List of cities and towns in Egypt>City| motto = | image_skyline = {{Photomontage| photo1a = EG-suez-20-bg-suez.jpg| photo2a = EG-suez-06-bg-bruecke.jpg| photo2b = Ù…Ø¯ÙŠÙ†Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø³ÙˆÙŠØ³.jpg| photo3a = Suez Canal Stadium.png| size = 275| spacing = 2| color = transparent| border = 0 h

List of sovereign states>Country| subdivision_name = Egypt

Governorates of Egypt>Governorate

title=GDP BY GOVERNORATE

website=mped.gov.eg}}| demographics1_title1 = Total

Egyptian pound>EGP 119 billion(US$ 7.6 billion)

Egypt Standard Time>EGY| utc_offset = +3| timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST =

region:EG|display=inline}}| elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 11| elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = 43511| area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = Suez.gov.eg| footnotes = | official_name = }}Suez ( {{transliteration|ar|ALA|as-Suways}}; {{IPA-arz|esseËˆweËs}}) is a seaport city (population of about 700,000 {{as of|2021|8|lc=y}}) in north-eastern Egypt, located on the north coast of the Gulf of Suez on the Red Sea, near the southern terminus of the Suez Canal, and is the capital of the Suez Governorate. It has three ports: the Suez Port (Port Tewfik), al-Adabiya, and al-Zaytiya, and extensive port facilities. Together they form a metropolitan area, located mostly in Africa with a small portion in Asia.{{Coord|29|58|N|32|33|E|region:EG_type:city|display=title}}Railway lines and highways connect the city with Cairo, Port Said, and Ismailia. Suez has a petrochemical plant, and its oil refineries have pipelines carrying the finished product to Cairo. These are represented in the flag of the governorate: the blue background refers to the sea, the gear refers to Suez's status as an industrial governorate, and the flame refers to the petroleum firms of Suez.The modern city of Suez is a successor of the ancient city of Clysma (, meaning "surf, waves that break"; ; ), a major Red Sea port and a center of monasticism.BOOK, Peust, Carsten, Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ã„gypte, 2010, GÃ¶ttingen, 75, JOURNAL, Mayerson, Philip, The Port of Clysma (Suez) in Transition from Roman to Arab Rule, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1996, 55, 2, 119â€“126, 10.1086/373802, 546035, 163029985,

Etymology

The city's name is derived from a Fu'ail form of a Levantine Arabic word that means liquorice ().BOOK, Stefan, Timm, Das christlich-koptische Agypten in arabischer Zeit, 1988, 2425, BOOK, Freytag, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich,weblink Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus, adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum. Accedit Index vocum latinarum locupletissimus, 1830, Halis Saxonum C.A. Schwetschke, Robarts - University of Toronto,

History

Achaemenid era

Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions were texts written in Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian and Egyptian on five monuments erected in Wadi Tumilat, commemorating the opening of a canal between the Nile and the Bitter Lakes, to facilitate a shipping connection between Egypt, then a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire, and Persia (i.e. the greater portion of the Empire itself).

Text of the Suez Inscriptions

Partial transliteration and translation of the inscription:Transliteration of the Old Persian text:English translation:"King Darius says: I am a Persian; setting out from Persia I conquered Egypt. I ordered to dig this canal from the river that is called Nile and flows in Egypt, to the sea that begins in Persia. Therefore, when this canal had been dug as I had ordered, ships went from Egypt through this canal to Persia, as I had intended."

