paea>Pā{{okina}}ea 12,756 {{convertkm2sortable=on}} {{convertPD/sqkmsortable=on}} Papara>Paparā 11,743 {{convertkm2sortable=on}} {{convertPD/sqkmsortable=on}} Papeete>Pape{{okina}}ete 26,654 {{convertkm2sortable=on}} {{convertPD/sqkmsortable=on}} Capital of French Polynesia and 3rd largest commune.Pirae>PÄ«ra{{okina}}e 14,068 {{convertkm2sortable=on}} {{convertPD/sqkmsortable=on}} Located between Pape{{okina}}ete and Arue.Punaauia>Puna{{okina}}auia 28,781 {{convertkm2sortable=on}} {{convertPD/sqkmsortable=on}} French painter Paul Gauguin lived in Puna{{okina}}auia in the 1890s. Puna{{okina}}auia is the 2nd largest commune in French Polynesia.Taiarapu-Est>Tai{{okina}}arapu-Est 13,602 {{convertkm2sortable=on}} {{convertPD/sqkmsortable=on}} Afaahiti (6,829), Faaone>Fa{{okina}}aone (2,170), Pueu (2,076), Tautira (2,527) Extends over northern half of the peninsula of Tahiti Iti.An offshore volcanic island called Mehetia belongs to the commune.Taiarapu-Ouest>Tai{{okina}}arapu-Ouest 8,371 {{convertkm2sortable=on}} {{convertPD/sqkmsortable=on}} Teahupo’o (1,455), Toahotu(3,925), Vairao (2,991)>| Extends over southern half of the peninsula of Tahiti Iti.Teva I Uta >119.5abbr=on91abbr=onMataiea (5,391), Papeari (5,446)>| The administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Mataiea.

Economy

Tourism is a significant industry, generating 17% of GDP before the COVID-19 pandemic.WEB,www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/french-polynesia-market-insights-2021.pdf, FRENCH POLYNESIA, DFAT, 3 January 2023, 3 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230103003507/https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/french-polynesia-market-insights-2021.pdf, live, File:Papeete - Marina Taina.JPG|thumb|Southern suburbs of Pape{{okina}}ete (commune of Puna{{okina}}auia)]]The main trading partners are Metropolitan France for about 40% of imports and about 25% of exports. The other main trading partners are China, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand.WEB,wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/PYF, French Polynesia Trade, WITS, 3 January 2023, 3 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230103003445/https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/PYF, live, Tahitian pearl (Black pearl) farming is also a substantial source of revenues, most of the pearls being exported to Japan, Europe and the United States. Tahiti also exports vanilla, fruits, flowers, monoi, fish, copra oil, and noni. Tahiti is also home to a single winery, whose vineyards are located on the Rangiroa atoll.WEB,www.wine-searcher.com/regions-tahiti, Tahitian Wine, Wine-Searcher, 31 August 2014, 14 January 2015,www.wine-searcher.com/regions-tahiti," title="web.archive.org/web/20150114082617www.wine-searcher.com/regions-tahiti,">web.archive.org/web/20150114082617www.wine-searcher.com/regions-tahiti, live, Unemployment affects about 15% of the active population, especially women and unqualified young people.WEB,www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/407485/tahiti-job-figures-mask-true-rates-of-unemployment, Tahiti job figures mask true rates of unemployment, RNZ, 16 January 2020, 3 January 2023, 3 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230103003448/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/407485/tahiti-job-figures-mask-true-rates-of-unemployment, live, Tahiti’s currency, the French Pacific Franc (CFP, also known as XPF), is pegged to the euro at 1 CFP = EUR .0084 (1 EUR = 119.05 CFP, approx. 113 CFP to the United States dollar in March 2017). Hotels and financial institutions offer exchange services.Sales tax in Tahiti is called Taxe sur la valeur ajoutée (TVA or value added tax (VAT) in English). VAT in 2009 was 10% on tourist services, and 6% on hotels, small boarding houses, food and beverages. VAT on the purchase of goods and products is 16%.

