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City (Florida)>City| image_skyline = StAugustineC12.png| image_size = 290px| image_caption = Top, left to right: Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine Light, Flagler College, Lightner Museum, statue near the Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine, St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park, Old St. Johns County Jail| image_shield = Coat of arms of Saint Augustine, Florida.svg| shield_alt = | nickname = Ancient City, Old CityAugustine of Hippo>Saint Augustine of Hippo| image_map = St. Johns County Florida Incorporated and Unincorporated areas St. Augustine Highlighted.svgSt. Johns County, Florida>St. Johns County and the U.S. state of Florida| pushpin_map = USA| pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States29418152display=it}} PUBLISHER=GEOGRAPHIC NAMES INFORMATION SYSTEM DATE=2011-02-12, GNIS Detail – Saint Augustine, List of sovereign states>Country| subdivision_name = United StatesU.S. state>StateCounty (United States)>County| subdivision_name1 = FloridaSt. Johns County, Florida>St. Johns| established_title = EstablishedPedro Menéndez de Avilés| government_footnotes = Council-manager government>Commissioner-Manager| leader_party = | leader_title = Mayor| leader_name = Nancy Sikes-Kline| leader_title1 = Vice Mayor| leader_name1 = Roxanne HorvathCity Council>Commissioners| leader_name2 = Barbara Blonder,Cynthia Garris, andJim Springfield| leader_title3 = City Manager| leader_name3 = David Birchim| leader_title4 = City Clerk| leader_name4 = Darlene Galambos| unit_pref = ImperialPUBLISHER=UNITED STATES CENSUS BUREAU, October 31, 2021, | area_magnitude = | area_total_sq_mi = 12.85| area_land_sq_mi = 9.52| area_water_sq_mi = 3.33WEBSITE=GEONAMES.USGS.GOV UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY >DATE=OCTOBER 25, 2007 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20120212191832/HTTP://GEONAMES.USGS.GOV/, February 12, 2012, | elevation_ft = 0| population_total = 143292020 United States Census>2020| population_footnotes = | population_density_sq_mi = 1504.99| population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | pop_est_footnotes = List of United States urban areas>399th)| population_metro = Eastern Time Zone>EST| utc_offset = −5Eastern Time Zone>EDT| utc_offset_DST = −4| postal_code_type = ZIP code(s)| postal_code = 32080, 32084, 32085, 32086, 32095, 32082, 32092Area codes 904 and 324>904, 324| website = City of St. Augustine| footnotes = Federal Information Processing Standard>FIPS code PUBLISHER=UNITED STATES CENSUS BUREAU TITLE=U.S. CENSUS WEBSITE, Geographic Names Information System>GNIS feature ID| blank1_info = 0308101| area_total_km2 = 33.29| area_land_km2 = 24.66| area_water_km2 = 8.63| population_density_km2 = 581.05}}St. Augustine ({{IPAc-en|'|O|g|@|s|t|i:|n}} {{respell|AW|gÉ™|steen}}; {{IPA-es|san aÉ£usˈtin|}}) is a city in and the county seat of St. Johns County located 40 miles (64 km) south of downtown Jacksonville. The city is on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers, it is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in what is now the contiguous United States.St. Augustine was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida's first governor. He named the settlement San Agustín, for his ships bearing settlers, troops, and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28, the feast day of St. Augustine.BOOK, Hennesey, James J., American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States,weblink live, Oxford University Press, New York, December 10, 1981, 11, October 27, 2015, 978-0-19-802036-3,weblink May 3, 2016, The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years. It was designated as the capital of British East Florida when the colony was established in 1763; Great Britain returned Florida to Spain in 1783.Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, and St. Augustine was designated one of the two alternating capitals of the Florida Territory, the other being Pensacola, upon ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty in 1821. The Florida National Guard made the city its headquarters that same year. The territorial government moved and made Tallahassee the permanent capital of Florida in 1824.BOOK, Montès, Christian, American Capitals: A Historical Geography, 2014, University of Chicago Press, 978-0-226-08051-2, 132,weblink St. Augustine is part of Florida's First Coast region and the Jacksonville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. It had a population of 14,329 at the 2020 census, up from 12,975 at the 2010 census. Since the late 19th century, St. Augustine's distinctive historical character has made the city a tourist attraction. Castillo de San Marcos, the city's 17th-century Spanish fort—constructed out of the sedimentary rock coquina—continues to attract tourists.WEB, Staff, Coquina {{!, The rock that saved St. Augustine) |url=https://www.nps.gov/foma/learn/nature/coquina.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304162318weblink |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=December 6, 2022 |website=www.nps.gov}}

History

Spainname=Spanish Empire}} 1784–1821{{flag1822}} 1821–1861{{flag1861United States}} 1862–present| align = left| width = 22em| fontsize = 90%| bgcolor = #B0C4DE}}

Early exploration

The first European known to have explored the coasts of Florida was the Spanish explorer and governor of Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de León, who likely ventured in 1513 as far north as the vicinity of the future St. Augustine, naming the peninsula he believed to be an island "La Florida" and claiming it for the Spanish crown.BOOK, Steigman, Jonathan D.,weblink La Florida Del Inca and the Struggle for Social Equality in Colonial Spanish America, 25 September 2005, University of Alabama Press, 978-0-8173-5257-8, 33, BOOK, Lawson, Edward W.,weblink The Discovery of Florida and Its Discoverer Juan Ponce de Leon, 1 June 2008, Kessinger Publishing, 978-1-4367-0883-8, Reprint of 1946, 29–32,

