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{{Short description|Russian joint stock bank}}{{Lead too short|date=October 2022}}{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}

factoids

| foot_notes = }}The Rossiya Bank (Bank Rossiya (), in Russian: Акционерный коммерческий банк Россия, АКБ Россия) is a Russian joint stock bank founded on June 27, 1990. The company’s headquarters are in Saint Petersburg.The bank has been associated with the Vladimir Putin regime in Russia. The Pandora Papers leak revealed that the bank built a network of shadow companies that kept offshore wealth for Russian elites.WEB, 2016-04-03, All Putin’s Men: Secret Records Reveal Money Network Tied to Russian Leader - ICIJ,www.icij.org/investigations/panama-papers/20160403-putin-russia-offshore-network/, 2022-02-27, en-US,

History

File:Sankt-PetÄ›rburg 017.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Rossiya’s Headquarters on {{Ill|Rastrelli Square|ru|Площадь Растрелли}} in Saint PetersburgSaint Petersburg

Communist Party ownership and 1991 Soviet coup d’état attempt

On August 23, 1990, a secret memorandum from Vladimir A. Ivashko, who was Gorbachev’s deputy general secretary, was issued to organize the transfer of CPSU funds, CPSU financing and support of its operations through associations, ventures, foundations, etc. which are to act as invisible economics.NEWS, Dobbs, Michael, Coll, Steve, Michael Dobbs (journalist), Steve Coll,www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/02/01/ex-communists-are-scrambling-for-quick-cash/00a47cf2-1f47-4051-90cd-844e3e35643b/#:~:text=Typical%20of%20the%20new%20breed%20of%20international%20%22communist-capitalist%22,in%20their%20ongoing%20investigation%20of%20Communist%20Party%20finances., Ex-Communists are scrambling for quick cash, Washington Post, 1 February 1993, 23 November 2020, WEB, Palmer, Richard L.,archives-financialservices.house.gov/banking/92199pal.shtml, Statement of Richard L. Palmer, president of Cachet International, Inc. on the Infiltration of the Western Financial System by Elements of Russian Organized Crime before the House Committee on Banking and Financial Services, United States House of Representatives, House Committee on Banking and Financial Services, September 21, 1999, December 7, 2020, July 29, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190729221747/https://archives-financialservices.house.gov/banking/92199pal.shtml, {{efn|Richard L. Palmer, president of Cachet International, Inc., was the CIA station chief at the United States Embassy in Moscow from 1992 to 1994.NEWS, Foer, Franklin, Franklin Foer,www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/03/how-kleptocracy-came-to-america/580471/, Russian-Style Kleptocracy Is Infiltrating America: When the U.S.S.R. collapsed, Washington bet on the global spread of democratic capitalist values—and lost., The Atlantic, March 1, 2019, December 7, 2020, December 8, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201208004338/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/03/how-kleptocracy-came-to-america/580471/, }} Bank Rossiya was one of the hundreds of entreprises that CPSU financiers used to funnel the party gold away.WEB,www.forbesrussia.ru/forbes/issue/2008-08/7645-yurii-kovalchuk-starshii-po-%C2%ABrossii%C2%BB, Юрий Ковальчук. Старший по «России». Ни в одной западноевропейской стране человек не может заработать миллиарды долларов за 5–6 лет, сказал президент Путин в конце 2003 года в ответ на вопрос об аресте Михаила Ходорковского. Юрий Ковальчук тогда еще не был миллиардером. Это оказалось нетрудно исправить | ForbesRussia, November 11, 2009,web.archive.org/web/20091111043331/https://www.forbesrussia.ru/forbes/issue/2008-08/7645-yurii-kovalchuk-starshii-po-%C2%ABrossii%C2%BB, November 11, 2009, In 1990, the CPSU committee of the Leningrad Oblast became Rossiya Bank largest shareholder (48.4%),Anna Shcherbakova. Interview with Mikhail Klishin, Director General of the Russia Bank. Vedomosti #35(1316), March 1, 2005. (in Russian)NEWS,www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2005/03/01/88331, Не все определяется высокими процентными ставками. Интервью: Михаил Клишин, гендиректор банка “Россия”, Not everything is determined by high interest rates. Interview: Mikhail Klishin, CEO of Rossiya Bank, Vedomosti, Компромат.Ru (Compromat.Ru), #35(1316), Щербакова, Анна, 1 March 2005, 28 January 2020, 23 March 2007,compromat.ru/main/putin/bankrossia.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20070323032941compromat.ru/main/putin/bankrossia.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20070323032941compromat.ru/main/putin/bankrossia.htm, ru, {{efn|Upon Rossiya Bank’s registration on 27 June 1990, the Vladislav Reznik associated firm Russian Video (){{efn|Russian Video was headed by TV director (:ru:Рождественский, Дмитрий Дмитриевич|Dmitry Rozhdestvensky). It was associated with Andrei Balyasnikov, the former Assistant Secretary of the Leningrad City Committee for Ideology, who died in a car accident while Rozhdestvensky headed Russian Video, the retired KGB colonel Vladimir Grunin who was in charge of spying on foreign consulates in Leningrad and Mikhael Mirilashvili, also known as Misha Kutaissky. In 1997, the (:ru:«Медиа-мост»|Media Most Group) gained control of Russian Video and Filipp Bobkov, who masterminded the transfer of the Communist Party gold in the early 1990s, headed it until Media Most’s liquidation in May 2001.