Early Islamic era

In the 7th century AD a town named "Kolzum" stood just north of the site of present-day Suez and served as eastern terminus of a canal built by Amr ibn al-'As, linking the Nile River and the Red Sea. Kolzum's trade fell following the closure of the canal in 770 by the second Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur, to prevent his enemies in Arabia from accessing supplies from Egypt and the lands north of it. Nonetheless, the town benefited from the trade that remained between Egypt and Arabia.Chisholm, p.22. By 780 al-Mansur's successor al-Mahdi restored part of the canal.Houtsma, p.498. The Qarmatians led by al-Hasan al-A'sam defeated a Fatimid army headed by Jawhar al-Siqilli at Kolzum in 971 and thereby captured the town. Following his defeat in Cairo by al-Siqilli at the end of that year, Hasan and his forces retreated to Arabia via Kolzum.Houtsma, p.1115. Suez was situated nearby and served as a source of drinking water for Kolzum, according to the Arab traveler al-Muqaddasi, who visited in 986.Forgotten Books, p.61. Quotes al-Muqaddasi.The Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, Saladin, fortified both Kolzum and Suez in order to defend Egypt's eastern frontier from Crusader raids by Raynald of Chatillon.Houtsma, 1993, p.341. Between 1183 and 1184, Raynald had ships stationed in the Red Sea to prevent the Ayyubid garrison at Kolzum from accessing water. In response, Saladin's brother al-Adil had Husam ad-Din Lu'lu' build a naval fleet, which sailed to the southern port of Aidab to end Raynald's venture. By the 13th century, it was recorded that Kolzum was in ruins, as was Suez, which had gradually replaced the former as a population center. According to Muslim historians al-Maqrizi and al-Idrisi, Kolzum had once been a prosperous town, until it was occupied and plundered by Bedouins. Arab geographer al-Dimashqi noted that Kolzum belonged to the Mamluk province of al-Karak at the time.

Ottoman and Egyptian rule

File:Isthme de Soueys (Isthmus of Suez). Plan du port de Soueys et du fond du Golfe Arabique. I-IV. Profils du canal projetÃ© entre les deux mers (NYPL b14212718-1268722).jpg|thumb|c.1800 French map of the "Isthmus IsthmusTo prevent Portuguese attacks against Egyptian coastal towns and the Red Sea port of Jeddah, Qansuh al-Ghawri, the last Mamluk sultan, ordered a 6,000-man force headed by Selman Reis to defend Suez in 1507, which in turn limited the Mamluk military's capabilities against the Ottomans in the Mediterranean Sea.Brummett, p.85 and p.115. Following the Ottoman conquest of Egypt at the beginning of the 16th century, Suez became both a major naval and trading station. The Ottoman fleets at Suez were instrumental in disputing control over Indian Ocean trade with the Portuguese. in the Red Sea in the 16th & 17th century. Campaigns against the Ottoman Empire. Yellow - Factories ( Mokha) Red - Allied Territorie or under influence. Dark Green - Campaigns of Adal.BOOK, Rise of Portuguese Power in India, R. S., Whiteway,weblink June 1995, Asian Educational Services, 9788120605008,

Portuguese attacks

In trying to limit the Ottoman fleet to the Red Sea, after the Battle of Diu in 1538, a Portuguese Armada was sent in 1541 to seek out and destroy the Ottoman fleet.After the conquest of El Tor on the Egyptian coast, the commander EstevÃ£o da Gama gave the order to attack Suez, but failed to burn the Ottoman fleet as the Ottomans had received intelligence about the incoming raid beforehand. Instead, the Portuguese fleet spent the next 7 months in the Red Sea sailing from port to port and waiting in Massawa for the monsoon to India.German explorer Carsten Niebuhr noted that in the 18th century a 20-vessel fleet sailed annually from Suez to Jeddahâ€”which served both as Mecca's port and Egypt's gateway for trade with India. However, by 1798, during the Napoleonic invasion, Suez had once again devolved into an unimportant town. Fighting between the French and the British in 1800 left most of the town in ruins. Its importance as a port increased after the Suez Canal opened in 1869WEB,weblink Opening of the Suez Canal,