Founding by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

Founded in 1565 by the Spanish conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the contiguous United States.WEB,weblinktravel/geo-flor/24.htm, Florida: St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District, nps.gov, National Park Service, May 27, 2015, https:web.archive.org/web/20150430164443weblink April 30, 2015, WEB,weblink Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First, NPR, November 5, 2019,weblink November 5, 2019, live, It is the second-oldest continuously inhabited city of European origin in a United States territory, after San Juan, Puerto Rico (founded in 1521).BOOK, Linda, Thompson, Exploring The Territories of the United States,weblink May 30, 2014, Britannica Digital Learning, 978-1-62513-185-0, 34, In 1560, King Philip II of Spain appointed Menéndez as Captain General, and his brother Bartolomé Menéndez as Admiral, of the Fleet of the Indies.BOOK, Woodbury, Lowery, The Spanish settlements within the present limits of the United States: Florida, 1562-1574,weblink 1911, G.P. Putnam, 144, Thus Pedro Menéndez commanded the galleons of the great Armada de la Carrera, or Spanish Treasure Fleet, on their voyage from the Caribbean and Mexico to Spain, and determined the routes they followed.In early 1564, he asked permission to go to Florida to search for La Concepcion, the galeon Capitana, or flagship, of the New Spain fleet commanded by his son, Admiral Juan Menéndez. The ship had been lost in September 1563 when a hurricane scattered the fleet as it was returning to Spain, at the latitude of Bermuda off the coast of South Carolina.NEWS, Turner, Sam, Menéndez anguishes in prison as son is lost at sea,weblink August 9, 2020, Tallahassee Democrat, July 18, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160131004026weblink">weblink January 31, 2016, The crown repeatedly refused his request.The crown eventually approached Menéndez to fit out an expedition to FloridaBOOK, Pickett, Margaret F., Pickett, Dwayne W., The European Struggle to Settle North America: Colonizing Attempts by England, France and Spain, 1521–1608,weblink McFarland, 2011, 84, 978-0-7864-6221-6, on the condition that he explore and settle the region as King Philip's adelantado, and eliminate the Huguenot French,Lowery 1911, p.100 whom the Catholic Spanish considered to be dangerous heretics.Lowery 1911, p.105Menéndez was in a race to reach Florida before the French captain Jean Ribault,BOOK, Eugene, Lyon, Gary, Mormino, Ann L Henderson, Spanish Pathways in Florida: 1492-1992/Los Caminos Espanoles En LA Florida 1492-1992,weblink 20 November 2012, 1st, 1991, Pineapple Press Inc, en, es, 978-1-56164-003-4, 100, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, who was on a mission to secure Fort Caroline. On August 28, 1565, the feast day of St. Augustine of Hippo, Menéndez's crew finally sighted land; the Spaniards continued sailing northward along the coast from their landfall, investigating every inlet and plume of smoke along the shore. On September 4, they encountered four French vessels anchored at the mouth of a large river (the St. Johns), including Ribault's flagship, La Trinité. The two fleets met in a brief skirmish, but it was not decisive. Menéndez sailed southward and landed again on September 8, formally declared possession of the land in the name of Philip II, and officially founded the settlement he named San Agustín (Saint Augustine).BOOK, Eugene Lyon, The Enterprise of Florida: Pedro Menendez de Aviles and the Spanish Conquest Of, 1565-1568,weblink May 1983, University Press of Florida, 978-0-8130-0777-9, 112–115, BOOK, William S. Coker, The Spanish Missionary Heritage of the United States: Selected Papers and Commentaries from the November 1990 Quincentenary Symposium,weblink 1993, United States Department of the Interior{{!, National Park Service|page=26|chapter=The Missions of Florida, 1513-1763}} Father Francisco López de Mendoza Grajales, the chaplain of the expedition, celebrated the first Thanksgiving Mass on the grounds.BOOK, Verne Elmo Chatelain, The Defenses of Spanish Florida, 1565 to 1763,weblink 1941, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 41, BOOK, Amy Turner Bushnell, Situado and Sabana: Spain's Support System for the Presidio and Mission Provinces of Florida,weblink 1987, University of Georgia Press, 978-0-8203-1712-0, 37, NEWS, John B., Buescher, America's First Mass,weblink Catholicworldreport.com, Catholic World Report, 10 August 2020,weblink 14 December 2019, 13 May 2014, The formal Franciscan outpost, Mission Nombre de Dios, was founded at the landing point, perhaps the first mission in what would become the continental United States.Herreros, Mauricio Spiritual Florida: A Guide to Retreat Centers and Religious Sites in Florida, p. 25 (File:Great house of Seloy.jpg|thumb|Pedro Menéndez de Avilés moved his colony to the settlement of the Seloy tribe of the Timucua. Their chief gave them the Great House, a structure able to hold several hundred people. Around this meeting house the Spanish dug a moat and added fortifications.)The mission served nearby villages of the Mocama, a Timucua group, and was at the center of an important chiefdom in the late 16th and 17th century. The settlement was built in the former Timucua village of Seloy; this site was chosen for its strategic location facing the waterways of St. Augustine bay with their abundant resources, an eminently suitable site for water communications and defense.BOOK, Deagan, Kathleen, Historical Archaeology at the Fountain of Youth Park Site, 2008, 1, 3, 11,weblink The site faces the confluence of the old St. Augustine inlet, the entrance to the Matanzas River to the south and the entrance to the Tolomato (or North River) to the north. Such a position offered not only a series of rich ecotones, but also an excellent site for water travel, communication and defense., A French attack on St. Augustine was thwarted by a violent squall that ravaged the French naval forces. Taking advantage of this, Menéndez marched his troops overland to Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River, about {{convert|30|mi|km|-1}} north. The Spanish easily overwhelmed the lightly defended French garrison, which had been left with only a skeleton crew of 20 soldiers and about 100 others, killing most of the men and sparing about 60 women and children. The bodies of the victims were hung in trees with the inscription: "Hanged, not as Frenchmen, but as "Lutherans" (heretics)".BOOK, René Goulaine de Laudonnière, L'histoire notable de la Floride: situèe es Indes Occidentales,weblink November 22, 2012, 1853, P. Jannet, 218–219, BOOK, Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire, Essais sur les Moeurs et l'esprit des Nations,weblink 1773, 75, Menéndez renamed the fort San Mateo and marched back to St. Augustine, where he discovered that the shipwrecked survivors from the French ships had come ashore to the south of the settlement. A Spanish patrol encountered the remnants of the French force, and took them prisoner. Menéndez accepted their surrender, but then executed all of them except a few professing Catholics and some Protestant workers with useful skills, at what is now known as Matanzas Inlet (Matanzas is Spanish for "slaughters").BOOK, Richard R., Henderson, United States. National Park Service, A Preliminary inventory of Spanish colonial resources associated with National Park Service units and national historic landmarks, 1987,weblink November 20, 2012, March 1989, United States Committee, International Council on Monuments and Sites, for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, 87, 9780911697032, The site is very near the national monument Fort Matanzas, built in 1740–1742 by the Spanish.

Invasions by pirates and enemies of Spain

Succeeding governors of the province maintained a peaceful coexistence with the local Native Americans, allowing the isolated outpost of St. Augustine some stability for a few years. On May 28 and 29, 1586, soon after the Anglo-Spanish War began between England and Spain, the English privateer Sir Francis Drake sacked and burned St. Augustine.BOOK, Spencer, Tucker, Almanac of American Military History,weblink November 21, 2012, ABC-CLIO, 978-1-59884-530-3, 54, October 6, 2016,weblink February 26, 2017, live, The approach of his large fleet obliged Governor Pedro Menéndez Márquez and the townspeople to evacuate the settlement. When the English got ashore, they seized some artillery pieces and a royal strongbox containing gold ducats (which was the garrison payroll).BOOK, John, Sugden, Sir Francis Drake,weblink April 24, 2012, Random House, 978-1-4481-2950-8, 198, October 6, 2016,weblink February 26, 2017, live, The killing of their sergeant major by the Spanish rearguard caused Drake to order the town razed to the ground.BOOK, Angus, Konstam, The Great Expedition: Sir Francis Drake on the Spanish Main 1585–86,weblink December 20, 2011, Bloomsbury Publishing, 978-1-78096-233-7, 109, October 6, 2016,weblink February 26, 2017, live, BOOK, James W., Raab, Spain, Britain and the American Revolution in Florida, 1763–1783,weblink November 5, 2007, McFarland, 978-0-7864-3213-4, 9, October 6, 2016,weblink February 26, 2017, live, In 1609 and 1611, expeditions were sent out from St. Augustine against the English colony at Jamestown.BOOK, Alan, Gallay, Colonial Wars of North America, 1512–1763 (Routledge Revivals): An Encyclopedia,weblink June 11, 2015, Taylor & Francis, 978-1-317-48718-0, 326, October 6, 2016,weblink February 26, 2017, live, In the second half of the 17th century, groups of Indians from the colony of Carolina conducted raids into Florida and killed the Franciscan priests who served at the Catholic missions. Requests by successive governors of the province to strengthen the presidio's garrison and fortifications were ignored by the Spanish Crown which had other priorities in its vast empire. The charter of 1663 for the new Province of Carolina, issued by King Charles II of England, was revised in 1665, claiming lands as far southward as 29 degrees north latitude, about 65 miles south of the existing settlement at St. Augustine.WEB, Charter of Carolina – March 24, 1663,weblink Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School, avalon.law.yale.edu, February 10, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090207040908weblink">weblink February 7, 2009, 2008, WEB, 2008, Charter of Carolina – June 30, 1665,weblinkweblink January 24, 2009, May 3, 2023, Avalon Law, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School, BOOK, Walter B., Edgar, South Carolina: A History,weblink 1998, University of South Carolina Press, 978-1-57003-255-4, 1, October 6, 2016,weblink February 26, 2017, live, The English buccaneer Robert Searle sacked St. Augustine in 1668, after capturing some Spanish supply vessels bound for the settlement and holding their crews at gun point while his men hid below decks. Searle was retaliating for the Spanish destruction of the settlement of New Providence in the Bahamas. Searle and his men killed sixty people and pillaged public storehouses, churches and houses.BOOK, Jon, Latimer, Buccaneers of the Caribbean: How Piracy Forged an Empire,weblink June 1, 2009, Harvard University Press, 978-0-674-03403-7, 198, October 6, 2016,weblink July 31, 2016, live, This raid and the establishment of the English settlement at Charles Town spurred the Spanish Crown to finally acknowledge the vulnerability of St. Augustine to foreign incursions and strengthen the city's defenses. In 1669, Queen Regent Mariana ordered the Viceroy of New Spain to disburse funds for the construction of a permanent masonry fortress, which began in 1672.BOOK, James W., Raab, Spain, Britain and the American Revolution in Florida, 1763–1783,weblink November 5, 2007, McFarland, 978-0-7864-3213-4, 10–11, 6 October 2016,weblink February 27, 2017, live, Before the fortress was completed, French buccaneers Michel de Grammont and Nicolas Brigaut planned an ill-fated attack in 1686 which was foiled: their ships were run aground, Grammont and his crew were lost at sea, and Brigaut was captured ashore by Spanish soldiers.BOOK, Marley, David, Pirates of the Americas,weblink ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, CA, 2010, September 12, 2017, 9781598842012, The Castillo de San Marcos was completed in 1695, not long before an attack by James Moore's forces from Carolina in November, 1702. Failing to capture the fort after a siege of 58 days, the British set St. Augustine ablaze as they retreated.BOOK, Walter B., Edgar, South Carolina: A History,weblink 1998, University of South Carolina Press, 978-1-57003-255-4, 93, 2016-10-06,weblink 2017-02-27, live, In 1738, the governor of Spanish Florida, Manuel de Montiano, ordered a settlement be constructed two miles north of St. Augustine for the growing Free Black community established by fugitive slaves who had escaped into Florida from the Thirteen Colonies. This new community, Fort Mose, would serve as a military outpost and buffer for St. Augustine, as the men accepted into Fort Mose had enlisted in the colonial militia and converted to Catholicism in exchange for their freedom.WEB, Fort Mose,weblink Florida Museum, August 9, 2017, May 21, 2021, en-US, WEB, Landers, Jane, What Catholic Church records tell us about America's earliest black history,weblink The Conversation, February 27, 2019, May 21, 2021, In 1740, however, St. Augustine was again besieged, this time by the governor of the British colony of Georgia, General James Oglethorpe, who was also unable to take the fort.JOURNAL, Baine, Rodney E., General James Oglethorpe and the Expedition Against St. Augustine, The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Georgia Historical Society, 84, 2 Summer, 198, 2000, 40584271,