(:ru:Нерсесов, Юрий Аркадьевич|Нерсесов, Юрий) (23 January 2003). Жертвы иудейской войны. stringer-news.ru website. Retrieved 3 June 2021.Чижова, Любовь (29 May 2001). Ликвидация ЗАО “Медиа-Мост”. Radio Liberty website. Retrieved 3 June 2021.}} held a 13 million ruble stake compared to the CPSU’s 15 million stake which was held by the Leningrad Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union which Arkady Krutikhin () headed. All of the funds for the Russian Video stake came from the Leningrad Regional Committee of the Communist Party, too. Others with stakes were Rus (), an insurance company founded by Aleksey Aleksandrov () and headed by Vladislav Reznik from 1990 to 1995,WEB,www.lobbying.ru/content/persons/id_436.html, Lobbying.ru | Резник Владислав Матусович, October 23, 2008,www.lobbying.ru/content/persons/id_436.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20081023033743www.lobbying.ru/content/persons/id_436.html,">web.archive.org/web/20081023033743www.lobbying.ru/content/persons/id_436.html, October 23, 2008, www.anticompromat.org/alexandrov01/alexan01bio.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20161026023357www.anticompromat.org/alexandrov01/alexan01bio.html">Александров Алексей Иванович: биография and Digital Transfer, a Soviet-Belgian company.WEB,lenta.ru/lib/14159557/,lenta.ru/lib/14159557/," title="archive.today/20130706083240lenta.ru/lib/14159557/,">archive.today/20130706083240lenta.ru/lib/14159557/, 2013-07-06, dead, АБ Россия Российский банк, владелец “Национальной Медагруппы” и “Согаза”, lenta.ru, Rossiya Bank’s total capital at registration was 31 million rubles.}} but after the coup attempt in August 1991 the bank’s activity was frozen on 2 September 1991 as it was CPSU-related.The Origin of Putin’s Oligarchy {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621073656www.anticompromat.ru/oligarhi/ppo.html |date=June 21, 2006 }} by Vladimir Pribylovsky. Ms., October 11, 2005. (in Russian) It was the first commercial bank to hold accounts for the foreign economic operations of both the regional committee of the CPSU and the local management of the KGB.{{efn|The Zürich based law firm Dietrich, Baumgartner & Partners is the main law firm used by the controlling interests at Bank Rossiya. For example, to establish two new Swiss bank accounts at Gazprombank Switzerland in Zürich for the beneficial owner Sergei Roldugin, Vladimir Khotimsky, who is an investment manager at Rossiya Bank, emailed the Zürich law office of Andres Baumgartner, who is an American and is fluent in German, French, English and Russian, with instructions to “pass on Khotimsky’s orders—to enact loans or make share deals—to Mossack Fonseca’s branch office in the same town,” and “The Panamanian firm then used its own network of offices in far-flung jurisdictions to operate anonymous shell companies, in the [British Virgin Islands], Panama itself, or Belize.“WEB,www.dbp.ch/en/baumgartner.php, Andres Baumgartner, Dr. iur., LL.M., Attorney at Law, Dietrich, Baumgartner & Partner Attorneys at Law (dbp.ch), 13 October 2023, 13 October 2023, 13 October 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231013163150/https://www.dbp.ch/en/baumgartner.php, WEB,www.dbp.ch/en/firmenprofil.php, Dietrich, Baumgartner & Partner Attorneys at Law: Profile, Dietrich, Baumgartner & Partner Attorneys at Law (dbp.ch), 13 October 2023, 13 October 2023, 13 October 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231013163150/https://www.dbp.ch/en/baumgartner.php, NEWS, Harding, Luke,www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/03/sergei-roldugin-the-cellist-who-holds-the-key-to-tracing-putins-hidden-fortune, Sergei Roldugin, the cellist who holds the key to tracing Putin’s hidden fortune: The Russian president’s best friend portrays himself as a modest musician, but leaked documents reveal his role in a secret money-go-round, The Guardian, 3 April 2016, 13 October 2023, 13 October 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231013162742/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/03/sergei-roldugin-the-cellist-who-holds-the-key-to-tracing-putins-hidden-fortune, NEWS, Weiss, Michael,www.thedailybeast.com/panama-papers-russian-mob-connection, Panama Papers’ Russian Mob Connection. TANGLED WEB. The trove of leaked documents has already revealed the billions swirling around Putin. Now a Swiss firm named in the papers appears to have links to Russian organized crime., The Daily Beast, 13 April 2017, 13 October 2023, 13 October 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231013161207/https://www.thedailybeast.com/panama-papers-russian-mob-connection, NEWS, Nietlispach, David,medium.com/@davidnietlispach/putins-money-trails-in-switzerland-aed064d9ef34, Putin’s money trails in Switzerland, The Medium, 28 March 2023, 13 October 2023, 13 October 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231013183636/https://medium.com/@davidnietlispach/putins-money-trails-in-switzerland-aed064d9ef34, }}In December 1991 its activity was resumed, as the shares had been redeemed on 29 December 1991 by some member ventures of the Leningrad Association of Joint Ventures,{{efn|The president of the Saint Petersburg Association of Joint Ventures was Gennady Volodchenko () and its CEO of TSA was Vladimir Kozhin () and Vladimir Putin oversaw its interests from his city office. In 1993, Vitaly Savelyev () became the advisor to the board of Rossiya Bank.}} shares of which were held by Vladimir Yakunin, Yuriy Kovalchuk, Mikhail Markov, Viktor Myachin, Andrei Fursenko, Sergey Fursenko, Yury Nikolayev.Neva Chance“>