Modern era

The city was virtually destroyed during battles in the late 1960s and early 1970s between Egyptian and Israeli forces occupying the Sinai Peninsula. The town was deserted following the Six-Day War in 1967. Avraham Adan tried to capture the city but it failed, it cost the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) 80 troops killed, 120 wounded and 40 tanks destroyed. Reconstruction of Suez began soon after Egypt reopened the Suez Canal, following the Yom Kippur War with Israel.Suez was the first city to hold major protests against the government of Hosni Mubarak during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and was the scene of the first fatality of that uprising.Suez: Cradle of Revolt {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309202008weblink |date=2012-03-09 }}. Al Jazeera English. 2012-01-17. Retrieved on 2012-03-10. On account of this, it has been called the Sidi Bouzid of Egypt, recalling that small town's role in the 2010â€“2011 Tunisian revolution.Could Suez be Egypt's Sidi Bouzid? {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126001829weblink |date=2014-11-26 }}. Reuters. 2011-01-27. Retrieved on 2012-03-10.(File:Container Ship 'Ever Given' stuck in the Suez Canal, Egypt - March 24th, 2021 cropped.jpg|thumb|right| Obstruction at Suez; a container ship got stuck in March 2021)In 2021, the container ship Ever Given became stuck across the Suez canal near Suez. This came to be known as the 2021 Suez Canal obstruction.

City districts

The city is divided into five main districts:

El Arbaeen District

(File:Dom JoÃ£o de Castro - Roteiro do Mar Roxo - Suez.jpg|thumb|291x291px|Suez, in 1541 in drawing by Dom JoÃ£o de Castro ( Roteiro do Mar Roxo))The most populous district of the city, it has most of the government buildings and public institutions. It also has the city's main fruit and vegetable markets in addition to other markets and stores selling various commodities.

Suez District

(File:Suez city hall.JPG|thumb|Suez Governorate city hall)Suez district is considered the most affluent area in the city. The real estate there is significantly more expensive than any other district in the city. Its buildings have more modern architectural style than those in the El Arbaeen District. It includes the affluent neighbourhood of Port Tawfik, which directly overlooks the Suez Canal. Port Tawfik includes some old-style houses that date back to the era of English occupation. The district also includes two of Egypt's most important oil refineries; El-Nasr Petroleum Company and Suez Petroleum Company. Also, Suez Port, one of Egypt's main ports, lies within the perimeter of Suez District.

El Ganayen District

This district stretches all the way to the border with Ismailia Governorate and contains the entire Asian territory of the city. It has all the rural areas of the city and can be thought of as the city's "countryside".

Faisal District

It includes the newer neighbourhoods of the city. Most of the areas at Faisal District were established after the 1973 Yom Kippur war, which had destroyed vast areas of the city. Examples of neighborhoods in Faisal District include Al-Sabbah, Al-Amal and Al-Mushi, to name a few.

Ataqah District

It is characterised by the existence of many industrial areas. There are plants and factories specialising in fertilisers, cement, steel, cooking oil, flour products, oil rigs, ceramic tiles, sugar, and many other products. There is also the Attaka Power Plant.The district also includes Ain Sokhna, one of Egypt's most important sea resorts, overlooking the Gulf of Suez. Ain Sokhna has numerous high-class sea resorts and is frequented by many tourists, Egyptians and foreigners, all over the year due to its warm weather. The district is also home to the Ain Sokhna Sea Port, one of Egypt's main sea ports operated by the Dubai-based DP World Company and the Al-Ataka Fishing Port, which is the city's main fish production port.