Loyalist haven under British rule

{{see also|Seven Years' War|French and Indian War|American Revolutionary War|Spain and the American Revolutionary War}}The 1763 Treaty of Paris, signed after Great Britain's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War, ceded Florida to Great Britain in exchange for the return of Havana and Manila. The vast majority of Spanish colonists in the region left Florida for Cuba, Florida became Great Britain's fourteenth and fifteenth North American colonies, and because of the political sympathies of its British inhabitants, St. Augustine became a Loyalist haven during the American Revolutionary War.BOOK, Patricia C., Griffin, Mullet on the Beach: The Minorcans of Florida, 1768–1788,weblink 1991, St. Augustine Historical Society, 978-0-8130-1074-8, 108, 2016-10-06,weblink 2016-12-24, live, After the mass exodus of St. Augustinians, Great Britain sought to repopulate its new colony. The London Board of Trade advertised 20,000-acre lots to any group that would settle in Florida within ten years, with one resident per 100 acres. Pioneers who were "energetic and of good character" were given 100 acres of land and 50 additional acres for each family member they brought. Under Governor James Grant, almost three million acres of land were granted in East Florida alone. Second stories were added to existing Spanish homes and new houses were built. Cattle ranching and plantation agriculture began to thrive.WEB,weblink The British Period (1763–1784): Castillo de San Marcos National Monument (U.S. National Park Service), Augustine, www.nps.gov, 2018, 2019-06-18,weblink 2019-06-16, live, During the twenty-year period of British rule, Britain took command of both the Castillo de San Marcos (renamed Fort St. Mark) and of Fort Matanzas. They permanently stationed a small group of men at Fort Matanzas. Once war broke out, loyalist St. Augustine residents burned effigies of Patriots Samuel Adams and John Hancock in the plaza. Fort St. Mark became a training and supply base, as well as a prisoner-of-war camp where three signers of the Declaration of Independence and South Carolina's lieutenant governor Christopher Gadsden were held. Local militias composed of Florida, Georgia, and Carolina inhabitants formed the East Florida Rangers in 1776 and were reorganized to form the King's Rangers in 1779. Spanish General Bernardo de Gálvez, harassed the British in West Florida and captured Pensacola. Fears that the Spanish would then move to capture St. Augustine, however, proved unfounded.WEB, The British Period (1763–1784) – Fort Matanzas National Monument,weblink live,weblink 2017-10-06, 2019-06-18, U.S. National Park Service, The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which recognized the independence of the Thirteen Colonies as the United States, ceded Florida back to Spain and returned the Bahamas to Britain. As a result, some of the town's Spanish residents returned to St Augustine. Refugees from Dr. Andrew Turnbull's troubled colony in New Smyrna had fled to St. Augustine in 1777, made up the majority of the city's population during the period of British rule, and remained when the Spanish Crown took control again. This group was, and still is, referred to locally as "Menorcans", even though it also included settlers from Italy, Corsica and the Greek islands.BOOK, Jane G., Landers, Colonial Plantations and Economy in Florida,weblink 2000, University Press of Florida, 978-0-8130-1772-3, 41–42, 2016-10-06,weblink 2016-07-31, live, BOOK, Patricia C., Griffin, Mullet on the Beach: The Menorcans of Florida, 1768–1788,weblink 1991, St. Augustine Historical Society, 978-0-8130-1074-8, 14–21,

Second Spanish period

{{See also|War of 1812|Creek War|Seminole Wars#First Seminole War}}During the Second Spanish period (1784–1821) of Florida, Spain was dealing with invasions of the Iberian peninsula by Napoleon's armies in the Peninsular War, and struggled to maintain a tenuous hold on its territories in the western hemisphere as revolution swept South America. The royal administration of Florida was neglected, as the province had long been regarded as an unprofitable backwater by the Crown. The United States, however, considered Florida vital to its political and military interests as it expanded its territory in North America, and maneuvered by sometimes clandestine means to acquire it.BOOK, Writers' Program (Fla.), Seeing Fernandina: A Guide to the City and Its Industries,weblink 3 May 2013, 1940, Fernandina News Publishing Company, 23,weblink 3 September 2018, live, On October 5, 1811, a hurricane hit St. Augustine that caused extensive damage to the city. The damage was further exacerbated by the economic situation of Spanish Florida.JOURNAL, Johnson, Sherry, The St. Augustine Hurricane of 1811: Disaster and the Question of Political Unrest on the Florida Frontier, The Florida Historical Quarterly, Summer 2005, 84, 1, 28, 41,weblink The Adams–Onís Treaty, negotiated in 1819 and ratified in 1821, ceded Florida and St. Augustine, still its capital at the time, to the United States.BOOK, James A., Crutchfield, Candy, Moutlon, Terry Del Bene, The Settlement of America: An Encyclopedia of Westward Expansion from Jamestown to the Closing of the Frontier,weblink 26 March 2015, Routledge, 978-1-317-45461-8, 51, 6 October 2016,weblink 26 February 2017, live,

Territory of Florida

According to the Adams–Onís Treaty, the United States acquired East Florida and absolved Spain of $5 million of debt. Spain renounced all claims to West Florida and the Oregon Country. Andrew Jackson returned to Florida in 1821, upon ratification of the treaty, and established a new territorial government. Americans from older plantation societies of Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas began to move to the area. West Florida was quickly consolidated with East and the new capital of Florida became Tallahassee, halfway between the old capitals of St. Augustine and Pensacola, in 1824.WEB,weblink Territorial Period – Florida Department of State, dos.myflorida.com, 2019-06-18,weblink 2019-03-05, live, Once many Americans had begun to immigrate to the new territory, it became apparent that there would be continued skirmishes with local Creek and Miccosukee peoples and white settlers encroaching on their land. The United States government favored removal policies, but local indigenous groups in Florida refused to leave without fighting. The nineteenth century saw three Seminole Wars. In 1823, territorial governor William Duval and James Gadsden signed the Treaty of Moultrie Creek, forcing Seminoles onto a four million acre reservation in central Florida. The Second Seminole War (1835–1842) was the longest war of Indian removal and resulted when the United States government attempted to move the Seminole people from Central Florida to a Creek reservation west of the Mississippi River. As a result of the Seminole War, Seminole prisoners, including the prominent leader Osceola, were held captive in the Castillo de San Marcos, renamed Fort Marion after General Francis Marion, who fought in the American Revolution, in the 1830s.WEB, Seminole Incarceration,weblink National Park Service, 16 May 2022, BOOK, Wickman, Patricia Riles, Osceola's Legacy, 2006, University of Alabama Press, 978-0-8173-5332-2, 101–102,weblink By 1840, the territory's population had reached 54,477 people. Half the population were enslaved Africans. Steamboats were popular on the Apalachicola and St. Johns Rivers, and there were several plans for railroad construction. The territory south of present-day Gainesville was sparsely populated by whites.In 1845 the Florida Territory was admitted into the Union as the State of Florida.BOOK,weblink Landmark Legislation 1774–2012: Major U.S. Acts and Treaties, Stephen W., Stathis, 2 January 2014, SAGE Publications, 978-1-4522-9229-8, 78, 6 October 2016,weblink 26 February 2017, live,