JV Neva Chance

The Austrian Russian joint venture JV Neva Chance received funds from the Revival of St. Petersburg Foundation (), which was co-founded by Anatoly Sobchak and its CEO Alexander Margolis ().WEB,www.compromat.ru/page_21450.htm, Навар на спасении Куда ушли средства, поступившие на счета Международного благотворительного фонда “Спасения Санкт-Петербурга” - Компромат.Ру / Compromat.Ru, www.compromat.ru, WEB, https:versia-na-neve.livejournal.com/129173.html,archive.today/20111009184442/https://versia-na-neve.livejournal.com/129173.html, 2011-10-09, dead, Смерть ненужного человека, versia-na-neve.livejournal.com, {{efn|In the 1990s, Alexander Valerievich Sobchak () who is a nephew of Anatoly Sobchak founded numerous strip clubs and escort companies in St Petersburg.WEB,www.izvestia.ru/conflict/article35226, ИЗВЕСТИЯ.РУ Конфликты СОБЧАК РАБОТАЛ ПОД МАНЬЯКА Александр АНДРЮХИН, June 26, 2003,www.izvestia.ru/conflict/article35226," title="web.archive.org/web/20030626004343www.izvestia.ru/conflict/article35226,">web.archive.org/web/20030626004343www.izvestia.ru/conflict/article35226, June 26, 2003, }} A Los Angeles branch of the St. Petersburg Foundation was established by Mark Davidovich Lvovich (; b. Soviet Union), also known as Mark Neumann (), who founded and headed the California firm Trada that received several hundred thousand dollars of “funds of UNI-REM” () which Sergei Bagaev (),{{efn|In September 1996, Sergei Bagaev was murdered in Saint Petersburg on Shpalernaya Street ()WEB,www.compromat.ru/page_26663.htm, Анатолий Собчак - фальшивая монета // Тень Собчака-2 - Компромат.Ру / Compromat.Ru, www.compromat.ru, }} a colleague of Anatoly Sobchak at Leningrad University, headed. Leon Weinstein (), an assistant to Neuman at the Los Angeles branch, and his wife Gulnara Afanasyeva () were active with the St. Petersburg Foundation when it sponsored Sobchak’s visit to Los Angeles.{{efn|Upon Sobchak’s arrival in Los Angeles, Mark Neuman, Leon Weinstein, and Gulnara Afanasyeva met Sobchak.}}JV Neva Chance established thirty companies including JV Casino Neva.