Suez Canal

File:Suez, with figures, camels and a rainbow. Coloured lithograp Wellcome V0049456.jpg|thumb|Suez, 1839; A lithograph by David Roberts, in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia(File:Suez1 i maj 1982.jpg|thumb|right|View of Suez from the canal in 1982)File:Suez1856.jpg|thumb|left|Northernmost part of Gulf of Suez Gulf of Suez(File:Suez Canal Bridge (2008) 07.jpg|thumb|Detail view of one of the main pylons.)(File:EG-suez-19-bg-suez.jpg|thumb|Suez Canal shoreline)In ancient times, there was a canal from the Nile delta to the Gulf of Suez, when the gulf extended further north than it does today.EB1911, Suez Canal, 26, 22â€“25, This canal fell into disuse, and the present canal was built in the nineteenth century.File:Salam Bridge.jpg|thumb|Sunset view from land to Suez Canal Bridge Suez Canal BridgeThe Suez Canal offers a significantly shorter passage for ships, as compared to passing round the Cape of Good Hope. The construction of the Suez Canal was favoured by the natural conditions of the region: the comparatively short distance between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the occurrence of a line of lakes or depressions which became lakes (Lake Manzala in the north, and depressions, Timsah and the Bitter Lakes, part way along the route), and the generally flat terrain. The construction of the canal was proposed by the engineer and French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps, who in 1854 acquired from Said Pasha the rights of constructing and operating the canal for a period of 99 years. The Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez was formed. Construction took 11 years, and the canal opened on 17 November 1869. The canal had an immediate and dramatic effect on world trade.In July 1956, just a few days after the fourth anniversary of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Egyptian government under President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal Company, which had been run by the French and owned privately, with the British as the largest shareholders. The Israeliâ€“Britishâ€“French invasion of Egypt which followed is known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression but elsewhere as the Suez Crisis. Following Israel's invasion and occupation of Egypt's Sinai Peninsula in the Six-Day War of 1967, the Canal was closed, and did not reopen until 1975.On March 23, 2021, a container ship called the Ever Given ran aground in the canal and blocked it.A huge ship is blocking a vital trade artery. It could get costly Julia Horowitz, CNN Business; updated 25 March 2021 www.cnn.com, accessed 1 April 2021Today, the Canal is a vital link in world trade, and contributes significantly to the Egyptian economy; in 2009 the income generated from the canal accounted for 3.7% of Egypt's GDP.The Economist, July 17â€“23, 2010, A Favored Spot: Egypt is making the most of its natural advantages.
Geography
File:Aerial_view_of_city_of_Suez_and_Suez_Canal.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Suez and Suez Canal Suez CanalThe Isthmus of Suez is considered the boundary between Africa and Asia.BOOK, Hughes, William, The advanced class-book of modern geography, J.F., Williams, 1908, 332,weblink en, 2018-04-30,weblink 2018-05-01, live,
Climate
KÃ¶ppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as a hot desert (BWh).The hottest recorded temperature was {{convert|49|Â°C}} on June 14, 1965 while the coldest recorded temperature was {{convert|1|Â°C}} on February 23, 2004.WEB,weblink Ismailia (Port Taufiq), Egypt, 5 July 2013, Voodoo Skies,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150504091614weblink">weblink 4 May 2015, live, dmy-all, {{Weather box|collapsed = y|location = Suez (1961â€“1990)|metric first = yes|single line = yes|Jan record high C = 29.4|Feb record high C = 39.0|Mar record high C = 36.9|Apr record high C = 42.8|May record high C = 43.5|Jun record high C = 46.1|Jul record high C = 44.1|Aug record high C = 45.8|Sep record high C = 41.2|Oct record high C = 39.2|Nov record high C = 37.0|Dec record high C = 28.4|year record high C = 46.1|Jan high C = 19.4|Feb high C = 21.2|Mar high C = 23.6|Apr high C = 28.5|May high C = 32.4|Jun high C = 35.1|Jul high C = 36.1|Aug high C = 35.7|Sep high C = 33.2|Oct high C = 30.1|Nov high C = 25.4|Dec high C = 20.7|year high C = 28.4|Jan mean C = 14.8|Feb mean C = 16.0|Mar mean C = 18.2|Apr mean C = 22.3|May mean C = 25.7|Jun mean C = 28.1|Jul mean C = 29.3|Aug mean C = 29.3|Sep mean C = 27.3|Oct mean C = 24.5|Nov mean C = 20.2|Dec mean C = 16.0|year mean C = 22.6|Jan low C = 10.5|Feb low C = 11.3|Mar low C = 13.1|Apr low C = 16.4|May low C = 19.5|Jun low C = 22.4|Jul low C = 23.9|Aug low C = 24.2|Sep low C = 22.8|Oct low C = 20.0|Nov low C = 15.7|Dec low C = 11.8|year low C = 17.6|Jan record low C = 4.1|Feb record low C = 5.6|Mar record low C = 7.4|Apr record low C = 8.7|May record low C = 13.6|Jun record low C = 17.7|Jul record low C = 19.4|Aug record low C = 19.7|Sep record low C = 16.9|Oct record low C = 14.5|Nov record low C = 9.9|Dec record low C = 5.5|year record low C = 4.1|precipitation colour = green|Jan precipitation mm = 5|Feb precipitation mm = 2 |Mar precipitation mm = 4 |Apr precipitation mm = 1|May precipitation mm = 0|Jun precipitation mm = 0|Jul precipitation mm = 0|Aug precipitation mm = 0|Sep precipitation mm = 0|Oct precipitation mm = 0|Nov precipitation mm = 2|Dec precipitation mm = 3|year precipitation mm = 17|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm|Jan precipitation days = 0.6|Feb precipitation days = 0.1|Mar precipitation days = 0.5|Apr precipitation days = 0.1|May precipitation days = 0.0|Jun precipitation days = 0.0|Jul precipitation days = 0.0|Aug precipitation days = 0.0|Sep precipitation days = 0.0|Oct precipitation days = 0.0|Nov precipitation days = 0.1|Dec precipitation days = 0.3|year precipitation days = 1.7|Jan humidity = 58|Feb humidity = 56|Mar humidity = 53|Apr humidity = 45|May humidity = 44|Jun humidity = 47|Jul humidity = 52|Aug humidity = 54|Sep humidity = 55|Oct humidity = 57|Nov humidity = 58|Dec humidity = 60|year humidity = 53| Jan dew point C = 6.2| Feb dew point C = 6.5| Mar dew point C = 7.6| Apr dew point C = 9.4| May dew point C = 11.4| Jun dew point C = 15.4| Jul dew point C = 17.8| Aug dew point C = 18.6| Sep dew point C = 17.3| Oct dew point C = 15.3| Nov dew point C = 11.4| Dec dew point C = 8.1| year dew point C = 12.1|source 1 = NOAAWEB,weblink October 4, 2023,weblink El Suez Climate Normals 1961â€“1990, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, October 4, 2023, }}
Twin towns and sister cities
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt}}Suez is twinned with:

{{Flagicon|DJI}} Djibouti City, Djibouti
{{Flagicon|NMK}} Skopje, North MacedoniaWEB,weblink Official portal of City of Skopje - Skopje Sister Cities, 2009-07-14, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131024131101weblink">weblink 2013-10-24,

Notable people

Ismail Yassine (1912-1972), singer, comedian and actorIsmail Yasin {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420190648weblink |date=2016-04-20 }} at ElCinema.com (Arabic)
Ebrahim Nafae (1934â€“2018), journalist and a former editor-in-chief of Al-Ahram Newspaper.
Abdel Latif Moubarak (born 1964), poet

See also

Attaqa Mountain Pumped Storage Power Plant
Battle of Suez
List of cities and towns in Egypt

References
William Matthew Flinders Petrie, A History of Egypt. Volume 3: From the XIXth to the XXXth Dynasties, Adamant Media Corporation, {{ISBN|0-543-99326-4}}, p. 366Barbara Watterson (1997), The Egyptians, Blackwell Publishing, {{ISBN|0-631-21195-0}}, p. 186{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
Bibliography

EB1911, Suez, 26, 22, 1,
{{Citation|author=Forgotten Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v708AJcLTkMC&q=Suwais+Egypt|title=The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries|publisher=Forgotten Books|isbn=1440060096}}
{{Citation|last1=Houtsma|first1=Martijn Theodoor|last2=Wensinck|first2=A.J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&q=Turanshah+brother+Saladin&pg=PA884|title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936|publisher=BRILL|year=1993|isbn=9004097961}}

External links

Suez Online {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518073347weblink |date=2019-05-18 }}
Suez Canal photos

{{Commons category-inline|Suez}}{{Governorates capital of Egypt}}{{Egyptian Cities}}{{Suez Canal}}{{Authority control}}

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