Energy and electricity

French Polynesia imports its petroleum and has no local refinery or production. Daily consumption of imported oil products was 7,430 barrels, according to the US Energy Information Administration.WEB,www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=fp#pet, International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), www.eia.gov, 2 October 2014, 6 October 2014,www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=fp#pet," title="web.archive.org/web/20141006065941www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=fp#pet,">web.archive.org/web/20141006065941www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=fp#pet, live,

Culture

{{See also|Music of Tahiti|Arioi}}(File:Tahitian woman in festive costume ca 1906.jpg|thumb|upright|Tahitian woman in festive costume, c.{{nbsp}}1906){{Section citations needed|date=August 2022}}Tahitian cultures included an oral tradition that involved the mythology of gods, such as {{okina}}Oro and beliefs, as well as ancient traditions such as tattooing and navigation. The annual Heivā I Tahiti Festival in July is a celebration of traditional culture, dance, music and sports including a long-distance race between the islands of French Polynesia, in modern outrigger canoes (va{{okina}}a).The Paul Gauguin Museum is dedicated to the life and works of French artist Paul Gauguin (1848–1903) who resided in Tahiti for years and painted such works as Two Tahitian Women, Tahitian Women on the Beach, and Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?The Musée de Tahiti et des ÃŽles (Museum of Tahiti and the Islands) is in Puna{{okina}}auia. It is an ethnographic museum that was founded in 1974 to conserve and restore Polynesian artefacts and cultural practices.The Robert Wan Pearl Museum is the world’s only museum dedicated to pearls. The Pape{{okina}}ete Market sells local arts and crafts.

Dance

File:Ê»upaÊ»upa.jpg|thumb|Tahitians wearing the pareopareo(File:Ute (1950).ogg|right|thumb|Traditional Tahitian ”Ute” or song performed by Tefanake, Reia, and Moratai, recorded in 1950)One of the most widely recognised images of the islands is the world-famous Tahitian dance. The {{okina}}ōte{{okina}}a (sometimes written as otea) is a traditional dance from Tahiti, where the dancers, standing in several rows, execute figures. This dance, easily recognised by its fast hip-shaking and grass skirts, is often confused with the Hawai{{okina}}ian hula, a generally slower, more graceful dance which focuses more on the hands and storytelling than the hips.The {{okina}}ōte{{okina}}a is one of the few dances which existed in pre-European times as a male dance. On the other hand, the hura (Tahitian vernacular for hula), a dance for women, has disappeared, and the couple’s dance {{okina}}upa{{okina}}upa is likewise gone but may have re-emerged as the tamure. Nowadays, the {{okina}}ōte{{okina}}a can be danced by men ({{okina}}ōte{{okina}}a tāne), by women ({{okina}}ōte{{okina}}a vahine), or by both genders ({{okina}}ōte{{okina}}a {{okina}}āmui, “united {{okina}}ō“). The dance is with music only, drums, but no singing. The drum can be one of the types of the tō{{okina}}ere, a laying log of wood with a longitudinal slit, which is struck by one or two sticks. Or it can be the pahu, the ancient Tahitian standing drum covered with a shark skin and struck by the hands or with sticks. The rhythm from the tō{{okina}}ere is fast; from the pahu it is slower. A smaller drum, the fa{{okina}}atete, can also be used.The dancers make gestures, re-enacting daily occupations of life. For the men the themes can be chosen from warfare or sailing, and then they may use spears or paddles.For women the themes are closer to home or from nature: combing their hair or the flight of a butterfly, for example. More elaborate themes can be chosen, for example, one where the dancers end up in a map of Tahiti, highlighting important places. In a proper {{okina}}ōte{{okina}}a the story of the theme should pervade the whole dance.The group dance called {{okina}}Aparima is often performed with the dancers dressed in pareo and maro. There are two types of {{okina}}aparima: the {{okina}}aparima hÄ«mene (sung handdance) and the {{okina}}aparima vāvā (silent handdance), the latter being performed with music only and no singing.Newer dances include the hivinau and the pa{{okina}}o{{okina}}a.