Putin’s capital support from Leningrad casinos

Beginning in 1991, Vladimir Putin was St Petersburg’s chairman of the supervisory board for casinos and gambling () and, in 1993, began issuing gambling licenses in which shares were gained by the city of St Petersburg in the company Neva Chance () which owned the first St Petersburg casino AOZT Casino () because it had the same address and phone numbers as city hall, but later it became JV Casino Neva () and opened on 19 August 1991.WEB,zampolit.com/dossier/prigozhin-evgeniy-viktorovich/, Пригожин Евгений Викторович, Prigozhin Evgeny Viktorovich, Zampolit, 8 January 2020, ru, NEWS,novayagazeta.ru/articles/2011/09/01/45715-kto-takoy-prigozhin, Расследования. Кто такой Пригожин: Игорный бизнес, питерская дружба, ресторан в Доме правительства, Investigations. Who is Prigogine: Gambling, Petersburg friendship, restaurant in the Government House, Novaya Gazeta, 1 September 2011, 14 January 2020, 30 October 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181030090345/https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2011/09/01/45715-kto-takoy-prigozhin, ru, NEWS,novayagazeta.ru/articles/2011/10/14/46298-retsept-uspeha-lichnogo-povara-putina, Рецепт успеха личного повара Путина. Почему ресторатору Евгению Пригожину разрешили кормить нас блюдами, которые не портятся 21 день*, Plots. The recipe for success for Putin’s personal chef: Why restaurateur Evgeny Prigozhin was allowed to feed us dishes that do not spoil for 21 days*, Novaya Gazeta, Петлянова, Нина, 14 October 2011, 14 January 2020, 15 April 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190415060410/https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2011/10/14/46298-retsept-uspeha-lichnogo-povara-putina, ru, NEWS,novayagazeta.ru/articles/2012/02/08/48148-komu-neva-dala-shans, Сюжеты. Кому Нева дала шанс: Игорный бизнес в Санкт-Петербурге начинали российские ОПГ и японские якудза. Под контролем мэрии. Уникальное свидетельство непосредственного участника событий, Plots. To whom Neva gave a chance: Gambling business in St. Petersburg was started by Russian organized crime groups and Japanese yakuza. Under the control of the city hall. Unique evidence of a direct participant in the events, Novaya Gazeta, Иванидзе, Владимир, 8 February 2012, 14 January 2020, 8 April 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180408220516/https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2012/02/08/48148-komu-neva-dala-shans, ru, NEWS,theins.ru/korrupciya/22764, Путин глазами якудзы. Японский мафиози рассказал о своем бизнесе в Петербурге, Putin through the eyes of the Yakuza. Japanese mafiosi spoke about his business in St. Petersburg, (:ru:The Insider, The Insider), Кириленко, Анастасия, 21 April 2016, 14 January 2020, 23 April 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160423211538/https://theins.ru/korrupciya/22764, ru, {{efn|The Austrian Russian Joint Venture JV Neva Chance formed the St. Petersburg casino Neva Chance which was registered in May 1992 and established in 1993.NEWS, Иванидзе, Владимир,novayagazeta.ru/society/50920.html, Кому Нева дала шанс: Игорный бизнес в Санкт-Петербурге начинали российские ОПГ и японские якудза. Под контролем мэрии. Уникальное свидетельство непосредственного участника событий, To whom the Neva gave a chance: The gambling business in St. Petersburg was started by Russian organized crime groups and Japanese yakuza. Under the control of the city hall. Unique evidence of a direct participant in the events, Novaya Gazeta, 8 February 2012, 20 December 2020, 9 February 2012,web.archive.org/web/20120209210941/https://novayagazeta.ru/society/50920.html, Its co-owners were Novomatic with nearly all its shares and “Neva-Chance” (AOZT “Casino“) which had the same address as Vladimir Putin’s Committee for External Relations and according to law