Civil War

File:The Old Slave Market, St. Augustine, Florida- (6892781474) (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Slave Market, St. Augustine, Florida in 1886]]On January 7, 1861, only three days before Florida would secede and join the Confederacy, a group of 125 Florida militia marched on Fort Marion. The fort was guarded by a single sergeant, who surrendered the fort after being provided with a receipt. Gen. Robert E. Lee, who was commander of coastal defenses at the time, ordered that the fort's cannons be removed and sent to more strategic locations, such as Fernandina and the mouth of the St. Johns River.JOURNAL, Omega, G. East, St. Augustine during the Civil War, The Florida Historical Quarterly, October 1952, 31, 2, 75–76,weblink 30 June 2022, The town raised a Confederate militia unit, known as the Florida Independent Blues or the Saint Augustine Blues.BOOK, Ethier, Eric, The Big Book of Civil War Sites: From Fort Sumter to Appomattox, a Visitor's Guide to the History, Personalities, and Places of America's Battlefields, 2011, Rowman & Littlefield, 978-0-7627-6632-1, 407,weblink They were soon joined by the Milton Guard, another militia unit.JOURNAL, Bittle, George, Florida Prepares for War, 1860-1861, The Florida Historical Quarterly, October 1972, 51, 2, 144,weblink July 16, 2022, In an effort to help blockade runners avoid capture, the Confederate government ordered all lighthouses to be extinguished. In St. Augustine, the customhouse officer, Paul Arnau, organized the "Coastal Guard", a group who worked to disable the lighthouses along Florida's east coast. They started by removing and hiding the lenses from the St. Augustine Light before moving south. After successfully dismantling the lighthouses at Cape Canaveral, Jupiter Inlet, and Key Biscayne, Arnau returned to St. Augustine. He would then serve as mayor from 1861 until early 1862, just before the Federals took over the city.BOOK, Redd, Robert, St. Augustine and the Civil War,weblink 2014, The History Press, Charleston, SC, 9781625846570, 18, e-book, The Confederate authorities remained in control of St. Augustine for fourteen months, although it was barely defended. The Union conducted a blockade of shipping. In 1862 Union troops gained control of St. Augustine and controlled it through the rest of the war. With the economy already suffering, many residents fled.BOOK, Barbara E., Mattick, Bruce, Clayton, John A., Salmond, Lives Full of Struggle and Triumph: Southern Women, Their Institutions, and Their Communities,weblink 2003, University Press of Florida, 978-0-8130-3117-0, 117, The Catholic Nuns of St. Augustine (1859–1869), 2016-10-06,weblink 2017-02-27, live, BOOK, Paul, Taylor, Discovering the Civil War in Florida: A Reader and Guide,weblink 2001, Pineapple Press Inc, 978-1-56164-235-9, 127, 2016-10-06,weblink 2016-07-31, live,

Henry Flagler and the railroad

File:San Marco Hotel.jpg|thumb|St. Augustine in 1891 from the former San Marco Hotel, Spanish St. on left, Huguenot CemeteryHuguenot CemeteryHenry Flagler, a co-founder with John D. Rockefeller of the Standard Oil Company, spent the winter of 1883 in St. Augustine and found the city charming, but considered its hotels and transportation systems inadequate.BOOK, Sidney Walter Martin, Florida's Flagler,weblink 1 February 2010, University of Georgia Press, 978-0-8203-3488-2, 130, 6 October 2016,weblink 26 February 2017, live, He had the idea to make St. Augustine a winter resort for wealthy Americans from the north, and to bring them south he bought several short line railroads and combined these in 1885 to form the Florida East Coast Railway. He built a railroad bridge over the St. Johns River in 1888, opening up the Atlantic coast of Florida to development.BOOK, Jim, Cox, Rails Across Dixie: A History of Passenger Trains in the American South,weblink 24 February 2016, McFarland, 978-0-7864-6175-2, 85, 6 October 2016,weblink 26 February 2017, live, BOOK, Walter W., Manley, E. Canter, Brown, Eric W., Rise, Florida Supreme Court Historical Society, The Supreme Court of Florida and Its Predecessor Courts, 1821–1917,weblink 1997, University Press of Florida, 978-0-8130-1540-8, 263, 2016-10-06,weblink 2017-02-26, live, Flagler finished construction in 1887 on two large ornate hotels in the city, the 450-room Hotel Ponce de Leon and the 250-room Hotel Alcazar. The next year, he purchased the Casa Monica Hotel (renaming it the Cordova Hotel) across the street from both the Alcazar and the Ponce de Leon. His chosen architectural firm, Carrère and Hastings, radically altered the appearance of St. Augustine with these hotels, giving it a skyline and beginning an architectural trend in the state characterized by the use of the Spanish Renaissance Revival and Moorish Revival styles. With the opening of the Ponce de Leon in 1888, St. Augustine became the winter resort of American high society for a few years.BOOK, Sidney Walter Martin, Florida's Flagler,weblink 1 February 2010, University of Georgia Press, 978-0-8203-3488-2, 117–118, 6 October 2016,weblink 27 February 2017, live, When Flagler's Florida East Coast Railroad was extended southward to Palm Beach and then Miami in the early 20th century, the wealthy stopped in St. Augustine en route to the southern resorts. Wealthy vacationers began to customarily spend their winters in South Florida, where the climate was warmer and freezes were rare. St. Augustine nevertheless still attracted tourists, and eventually became a destination for families traveling in automobiles as new highways were built and Americans took to the road for annual summer vacations. The tourist industry soon became the dominant sector of the local economy.BOOK, Tourism USA: Guidelines for Tourism Development : Appraising Tourism Potential, Planning for Tourism, Assessing Product and Market, Marketing Tourism, Visitor Services, Sources of Assistance,weblink 1991, The University of Missouri, 87, 2016-07-07,weblink 2017-02-26, live,