Death

File:W. Woolett engraving after William Hodges of a toupapow, or funeral bier, and Chief Mourner, from Cook’s 2nd voyage to Tahiti.jpg|thumb|W. Woolett engraving after William Hodges of a toupapow, or funeral bierbierFile:Tahitian Parae, or Chief Mourner costume, on display in the Bishop Museum.jpg|thumb|upright|Tahitian Parae, or Chief Mourner costume, on display in the Bishop MuseumBishop MuseumThe Tahitians believed in the afterlife, a paradise called Rohutu-no{{okina}}ano{{okina}}a. When a Tahitian died, the corpse was wrapped in barkcloth and placed on a funeral bier, fare tupapa {{okina}}u, which was a raised canoe awning on posts surrounded by bamboo. Food for the gods was placed nearby to prevent them from eating the body, which would condemn the spirit to the underworld. Mourners would slash themselves with shark’s teeth and smear the blood on barkcloth placed nearby. Most importantly, the Chief Mourner donned the parae, an elaborate costume that included an iridescent mask made of four polished pearl shell discs. One disk was black, signifying Po, the spirit world, while one was white, signifying Ao, the world of people. A crown of red feathers signified {{okina}}Oro. A curved wooden board, pautu, below the mask contained five polished pearl shells, which signified Hina, the moon goddess. Hanging below were more shells in rows, ahu-parau, representing the Pleiades, believed to be the eyes of former chiefs. Finally, a ceremonial garment, tiputa, covered the body and was decorated with an apron of polished coconut shells, ahu-{{okina}}aipu.{{rp|151–152,177–179,308}}

Sport

The Tahitian national sport is Va{{okina}}a. In English, this paddle sport is also known as outrigger canoe. The Tahitians consistently achieve record-breaking and top times as world champions in this sport.Major sports in Tahiti include rugby union and association football and the island has fielded a national basketball team, which is a member of FIBA Oceania.Another sport is surfing, with famous surfers such as Malik Joyeux and Michel Bourez. Teahupo{{okina}}o is one of the deadliest surf breaks in the world.Rugby union in Tahiti is governed by the Fédération Tahitienne de Rugby de Polynésie Française which was formed in 1989. The Tahiti national rugby union team has been active since 1971 but have only played 12 games since then.Football in Tahiti is administered by the Fédération Tahitienne de Football and was founded in 1938. The Tahiti Division Fédérale is the top division on the island and the Tahiti Championnat Enterprise is the second tier. Some of the major clubs are AS Manu-Ura, who play in Stade Hamuta, AS Pirae, who play in the Stade Pater Te Hono Nui and AS Tefana, who play in the Stade Louis Ganivet. Lesser clubs include Matavai. In 2012, the national team won the OFC Nations Cup qualifying for the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup in Brazil and becoming the first team other than Australia or New Zealand to win it.The Tahiti Cup is the islands’ premier football knockout tournament and has been played for since 1938. The winner of the Tahiti Cup goes on to play the winner of the Tahiti Division Fédérale in the Tahiti Coupe des Champions.In 2010, Tahiti was chosen as the host of the 2013 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup, which was held in September 2013. The national team reached the semifinals. Even more successful were the subsequent tournaments, in 2015 and 2017, when they reached the final on both occasions.Tahiti has also been represented at the World Championship of Pétanque. They are the pre-eminent country in the Oceania region for Pétanque, undoubtedly due to their strong connections to France.As part of the 2024 Summer Olympics, Tahiti will host the surfing competition. It will be the only sport to be held outside of France as Paris hosts the international competition 15,716 km (9,765 mi) away.WEB, Brown, Hannah, 2022-08-15, This secret surf spot is going to host the next Olympics,www.euronews.com/travel/2022/08/15/this-secret-surf-spot-15000km-from-paris-is-hosting-part-of-the-2024-olympic-games, 2022-08-31, euronews, en, 31 August 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220831140755/https://www.euronews.com/travel/2022/08/15/this-secret-surf-spot-15000km-from-paris-is-hosting-part-of-the-2024-olympic-games, live,