was supposed to own a share in every St Petersburg casino. The telephone number for “Neva-Chance”, JV Casino Neva, and Putin’s Committee for External Relations was exactly the same, too. Neva Chance changed its name several times eventually becoming in 1997 the Admiral-Club, however its taxpayer identification number and its registration location at Antonenko Street, 6, had never changed. Through the Swedish Russian Joint Venture JV Petrodin, proceeds from this casino or chorny mal, which Viktor Zolotov acquired for Vladimir Putin, were used as capital to establish Bank Rossiya.NEWS, Кириленко, Анастасия,theins.ru/korrupciya/22764, Путин глазами якудзы. Японский мафиози рассказал о своем бизнесе в Петербурге, Putin through the eyes of the Yakuza. Japanese mafiosi spoke about his business in St. Petersburg, ru, (:ru:The Insider, The Insider), 21 April 2016, 20 December 2020, 23 April 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160423211538/https://theins.ru/korrupciya/22764, NEWS, Кириленко, Анастасия,theins.ru/korrupciya/10407, Мафия на госзаказе. Как новые кремлевские олигархи связаны с преступным миром, Mafia at the state order. How are the new Kremlin oligarchs connected with the underworld, ru, (:ru:The Insider, The Insider), 2 July 2015, 20 December 2020, 3 July 2015,web.archive.org/web/20150703111342/https://theins.ru/korrupciya/10407, NEWS,www.fontanka.ru/2008/06/20/122/, Крыша российской элиты, The roof of the Russian elite, ru, (:ru:Фонтака.ру, Fontaka.ru), 23 June 2008, 20 December 2020, 27 June 2008,web.archive.org/web/20080627025404/https://www.fontanka.ru/2008/06/20/122/, Several prestigiously located casinos around St Petersbug are called Admiral.}} In 1992 or 1993 it changed its name to Laguna, then in 1997 to Admiral Club or more simply known as Admiral. According to the Yakuza Kinichi KamiyasuNEWS,www.mzk1.ru/2016/07/pochetnye-gosti-aleksandra-malysheva-yakudza/, Почетные гости Александра Малышева – Якудза, Honored guests of Alexander Malyshev - Yakuza, mzk1.ru, Артемов, Денис, 28 July 2016, 16 January 2020, ru, who supplied slot machines with cash prizes to St Petersburg casinos in the 1990s from his Stockholm, Sweden, company Dyna Computer Service AB which was a subsidiary of the Masimichi Iida () () owned Osaka firm, Dyna Company Ltd.,WEB,baseconnect.in/companies/7fd92668-9c9b-4276-9a05-ccc41dc2df00, 株式会社ダイナ, Dyna Corporation, baseconnect.in, Osaka, 16 January 2020, ja, the criminals Gennady Petrov (),WEB,rusmafiozi.blogspot.com/2011/03/blog-post_2411.html, Геннадий Петров Лидер малышевской ОПГ, Gennady Petrov Leader of the Malyshevskaya organized crime group, rusmafiozi, 13 March 2011, 16 January 2020, ru, Alexander Malyshev (),WEB,rusmafiozi.blogspot.com/2011/03/blog-post_8784.html, Александр Малышев Лидер малышевской ОПГ, Alexander Malyshev Leader of the Malyshevskaya organized crime group, rusmafiozi, 13 March 2011, 16 January 2020, ru, and Sergey Kuzmin () operated the casino through a Vladimir Putin issued license in order to establish JV Petrodin () in 1991. JV Petrodin, which Kamiyasu owned a 35% stake and Gennady Petrov and Sergey Kuzmin owned a 65% stake through their company BXM (), used the money from the casinos to provide capital for Bank Rossiya.NEWS,theins.ru/korrupciya/10407, Мафия на госзаказе. Как новые кремлевские олигархи связаны с преступным миром, Mafia at the state order. How are the new Kremlin oligarchs connected with the underworld, (:ru:The Insider, The Insider), Кириленко, Анастасия, 2 July 2015, 14 January 2020, 3 July 2015,web.archive.org/web/20150703111342/https://theins.ru/korrupciya/10407, ru, NEWS,www.fontanka.ru/2008/06/20/122/, Крыша российской элиты, The roof of the Russian elite, (:ru:Фонтака.ру, Fontaka.ru), 23 June 2008, 14 January 2020, 27 June 2008,web.archive.org/web/20080627025404/https://www.fontanka.ru/2008/06/20/122/, ru,

