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{{Short description|Artificial caves in Bihar, India}}

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|location = Rajgir|geology = |entrance_count =label_position=1}}The Son Bhandar Caves (also known as the Swarn Bhandar Caves) are two man-made caves carved into the base of the Vaibhar Hills in Rajgir in the state of Bihar in India.WEB,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/on-a-treasure-hunt-in-the-son-bhandar-caves-of-bihar/articleshow/65200298.cms, On a treasure hunt in the Son Bhandar Caves of Bihar, The Times of India, Based on the dedicatory inscription found in the largest cave — which uses Gupta script of the 4th century CE — the caves are generally dated to the 3rd or 4th century CE, although some authors have suggested the caves could actually go back to the period of the Maurya Empire, possibly as early as 319 BCE.{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2015|p=299}}{{Sfn|Burgess|2013|p=49}} The main cave is rectangular with a trapezoidal entrance and a vaulted ceiling, reminiscent of the structure of the earlier Barabar Caves. The quality of the polish and the finish are nevertheless much inferior to that of the Barabar Caves. The stone of Son Bhandar is also much less hard than the granite of the Barabar caves, and therefore did not require the same degree of effort and technique.Gupta, The roots of Indian Art, B. R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 1980 {{p.|194-200}}

Dedicatory inscription of the 4th century CE

An inscription in the rock at the entrance of the cave in Gupta characters of the 4th century CE mentions the construction of the cellar by a Jain Muni (“Monk“) named Vairadeva. This inscription has led scholars to date the cave to the same period of the 4th century CE.:(File:Son Bhandar cave inscription.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Original inscription in Gupta script.{{sfn|Cunningham|1871|p=498}}){{Blockquote|Muni Vairadeva, the jewel among the acaryas’’ and of great lustre, caused to be made the two auspicious caves which are worthy of ascetics and in which were placed the images of arhats (ie tirthankaras)|Inscription of the main Son Bhandar cave (4th century CE).}}{{Jainism}}According to Gupta, however, this inscription may be ambiguous and, for him, might only mean that the cave was the subject of re-development work at that time. For this reason, he tends to date the cave on the basis of its similarities with the caves of Barabar (general shape, trapezoidal entrance door, polishing, although extremely limited) to the time of Ashoka (260 BCE), or even a little earlier, making it the possible precursor of all artificial caves in India such as the Barabar Caves. Le Huu Phuoc also entertains the possibility, to challenge the traditional idea that stone mirror-polishing techniques were imported from the Near East.{{sfn|Phuoc Le|2010|p=45}} The consensus, however, favours the traditional datation of 2nd to 4th century of our era, based on the epigraphic evidence.The ancient Saptaparni Cave, a natural cave dating back to the days of the Buddha, is only a few kilometers away.

Main Cave

The cave dates were built during rule of Maurya empire during 319 to 180 BCE.{{Sfn|Burgess|2013|p=49}}{{Sfn|Kulshreshtha|2017|p=135}} The Chaumukha (quadruple) idol discovered inside the cave has a domical top and the stela on each side shows a dharmachakra. Each side has carvings of animal representing the symbol of respective tirthankar - Ajitnatha with two elephants flank the wheel, Sambhavanatha with two monkeys, Shantinatha, with two deer and Rishabhanatha with chawri bearer on each side and flying garland-bearer over the head. This idol dates back to 7th—8th century CE.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=117}}{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=128}}{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=135}}{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=152}}File:Son Bhandar cave outside.jpg|Outside of the cave.File:Son Bhandar cave entrance.jpg|Trapezoidal EntranceFile:Son Bhandar cave shrine Rajgir.jpg|Inside the cave, with votive Jain stele.File:Son Bhandar Jain votive stele.jpg|The Jain stele.File:Son Bhandar polished surface.jpg|Partially polished surface .File:IA Son Bhandar cave.jpg|Volume map of the main cave.File:Son Bhandar cave plan.jpg|Plan the main cave and the second small cave next to it.

Second cave

The second cave, adjacent to the main cave, is largely destroyed, but it has some beautiful Jains reliefs. This cave dates back to the 3rd and 4th century AD.{{Sfn|Kulshreshtha|2017|p=135}} The relief sculpture includes carving of Mahavira in the cave wall.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=117}}Son Bhandar Cave 1 and Cave 2.jpg|Main cave and second cave in the background.Son Bhandar second cave.jpg|Facade of the second cave.Son Bhandar second cave sculptures.jpg|Inside wall of the second cave, with sculptures.Son Bhandar sculptures.jpg|Jain sculptures of the second cave.Son Bhandar Jain sculptures.jpg|Jain sculptures of the second cave.

See also

{{Commons category|Sonebhandar cave}}

• Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

References

Citation

{{Reflist}}

Sources

• BOOK, Balcerowicz, Piotr, Piotr Balcerowicz, Early Asceticism in India: Ä€jÄ«vikism and Jainism, Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies, 16 September 2015, Routledge, {{Google books, nfOPCgAAQBAJ, 299, yes, |isbn=978-1-315-72697-7 }}
• BOOK, Burgess, James, James Burgess (archaeologist), {{Google books, bVXa9JyxOw4C, 49, yes, |title=The Cave Temples of India | series=Cambridge Library Collection - Perspectives from the Royal Asiatic Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=6 May 2013 | orig-date=1880| isbn=978-1-108-05552-9 }}
• BOOK, Cunningham, Alexander, Alexander Cunningham,archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532834/page/n497/mode/2up?view=theater, Four report made during the years 1862-65, 1871, 1, Archaeological Survey of India,
• BOOK, Kulshreshtha, Salila, {{Google books, uJU4DwAAQBAJ, 135, yes, |title=From Temple to Museum |edition=Colonial Collections and Umā MaheÅ›vara Icons in the Middle Ganga Valley | series=Archaeology and Religion in South Asia | publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=5 October 2017|isbn=978-1-315-12121-5 }}
• BOOK, Phuoc Le, Huu, Buddhist Architecture, {{Google books, 9jb364g4BvoC, 45, yes, | publisher=Grafikol | date=2010 | isbn=9780984404308}}
• BOOK, Shah, Umakant Premanand, Umakant Premanand Shah, Jaina-rÅ«pa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography, 1, {{Google books, m_y_P4duSXsC, 128, yes, | date=1987 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | location=Delhi | isbn=81-7017-208-X }}

{{Jain Caves in India}}