Civil Rights Movement

In 1963, nearly a decade after the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation of schools was unconstitutional, African Americans were still trying to get St. Augustine to integrate the public schools in the city. They were also trying to integrate public accommodations, such as lunch counters,BOOK,weblink The Oxford Handbook of Southern Politics, Charles S. III, Bullock, Mark J., Rozell, 15 March 2012, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-538194-8, 160, 12 August 2017,weblink 31 July 2016, live, and were met with arrestsJOURNAL, The Crisis, The New Crisis, The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc., 1963, 412, 0011-1422,weblinkweblink 2016-07-31, live, and Ku Klux Klan violence.BOOK,weblink Martin Luther King, Jr, Ron, Ramdin, Haus Publishing, 2004, 978-1-904341-82-6, 88, 2017-08-12,weblink 2016-07-31, live, BOOK,weblink From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice, Thomas F., Jackson, 17 July 2013, University of Pennsylvania Press, 978-0-8122-0000-3, 190, 12 August 2017,weblink 31 July 2016, live, Local students held protests throughout the city, including sit-ins at the local Woolworth's, picket lines, and marches through the downtown. These protests were often met with police violence. Homes of African Americans were firebombed,WEB,weblink FBI Report of 1964-02-08, OCLC, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 3,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080706114831weblink">weblink July 6, 2008, (redacted) St. Augustine, Florida, advised that what appeared to be a Molotov cocktail was thrown at the back of his house at the above address causing a serious fire., black leaders were assaulted and threatened with death, and others were fired from their jobs.In the spring of 1964, St. Augustine civil rights leader Robert HaylingBOOK,weblink Martin Luther King Jr., John, Kirk, 6 June 2014, Routledge, 978-1-317-87650-2, 103–104, 12 August 2017,weblink 31 July 2016, live, asked the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and its leader Martin Luther King Jr. for assistance.BOOK,weblink Rabble Rousers: The American Far Right in the Civil Rights Era, Clive, Webb, 15 August 2011, University of Georgia Press, 978-0-8203-4229-0, 169, 12 August 2017,weblink 31 July 2016, live, From May until July 1964, King and Hayling, along with Hosea Williams, C. T. Vivian, Dorothy Cotton, Andrew Young and others, organized marches, sit-ins, pray-ins, wade-ins and other forms of protest in St. Augustine. Hundreds of black and white civil rights supporters were arrested,BOOK,weblink Unsung Heroes of the Civil Rights Movement and Thereafter: Profiles of Lessons Learned, Dorothy M., Singleton, 18 March 2014, UPA, 978-0-7618-6319-9, 28, 12 August 2017,weblink 31 July 2016, live, and the jails were filled to capacity.WEB,weblink Anarchy in St. Augustine, Larry, Goodwyn, January 1965, Harpers.org, Harper's Magazine,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150421172532weblink">weblink April 21, 2015, Sheriff Davis was beginning to use harsh treatment against demonstrators who were in jail. He would herd both men and women into a chain link pen in the yard in a 99-degree sun; he kept them there all day. Water was insufficient and there was no latrine. At night the prisoners were crowded in small cells without room to lie down., At the request of Hayling and King, civil rights supporters from elsewhere, including students, clergy, activists and well-known public figures, came to St. Augustine and were arrested together.BOOK,weblink registration, Jewish Dimensions of Social Justice: Tough Moral Choices of Our Time, Albert, Vorspan, David, Saperstein, UAHC Press, 1998, 978-0-8074-0650-2, 204–205, 2017-08-12, BOOK,weblink The Last Segregated Hour: The Memphis Kneel-Ins and the Campaign for Southern Church Desegregation, Stephen, Haynes, 8 November 2012, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-539505-1, 44, 12 August 2017,weblink 31 July 2016, live, BOOK,weblink Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65, Taylor, Branch, 16 April 2007, Simon and Schuster, 978-1-4165-5870-5, 606, 12 August 2017,weblink 31 July 2016, live, St. Augustine was the only place in Florida where King was arrested; his arrest there occurred on June 11, 1964, on the steps of the Monson Motor Lodge's restaurant. The demonstrations came to a climax when a group of black and white protesters jumped into the hotel's segregated swimming pool. In response to the protest, James Brock, the manager of the hotel and the president of the Florida Hotel & Motel Association, poured muriatic acid into the pool to scare the protesters. Photographs of this, and of a policeman jumping into the pool to arrest the protesters, were broadcast around the world. One appeared on the front page of the Washington paper the day the senate went to vote on the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964. It became the most famous photograph ever taken in St. Augustine.The Ku Klux Klan and its supporters responded to these protests with violent attacks that were widely reported in national and international media.BOOK,weblink Black Heritage Sites: The South, Nancy C., Curtis, 1 August 1998, The New Press, 978-1-56584-433-9, 99, 12 August 2017,weblink 31 July 2016, live, Popular revulsion against the Klan and police violence in St. Augustine generated national sympathy for the black protesters and became a key factor in Congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,BOOK,weblink Southern Black Women in the Modern Civil Rights Movement, Merline, Merline Pitre, Pitre, Bruce A., Glasrud, 20 March 2013, Texas A&M University Press, 978-1-60344-999-1, 43, 12 August 2017,weblink 31 July 2016, live, leading eventually to passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965,BOOK,weblink Encyclopedia of American Urban History, David, Goldfield, 7 December 2006, SAGE Publications, 978-1-4522-6553-7, 201, 12 August 2017,weblink 31 July 2016, live, both of which provided federal enforcement of constitutional rights.St. Augustine's historically Black college, now Florida Memorial University, felt itself unwelcome in St. Augustine, and departed in 1968 for a new campus near Opa-locka in Dade County. It is currently located in the Opa-locka North neighborhood of Miami Gardens, next to St. Thomas University.NEWS, Marcof, Bianca, Florida Memorial University fights for its future,weblink 18 February 2023, The Miami Times, July 6, 2021,

Modern St. Augustine

In 1965, St. Augustine celebrated the 400th anniversary of its founding,BOOK, History News,weblink 20–21, 1965, American Association for State and Local History, 208, 2016-07-07,weblink 2017-02-26, live, and jointly with the State of Florida, inaugurated a program to restore part of the colonial city. The Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board was formed to reconstruct more than thirty-six buildings to their historical appearance, which was completed within a few years. When the State of Florida abolished the Board in 1997, the City of St. Augustine assumed control of the reconstructed buildings, as well as other historic properties including the Government House. In 2010, the city transferred control of the historic buildings to UF Historic St. Augustine, Inc., a direct support organization of the University of Florida.Cross and Sword was a 1965 play by American playwright Paul Green created to honor the 400th anniversary of the settlement of St. Augustine. It was Florida's official state play, having received the designation by the Florida Senate in 1973.Florida State Symbols - The State Play: Cross and Sword {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607081614weblink |date=June 7, 2008 }} It was performed for ten weeks every summer in St. Augustine for more than 30 years, closing in 1996.WEB,weblink Amped at the amphitheatre, 2008-09-07, de Yampert, Rick, 2008-08-21, Daytona Beach News-Journal Online, {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}WEB,weblink St. Augustine gets amped, 2008-09-07, Reinink, Amy, 2008-08-22, Ocala Star Banner, St. Augustine Amphitheatre - Venue - Specs {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219160225weblink |date=2008-12-19 }}BOOK, A Guide to Historic St. Augustine, Florida, Rajtar, Steve, Kelly Goodman, 2008, The History Press, 978-1-59629-336-6, 52–53,weblink In 2015, St. Augustine celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding with a four-day long festival and a visit from Felipe VI of Spain and Queen Letizia of Spain.NEWS, Gardner, Sheldon, King and queen of Spain to visit St. Augustine in September, The St. Augustine Record,weblink 8 October 2016, July 16, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161009202335weblink">weblink 2016-10-09, On October 7, 2016 Hurricane Matthew caused widespread flooding in downtown St. Augustine.NEWS, Martin, Jake, Hurricane Matthew: Surveying damage in St. Augustine the morning after, The St. Augustine Record,weblink 8 October 2016, October 8, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161009161322weblink">weblink 9 October 2016, dmy-all,