Capital outflows from the Soviet Union and Russia

In March 1992, the Yeltsin government contracted Kroll Associates to track down and find very large sums of money that had been removed from the Soviet Union prior to the August 1991 putsch on the Russian White House.{{sfnp|Dawisha|2014|p=18}}NEWS, Bohlen, Celestine, U.S. Company to Help Russia Track Billions,www.nytimes.com/1992/03/03/world/us-company-to-help-russia-track-billions.html, The New York Times, March 3, 1992, April 30, 2018, In 1992, First Deputy Prime Minister Yegor Timurovich Gaidar said, “Last year saw large-scale privatization by the nomenklatura, privatization by officials for their own personal benefit.“NEWS, Sneider, Daniel, Russia Goes After ‘Party Gold’: Money Communist officials allegedly shifted out of the country is called crucial to reform,www.csmonitor.com/1992/0304/04021.html, Christian Science Monitor, March 4, 1992, April 30, 2018, Gaidar called the Communists and KGB officials criminals and that a “a vigorous search” for the money trails from state-owned capital had flowed abroad virtually unchecked before the collapse of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1991. On March 15, 1992, the Russian government froze all capital outflows from Russia. On April 4, 1992, Yeltsin issued “The fight against corruption in the public service” decree to provide for maximum transparency of officials and their institutions by providing a listing of their financial obligations, liabilities, securities, income, bank deposits, real estate holdings and their personal property and to prohibit officials from owning businesses.NEWS, Kalinina, Alexandra,imrussia.org/en/nation/376-corruption-in-russia-as-a-business, Corruption in Russia as a Business, Institute of Modern Russia, January 29, 2013, December 7, 2020, July 28, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200728220115/https://imrussia.org/en/nation/376-corruption-in-russia-as-a-business, In April 1992, Kroll Associates began their investigations with Joseph Serio heading the Kroll Associates efforts in Moscow.{{sfnp|Dawisha|2014|p=19}}{{efn|From 1990-1, Joseph Serio, an American, worked with the Soviet Interior Ministry as an American liaison.{{sfnp|Dawisha|2014|p=19}}}} Also, Joseph Rosetti, the vice chairman of Kroll Associates, was in Moscow to assist. The Kroll Associates determined that more than $14 billion in 1991 real dollars had been transferred from Switzerland to New York prior to the August 1991 putsch. Also, the Communist Party of the former Soviet Union along with other government agencies, such as the KGB, had transferred more than $40 billion in 2014 real dollars out of the country.{{sfnp|Dawisha|2014|p=18}}{{efn|Other estimates show that the KGB had removed $50 billion in 1992 real dollars.}} The assests of the Vneshekonombank were frozen during the investigation. However, numerous transactions occurred to bypass the capital flow restrictions often with the British Barclays Bank in Cyprus acting a money laundering center for public officials from Saint Petersburg and Moscow.{{efn|Vladimir Putin was in charge of the Committee for Foreign Liaison, (), the Committee for Foreign Economic Relations, or the Committee for External Relations during this period. Later, he was the advisor to Anatoly Sobchak until June 1991 while Sobchak headed the Leningrad City Council from May 1990 to June 1991. After Sobchak became the Mayor of Saint Petersburg, Putin became Sobchak’s first deputy and later Sobchak’s first deputy mayor. By 1990, Sobchak was reviled by the KGB for his uncovering of numerous irregularities and illegal actions by the KGB and former KGB officials.{{sfnp|Dawisha|2014|pp=55, 88}}}} According to Valery Makharadze, the government’s chief inspector, many joint stock companies were formed to provide an illegal means for capital outflows from Russia, such as the Leningrad Association of Joint Ventures{{efn|The Leningrad Association of Joint Ventures was formed in 1990 and had two joint ventures with Germany, one with the United States, and one with Finland (FILCO).{{sfnp|Dawisha|2014|p=65}}}} and KOLO.{{sfnp|Dawisha|2014|p=65}}{{efn|KOLO removed part of the assets of six defense and space complex firms.}} Numerous officials became wealthy Russian oligarchs including numerous former KGB officials, prominent Communists such as Oleg Belyakov and other former Communists who headed the party Central Committee department that dealt with the defense industry, as well as Leonid Kravchenko, who was the former head of the state television and radio company. Jules Kroll, the head of the Kroll Associates, uncovered hundreds of illicit transactions with massive capital outflows.JOURNAL, Tikhomirov, Vladimir, Capital Flight from Post-Soviet Russia, Europe-Asia Studies, 49, 4, 592, 1997, 10.1080/09668139708412462, This outflow of capital from the Soviet Union and Russia directly contributed to severe economic conditions in Russia during Boris Yeltsin’s second term, leading to its collapse, and resulting in the age of Vladimir Putin as the President of Russia.{{sfnp|Dawisha|2014|p=18}}