Film

Tahiti is depicted in the biography of Paul Gauguin in the 2017 French film Gauguin: Voyage to Tahiti portraying his life during his years on Tahiti.NEWS, Kenigsberg, Ben, 2018-07-10, Review: ‘Gauguin: Voyage to Tahiti’ Doesn’t Make Much of a (Post-) Impression, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2018/07/10/movies/gauguin-voyage-to-tahiti-review-vincent-cassel.html, 2022-08-31, 0362-4331, 31 August 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220831140800/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/10/movies/gauguin-voyage-to-tahiti-review-vincent-cassel.html, live, Also linked to Tahiti are (:Category:Films about HMS Bounty|the various films narrating the story) of the 1789 mutiny on HMS Bounty – e.g. Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) with actor Marlon Brando, The Bounty (1984) with Mel Gibson.WEB, 2021-04-27, The real story behind the infamous mutiny on the H.M.S. Bounty,www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-real-story-behind-infamous-mutiny-hms-bounty, 2022-08-31, History, en, 31 August 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220831140755/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-real-story-behind-infamous-mutiny-hms-bounty, dead, WEB, Movies Based on The Mutiny on the Bounty,www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/m/the-mutiny-on-the-bounty/critical-essays/movies-based-on-the-mutiny-on-the-bounty, 2022-08-31, www.cliffsnotes.com, 31 August 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220831140755/https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/m/the-mutiny-on-the-bounty/critical-essays/movies-based-on-the-mutiny-on-the-bounty, live, A more recent movie is Pacifiction related to French nuclear testing in the area.

Education

Tahiti is home to the University of French Polynesia (Université de la Polynésie Française). It is a growing university, with 3,200 students and 62 researchers. Many courses are available such as law, commerce, science, and literature. There is also the Collège La Mennais located in Pape{{okina}}ete.

Notable people

• Farahia Teuiria (born 1972), footballer

Transport

Air

(File:Hotelhibiscus.jpg|thumb|Tahitian coast)Fa{{okina}}a{{okina}}ā International Airport is located {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} from Pape{{okina}}ete in the commune of Fa{{okina}}a{{okina}}ā and is the only international airport in French Polynesia. Because of limited level terrain, rather than levelling large stretches of sloping agricultural land, the airport is built primarily on reclaimed land on the coral reef just off-shore.International destinations such as Auckland, Hanga Roa, Honolulu, Los Angeles, Paris, Santiago de Chile, San Francisco, Sydney and Tokyo are served by Air France, Air New Zealand, Air Tahiti Nui French Polynesia’s flag carrier, Hawai{{okina}}ian Airlines, United Airlines, French Bee, and LATAM Airlines.Flights within French Polynesia and to New Caledonia are available from Aircalin and Air Tahiti; Air Tahiti has their headquarters at the airport.

Ferry

The Mo{{okina}}orea Ferry operates from Pape{{okina}}ete and takes about 45 minutes to travel to Mo{{okina}}orea. Other ferries are the Aremiti 5 and the Aremiti 7 and these two ferries sail to Mo{{okina}}orea in about half an hour. There are also several ferries that transport people and goods throughout the islands. The Bora Bora cruiseline sails to Bora Bora about once a week. The main hub for these ferries is the Pape{{okina}}ete Wharf.

Roads

Tahiti has a freeway that runs across the west coast. This freeway starts in Arue and continues across the Pape{{okina}}ete urban area. Then it continues along the west coast of Tahiti Nui through smaller villages. The freeway turns east toward Taravao where Tahiti Nui meets Tahiti Iti. Tahiti’s west coast freeway keeps going until Teahupo{{okina}}o where the freeway becomes a thin paved road.

See also

• {{sectionlink|Cultural variations in adoption|Polynesia}}
• List of volcanoes in French Polynesia
• Nuclear-free zone
• Omoo
• Postage stamps and postal history of French Polynesia

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

• BOOK, Laneyrie-Dagen, Les grands explorateurs, sous la direction de Nadeije Laneyrie-Dagen, Nadeije Laneyrie-Dagen, Larousse, 1996, 148, 2-03-505305-6,
• BOOK, Salvat, Bernard Salvat, Eric Conte, François Merceron, Michel-Claude Touchard, Tahiti et les îles de la Société: Polynésie,books.google.com/books?id=xV-OGQAACAAJ, 2006, Gallimard Loisirs, 978-2-7424-1917-3,

Further reading

• BOOK, At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews, Boston, Massachusetts, Jedidiah Morse, Jedidiah Morse, The American Gazetteer,archive.org/stream/americangazettee00morspage/n407/mode/2up, Otaheite, 1797, 23272543M,

External links

• {{Wikivoyage-inline|Tahiti}}
• {{Commons-inline|Tahiti}}
• Official Tahiti website
• Tahitian Heritage in French with Google Translation available

{{Authority control}}{{Society Islands}}{{Communes of Tahiti}}

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