Geography and climate

(File:St. Augustine Anastasia Island north pano01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|View of St. Augustine from the top of the lighthouse on Anastasia Island)St. Augustine is located at {{Coord|29|53|41|N|81|18|52|W|type:city}} (29.8946910, −81.3145170).According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|27.8|km2|order=flip}}, {{convert|21.7|km2|order=flip}} of which is land and {{convert|6.1|km2|order=flip}} (21.99%) is water. Access to the Atlantic Ocean is via the St. Augustine Inlet of the Matanzas River.St. Augustine has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) typical of the Gulf and South Atlantic states. The low latitude and coastal location give the city a mostly warm and sunny climate. Unlike much of the contiguous United States, St. Augustine's driest time of year is winter. The hot and wet season extends from May through October, while the cool and dry season extends November through April.In summer, average high temperatures are in the lower 90's F (32 C) and normal low temperatures are in the 70's F (20 - 22 C). The Bermuda High pumps in hot and unstable tropical air from the Bahamas and Gulf of Mexico, which help create the daily thundershowers that are typical in summer months. Intense but very brief downpours are common in summer in the city. Fall and spring are warm and sunny with highs from 74 Â°F to 87 Â°F and lows in the 50s to 70s.In winter, St. Augustine has generally mild and sunny weather typical of the Florida peninsula. The coolest months are from December through February, with highs from 67 Â°F to 70 Â°F and lows from 47 Â°F to 51 Â°F. From November through April, St. Augustine often has long periods of rainless weather. April can see near drought conditions with brush fires and water restrictions in place. St. Augustine averages 4.6 frosts per year. The record low of {{convert|10|F|C}} happened on January 21, 1985. Hurricanes occasionally impact the region; however, like most areas prone to such storms, St. Augustine rarely suffers a direct hit by a major hurricane. The last direct hit by a major hurricane to the city was Hurricane Dora in 1964. Extensive flooding occurred in the downtown area of St. Augustine when Hurricane Matthew passed east of the city in October 2016.{{Weather box|width=auto|location = St. Augustine, Florida (St. Augustine Light), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1973–2016|single line = Y|Jan avg record high F = 80.0|Feb avg record high F = 81.8|Mar avg record high F = 84.9|Apr avg record high F = 88.6|May avg record high F = 93.3|Jun avg record high F = 95.9|Jul avg record high F = 97.6|Aug avg record high F = 96.0|Sep avg record high F = 92.8|Oct avg record high F = 89.0|Nov avg record high F = 84.2|Dec avg record high F = 81.1|year avg record high F = 98.5| Jan high F = 67.5| Feb high F = 69.7| Mar high F = 74.4| Apr high F = 79.8| May high F = 85.1| Jun high F = 88.6| Jul high F = 91.0| Aug high F = 89.9| Sep high F = 87.4| Oct high F = 81.8| Nov high F = 74.9| Dec high F = 68.9|year high F = 79.9|Jan mean F = 57.6|Feb mean F = 60.0|Mar mean F = 64.5|Apr mean F = 70.2|May mean F = 76.3|Jun mean F = 80.4|Jul mean F = 82.4|Aug mean F = 82.1|Sep mean F = 80.3|Oct mean F = 74.2|Nov mean F = 66.2|Dec mean F = 60.1|year mean F = 71.2| Jan low F = 47.8| Feb low F = 50.2| Mar low F = 54.6| Apr low F = 60.6| May low F = 67.4| Jun low F = 72.3| Jul low F = 73.8| Aug low F = 74.2| Sep low F = 73.1| Oct low F = 66.5| Nov low F = 57.5| Dec low F = 51.3|year low F = 62.4|Jan avg record low F = 28.1|Feb avg record low F = 32.1|Mar avg record low F = 36.9|Apr avg record low F = 44.6|May avg record low F = 55.6|Jun avg record low F = 64.8|Jul avg record low F = 68.1|Aug avg record low F = 68.6|Sep avg record low F = 64.0|Oct avg record low F = 49.0|Nov avg record low F = 39.1|Dec avg record low F = 31.4|year avg record low F = 25.6|Jan record high F = 86|Feb record high F = 87|Mar record high F = 93|Apr record high F = 95|May record high F = 98|Jun record high F = 101|Jul record high F = 103|Aug record high F = 101|Sep record high F = 99|Oct record high F = 94|Nov record high F = 89 |Dec record high F = 86|year record high F =|Jan record low F = 10|Feb record low F = 21|Mar record low F = 23|Apr record low F = 34|May record low F = 41|Jun record low F = 52|Jul record low F = 59|Aug record low F = 61|Sep record low F = 54|Oct record low F = 36|Nov record low F = 29|Dec record low F = 16|year record low F =|precipitation colour = green| Jan precipitation inch = 2.74| Feb precipitation inch = 2.69| Mar precipitation inch = 3.43| Apr precipitation inch = 2.93| May precipitation inch = 3.66| Jun precipitation inch = 6.27| Jul precipitation inch = 4.88| Aug precipitation inch = 7.18| Sep precipitation inch = 7.18| Oct precipitation inch = 4.37| Nov precipitation inch = 2.32| Dec precipitation inch = 2.99|year precipitation inch = 50.64| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in| Jan precipitation days = 9.4| Feb precipitation days = 7.8| Mar precipitation days = 8.6| Apr precipitation days = 6.8| May precipitation days = 7.2| Jun precipitation days = 12.3| Jul precipitation days = 11.6| Aug precipitation days = 15.0| Sep precipitation days = 13.5| Oct precipitation days = 9.1| Nov precipitation days = 8.1| Dec precipitation days = 8.4| year precipitation days = 117.8|Jan snow inch =|Feb snow inch =|Mar snow inch =|Apr snow inch =|May snow inch =|Jun snow inch =|Jul snow inch =|Aug snow inch =|Sep snow inch =|Oct snow inch =|Nov snow inch =|Dec snow inch =|year snow inch =|unit snow days = 0.1 in|Jan snow days =|Feb snow days =|Mar snow days =|Apr snow days =|May snow days =|Jun snow days =|Jul snow days =|Aug snow days =|Sep snow days =|Oct snow days =|Nov snow days =|Dec snow days =|year snow days =|source 1 = NOAA (mean maxima/minima 1981–2010)WEB,weblink NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, June 24, 2021, WEB,weblink Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, June 24, 2021, }}

Demographics

{{US Census population|1830= 1708|1840= 2450|1850= 1934|1860= 1914|1870= 1717|1880= 2293|1890= 4742|1900= 4272|1910= 5494|1920= 6192|1930= 12111|1940= 12090|1950= 13555|1960= 14734|1970= 12352|1980= 11985|1990= 11692|2000= 11592|2010= 12975|2020= 14329TITLE=CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, June 4, 2015, }}{| class="wikitable"|+St. Augustine racial composition (Hispanics excluded from racial categories) (NH = Non-Hispanic)!Race!Pop 2010WEB, P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - St. Augustine city, Florida,weblink United States Census Bureau, !Pop 2020WEB, P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - St. Augustine city, Florida,weblink United States Census Bureau, !% 2010!% 2020Non-Hispanic or Latino whites>White (NH)|10,443|11,275|80.49%|78.69%Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans>Black or African American (NH)|1,460|1,136|11.25%|7.93%Native Americans in the United States>Native American or Alaska Native (NH)|46|40|0.35%|0.28%Asian Americans>Asian (NH)|155|246|1.19%|1.72%Pacific Islander Americans>Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian (NH)|10|7|0.08%|0.05%Other races (U.S. Census)>Some other race (NH)|19|53|0.15%|0.37%Multiracial Americans>Two or more races/Multiracial (NH)|186|523|1.43%|3.65%Hispanic and Latino Americans>Hispanic or Latino (any race)|656|1,049|5.06%|7.32%|Total|12,975|14,329||As of the 2020 United States census, there were 14,329 people, 5,828 households, and 3,072 families residing in the city.WEB, S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2020: St. Augustine city, Florida,weblink United States Census Bureau, In 2020, 2.2% of the population were under 5 years old, 8.7% under 18 years old, and 25.5% were 65 years and over. 57.9% of the population were female.WEB, QuickFacts: St. Augustine city, Florida,weblink www.census.gov, U.S. Census Bureau, 7 November 2022, In 2020, the median value of owner-occupied housing units was $294,600. The median gross rent was $1,118. 91.2% of households had a computer and 83.0% of households had a broadband internet subscription.In 2020, 93.8% of the population 25 years and older had a high school degree or higher and 37.4% of that same population had a bachelor's degree or higher.In 2020, the median household income was $60,455. The per capita income was $33,060. 17.0% lived below the Poverty threshold.There were 1,230 veterans living in the city between 2016 and 2020, and 6.6% of the population were foreign born persons.As of the 2010 United States census, there were 12,975 people, 5,494 households, and 2,546 families residing in the city.WEB, S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2010: St. Augustine city, Florida,weblink United States Census Bureau,

Government and politics

St. Augustine is the county seat of St. Johns County, Florida.WEB,weblink St. Johns County questions Jacksonville branding proposal | Jax Daily Record, November 6, 2018, Financial News & Daily Record - Jacksonville, Florida, November 5, 2019,weblink November 5, 2019, live, WEB,weblink 2011-06-07, Find a County, naco.org, National Association of Counties,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110531210815weblink">weblink 2011-05-31, The city of St. Augustine operates under a city commission government, specifically the commissioner-manager form, with an elected mayor, vice mayor, and city commission. Additionally, the government includes a city manager, city attorney, city clerk, and various city boards.WEB,weblink City Commission {{!, St. Augustine, FL|website=www.citystaug.com|access-date=2021-03-19}}

Transportation

Highways

(File:St. Augustine Major Roadways.jpg|thumb|Major roadways, St. Augustine and vicinity)

• (File:I-95.svg|20px) Interstate 95 runs north–south.
• (File:US 1.svg|20px) U.S. Route 1 runs north–south.
• (File:Florida A1A.svg|20px) State Road A1A runs north–south.
• (File:Florida 16.svg|20px) State Road 16 runs east–west
• (File:Florida 207.svg|20px) State Road 207 runs northeast–southwest
• (File:Florida 312.svg|20px) State Road 312 runs east–west

Buses

Bus service is operated by the Sunshine Bus Company, based in St. Augustine Beach.WEB,weblink Public Transportation | St. Augustine Beach Florida, www.staugbch.com, Buses operate mainly between shopping centers across town, but a few go to Hastings and Jacksonville, where one can connect to JTA for additional service across Jacksonville.There is also a tour bus company, Old Town Trolley Tours of St. Augustine.

Airport

St. Augustine has one public airport {{convert|4|mi|km}} north of the downtown. It has three runways and two seaplane lanes.WEB,weblink SGJ – Northeast Florida Regional Airport – SkyVector, skyvector.com, 2014-06-17,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150514071002weblink">weblink 2015-05-14,

Rail

The Florida East Coast Railway runs through St. Augustine. Passenger service to the city ended in 1968. First Coast Commuter Rail is a project to establish commuter rail services between Jacksonville and St. Augustine.

Points of interest

First and second Spanish eras

• Avero House
• Castillo de San Marcos National Monument
• Fort Matanzas National Monument
• Fort Mose Historic State Park
• Nombre de Dios
• Gonzalez-Alvarez House
• Fountain of Youth Archaeological Park
• The Spanish Military Hospital Museum
• St. Francis Barracks
• Colonial Quarter
• Ximenez-Fatio House
• González-Jones House
• Llambias House
• Oldest Wooden Schoolhouse
• Tolomato Cemetery and Huguenot Cemetery

British era

• The King's Bakery

Pre-Flagler era

• St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum
• Markland Mansion

Flagler era

• Ponce de Leon Hotel
• Casa Monica Hotel
• Hotel Alcazar
• Zorayda Castle
• Bridge of Lions
• Old St. Johns County Jail
• Ripley's Believe it or Not! Museum located in 1887 mansion of William Worden.
• St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park

Historic churches

• Grace United Methodist Church
• Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine
• Memorial Presbyterian Church
• Trinity Church of St. Augustine

Lincolnville National Historic District – Civil Rights era

• St. Benedict the Moor School

Other points of interest

• Anastasia State Park
• Florida School for the Deaf and Blind
• Great Cross
• St. Augustine Amphitheatre
• St. Augustine Aquarium
• St. Augustine Pirate & Treasure Museum
• Victory III, St. Augustine Scenic Cruise boat, since 1973

{{See also|List of St. Augustine parks}}

Culture

{{expand section|date=May 2023}}

Music

• The Wobbly Toms (2003), band

Education

File:St Aug Fla School Deaf Blind pano01.jpg|thumb|Ray Charles Center and the Theodore Johnson Center, at the Florida School for the Deaf and BlindFlorida School for the Deaf and BlindPrimary and secondary education in St. Augustine is overseen by the St. Johns County School District.There are four zoned elementary schools with sections of the city limits in their attendance boundaries: John A. Crookshank (outside the city limits),WEB,weblinkweblink 2022-08-02, St. Johns County School Attendance Zones John A. Crookshank Elementary School, St. Johns County School District, 2022-08-01, - See index of maps R. B. Hunt,WEB,weblinkweblink 2022-08-02, St. Johns County School Attendance Zones R. B. Hunt Elementary School, St. Johns County School District, 2022-08-01, - See index of maps Ketterlinus,WEB,weblinkweblink 2022-08-02, St. Johns County School Attendance Zones Ketterlinus Elementary School, St. Johns County School District, 2022-08-01, - See index of maps and Osceola (outside the city limits).WEB,weblinkweblink 2022-08-02, St. Johns County School Attendance Zones Osceola Elementary School, St. Johns County School District, 2022-08-01, - See index of maps There are two zoned middle schools (both outside the city limits): R. J. Murray Middle School,WEB,weblinkweblink 2022-08-02, St. Johns County School Attendance Zones R. J. Murray Middle School, St. Johns County School District, 2022-08-01, - See index of maps and Sebastian Middle School.WEB,weblinkweblink 2022-08-02, St. Johns County School Attendance Zones Sebastian Middle School, St. Johns County School District, 2022-08-01, - See index of maps There are no county high schools located within St. Augustine's current city limits, but St. Augustine High School is the designated senior high school for residentially-zoned land in St. Augustine.WEB,weblink Zoning Map, City of St. Augustine, 2022-08-01, Compare with the St. Augustin HS zoning map: WEB,weblinkweblink 2022-08-02, 2022 - 2023 St. Johns County School Attendance Zones St. Augustine High School, St. Johns County School District, 2022-08-01, Additionally Pedro Menendez High School, and St. Johns Technical High School are located in the vicinity.The Florida School for the Deaf and Blind, a state-operated boarding school for deaf and blind students, was founded in the city in 1885.WEB,weblink fsdb.k12.fl.us, Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind, 2007-03-27,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070403183039weblink">weblink 2007-04-03, The Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine operates the St. Joseph Academy, Florida's oldest Catholic high school, to the west of the city.NEWS, School is Tradition,weblink The Florida Times-Union/Shorelines, February 13, 2003, May 18, 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121008203525weblink">weblink 2012-10-08, There are several institutions of higher education in and around St. Augustine. Flagler College is a four-year liberal arts college founded in 1968. It is located in the former Ponce de Leon Hotel in downtown St. Augustine.BOOK, Insiders' Guide to Jacksonville, 3rd Edition, Reiss, Sarah W., 2009, Globe Pequot, 978-0-7627-5032-0, 184,weblink May 10, 2011, St. Johns River State College, a state college in the Florida College System, has its St. Augustine campus just west of the city. Also in the area are the University of North Florida, Jacksonville University, and Florida State College at Jacksonville in Jacksonville.BOOK, Insiders' Guide to Jacksonville, 3rd Edition, Reiss, Sarah W., 2009, Globe Pequot, 978-0-7627-5032-0, 184–187,weblink May 18, 2011, The institution now known as Florida Memorial University was located in St. Augustine from 1918 to 1968, when it relocated to its present campus in Miami Gardens. Originally known as Florida Baptist Academy, then Florida Normal, and then Florida Memorial College, it was a historically black institution and had a wide impact on St. Augustine while it was located there. During World War II it was chosen as the site for training the first blacks in the U. S. Signal Corps. Among its faculty members was Zora Neale Hurston; a historic marker was placed in 2003 at the house at 791 West King Street where she lived while teaching at Florida MemorialBOOK, Margaretta, Jolly, Encyclopedia of Life Writing: Autobiographical and Biographical Forms,weblink 4 December 2013, Routledge, 978-1-136-78744-7, 450, 27 October 2015,weblink 3 June 2016, live, (and where she completed her autobiography Dust Tracks on a Road.)BOOK, Robert Wayne Croft, A Zora Neale Hurston Companion,weblink registration, 1 January 2002, Greenwood Publishing Group, 978-0-313-30707-2, 37–38, 27 October 2015, BOOK, Harold, Bloom, Zora Neale Hurston,weblink 1 January 2009, Infobase Publishing, 978-1-4381-1553-5, 38–39, 27 October 2015,weblink 24 April 2016, live, File:St. Augustine High School.jpg|St. Augustine High School is not in the city limits, but is the zoned high school of St. AugustineFile:Ketterlinus Elmentary School.jpg|Ketterlinus Elementary School is one of two public elementary schools in the St. Augustine city limits.File:Florida School for the Deaf and Blind.jpg|Florida School for the Deaf and Blind is a statewide K-12 school for the deaf and blind in St. Augustine

Notable people

File:David Levy Yulee - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|upright|United States Senator David Levy YuleeDavid Levy YuleeFile:Hurston-Zora-Neale-LOC.jpg|thumb|upright|Author Zora Neale HurstonZora Neale Hurston

• Andrew Anderson, physician, St. Augustine mayor
• Steve Berry (novelist), bestselling author, resides in St. Augustine
• Jorge Biassou, Haitian revolutionary and black Spanish general
• Richard Boone, actor
• Albert Boyd, member of National Aviation Hall of Fame
• James Branch Cabell, novelist
• Doug Carn, jazz musician
• Cris Carpenter, major league baseball pitcher
• Ray Charles, pianist, singer, composer
• George J. F. Clarke, Surveyor General of Spanish East Florida
• Nicholas de Concepcion, escaped slave who became a Spanish privateer and pirate captain
• Earl Cunningham, artist
• Alexander Darnes, born a slave, became a well-known physician
• Edmund Jackson Davis, governor of Texas
• Kathleen Deagan, archaeologist
• Frederick Delius, composer
• Frederick Dent, general and brother-in-law of Ulysses Grant
• Audrey Nell Edwards, civil rights hero
• Henry Flagler, industrialist
• Willie Galimore, football star
• Michael Gannon, historian
• William H. Gray, U.S. congressman and president of the United Negro College Fund
• Martin Davis Hardin, Union General in the Civil War
• Robert Hayling, civil rights leader
• Martin Johnson Heade, artist
• Zora Neale Hurston, novelist and folklorist
• Willie Irvin, Philadelphia Eagles football player
• Stetson Kennedy, author and human rights activist
• Scott Lagasse, race car driver
• Scott Lagasse Jr., race car driver
• Jacob Lawrence, artist
• William W. Loring, Confederate general
• Albert Manucy, historian, author, Fulbright Scholar
• Howell W. Melton, United States district judge
• Prince Achille Murat, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
• Andrew Nagorski, journalist and author
• David Nolan, author and historian
• Osceola, Seminole War leader (held prisoner at Fort Marion, now Castillo de San Marcos)
• Verle A. Pope, state legislator
• Richard Henry Pratt, soldier and educator
• Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, novelist
• Marcus Roberts, musician
• Gamble Rogers, folk singer
• John M. Schofield, Union general
• Edmund Kirby Smith, Confederate general
• Bill Snowden, race car driver
• Steve Spurrier, college/pro (American) football coach
• Felix Varela, Cuban national hero
• Augustin Verot, first Bishop of St. Augustine
• Patty Wagstaff, member of National Aviation Hall of Fame
• DeWitt Webb, physician, St. Augustine mayor, state representative
• David Levy Yulee, first Jewish U.S. Senator, Levy County and Yulee, Florida namesake
• Agustin V. Zamorano, pioneer printer and provisional governor of California

Sister cities

{{See also|List of sister cities in Florida}}St. Augustine's sister cities are:WEB, Sister Cities,weblink citystaug.com, City of St. Augustine, 2021-01-26,

• {{flagicon|ESP}} Avilés, Spain
• {{flagicon|COL}} Cartagena, Colombia
• {{flagicon|ESP}} Menorca, Spain
• {{flagicon|DOM}} Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

Gallery

File:Saint Augustine,Florida,USA. - panoramio (11).jpg|Bell tower on northeast bastion of the Castillo de San MarcosFile:Saint Augustine,Florida,USA. - panoramio (13).jpg|North bastions and wall of the Castillo, looking eastward toward Anastasia IslandFile:Saint Augustine,Florida,USA. - panoramio (12).jpg|Seawall south of the CastilloFile:City gate.jpg|The city gates of St. Augustine, built in 1808, part of the much older Cubo LineFile:St Aug Govt House Museum01.jpg|The Government House. East wing of the building dates to the 18th-century structure built on original site of the colonial governor's residence.BOOK, James D., Kornwolf, Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America,weblink 2002, Johns Hopkins University Press, 978-0-8018-5986-1, 87, File:Facade of Cathedral of St. Augustine.jpg|Facade of the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. AugustineFile:OurLadyofLaLecheShrine-exterior.jpg|Shrine of Our Lady of La Leche at Mission Nombre de DiosFile:St. Augustine (Florida)-Juan Ponce de Leon monument.jpg|Statue of Ponce de LeónFile:St Aug Mem Presby Church02.jpg|Memorial Presbyterian ChurchFile:The Lightner Museum.jpg|The former Hotel Alcazar now houses the Lightner Museum and City HallFile:Flagler College, Ponce de Leon Hotel, St. Augustine FL, South courtyard view 20160707 1.jpg|Flagler College, formerly the Ponce de Leon HotelFile:Saint Augustine,Florida,USA. - panoramio (16).jpg|Bridge of Lions, looking eastward to Anastasia IslandFile:Saint Augustine,Florida,USA. - panoramio (27).jpg|Tolomato Cemetery

See also

• Gálveztown (brig sloop) – ship which played a role in the Gulf Coast campaign of the American Revolutionary War under Bernardo de Gálvez, and its replica built recently in Spain anticipating the 450th anniversary of St. Augustine's founding (1565–2015).
• St. Augustine movement

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}

• Abbad y Lasierra, Iñigo, "Relación del descubrimiento, conquista y población de las provincias y costas de la Florida" – "Relación de La Florida" (1785); edición de Juan José Nieto Callén y José María Sánchez Molledo.
• Colburn, David, Racial Change and Community Crisis: St. Augustine, Florida, 1877–1980 (1985), New York: Columbia University Press.
• JOURNAL, 2512931, Migration to a Spanish Imperial Frontier in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: St. Augustine, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 54, 3, 414–430, Corbett, Theodore G., 1974, 10.2307/2512931,
• Deagan, Kathleen, Fort Mose: Colonial America's Black Fortress of Freedom (1995), Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
• Fairbanks, George R. (George Rainsford), History and antiquities of St. Augustine, Florida (1881), Jacksonville, Florida, H. Drew.
• Gannon, Michael V., The Cross in the Sand: The Early Catholic Church in Florida 1513–1870 (1965), Gainesville: University Presses of Florida.
• Goldstein, Holly Markovitz, "St. Augustine's "Slave Market": A Visual History," Southern Spaces, 28 September 2012.
• Gordon, Elsbeth, Florida's Colonial Architectural Heritage, University Press of Florida, 2002; Heart and Soul of Florida: Sacred Sites and Historic Architecture, University Press of Florida, 2013
• Graham, Thomas, The Awakening of St. Augustine, (1978), St. Augustine Historical Society
• Hanna, A. J., A Prince in Their Midst, (1946), Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
• Harvey, Karen, America's First City, (1992), Lake Buena Vista, Florida: Tailored Tours Publications.
• Harvey, Karen, St. Augustine Enters the Twenty-first Century, (2010), Virginia Beach, VA: The Donning Company.
• Landers, Jane, Black Society in Spanish Florida (1999), Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
• Lardner, Ring, Gullible's Travels, (1925), New York: Scribner's.
• Lyon, Eugene, The Enterprise of Florida, (1976), Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
• Manucy, Albert, Menendez, (1983), St. Augustine Historical Society.
• {{Citation |publisher = ABC-CLIO |isbn = 978-1-57607-027-7 |location = Santa Barbara, California |title = Historic Cities of the Americas |volume=2 |author = Marley, David F. |date = 2005 |chapter=United States: St. Augustine |page=627+ }}
• McCarthy, Kevin (editor), The Book Lover's Guide to Florida, (1992), Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press.
• Nolan, David, Fifty Feet in Paradise: The Booming of Florida, (1984), New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
• Nolan, David, The Houses of St. Augustine, (1995), Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press.
• Porter, Kenneth W., The Black Seminoles: History of a Freedom-Seeking People, (1996), Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
• Reynolds, Charles B. (Charles Bingham), Old Saint Augustine, a story of three centuries, (1893), St. Augustine, Florida E. H. Reynolds.
• Torchia, Robert W., Lost Colony: The Artists of St. Augustine, 1930–1950, (2001), St. Augustine: The Lightner Museum.
• Turner, Glennette Tilley, Fort Mose, (2010), New York: Abrams Books.
• United States Commission on Civil Rights, 1965. Law Enforcement: A Report on Equal Protection in the South. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
• Warren, Dan R., If It Takes All Summer: Martin Luther King, the KKK, and States' Rights in St. Augustine, 1964, (2008), Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
• Waterbury, Jean Parker (editor), The Oldest City, (1983), St. Augustine Historical Society.

External links

{{Sister project links|auto=yes}}

Government resources

• City of St. Augustine Official Website
• St. Augustine Port, Waterway and Beach District

Local news media

• The St. Augustine Record/staugustine.com, the city's daily print and online newspaper
• Historic City News, daily online news journal

{{St. Augustine, Florida}}{{St. Johns County, Florida}}{{Jacksonville Metro}}{{Florida}}{{North Florida}}{{Spanish Colonial architecture}}{{Florida county seats}}{{Authority control}}