Organized crime links

From 1998 to 2000 OCG Organized Crime Gang Tambov Gang leaders Gennady Petrov and Sergei Kuzmin each owned 2.2% of bank shares, and they were represented at meetings by Andrei Shumkov, who sat on the Bank’s board of directors from 1998 to 2000 (as the Vedomosti business newspaper reported). In 1998 and 1999, 14.2% of Rossia’s stock belonged to the St Petersburg firms Ergen, Forward Ltd and Fuel Investment Company (TIK), all associated with Mr Shumkov. Mr Shumkov and Mr Kuzmin owned Ergen, while BKhM and Finance Petroleum Company, both affiliated with Mr Kuzmin and Mr Petrov, were TIK co-owners.Rossia & Company, premier.gov.ru, May 13, 2009.

Putin as president of Russia

As of January 1, 2005, its major shareholders were Yuriy Kovalchuk with 37.6%, Nikolai Shamalov with 9.7%, Dmitry Gorelov with 9.7% and Alexei Mordashov’s Severstal group with 8.8%. As of 2006, its major shareholders were Yuriy Kovalchuk (30.4%), Dmitry Gorelov (12.58%), Nikolay Shamalov (12.58%), JSC Transoil CIS (9.54%), JSC Severstal Group (7.15%), JSC Accept (3.93%) – owned by grandson of Vladimir Putin’s uncle Michael Shelomov,WEB, From the New Times: Putin and His ‘Family’ – Gazprom : The Other Russia,www.theotherrussia.org/2010/04/20/from-the-new-times-putin-and-his-family-gazprom/, 2015-05-21, JSC Relax (3.65%), “Assistance to Business Initiatives” Non-Commercial Enterprise (3.08%), Russian Federal Property Fund (2.93%).www.stockmap.spb.ru/company/3022/0/" title="archive.today/20080515233652www.stockmap.spb.ru/company/3022/0/">The Russia Bank, Stockmap.spb.ruOn December 28, 2006, Fitch Ratings assigned the bank negative ratings (Long Term issuer Default rating B−, Short Term rating B, National Long Term rating BB− (RUS)Fitch ratings {{dead link|date=November 2023}}). As a subsidiary of the bank, ABRos Investment Company, had signed a non-transparent deal aiming to buy a considerable share of the Ren TV Media Holding (see below).Fitch put ratings of the Russia bank in its Rating Watch list with a negative mark, Finnews.ru, January 9, 2007 (in Russian). During the 2012–13 financial crisis in Cyprus, more than one third (26.3 billion rubles) of Rossiya Bank’s total cash (85.4 billion rubles) was frozen in Cypriot accounts.NEWS, У петербургского банка “Россия” в кризис на Кипре завис миллиард долларов: По оценке независимых экспертов, на кипрском депозите в период заморозки находилась треть денежных средств организации.,neva.today/news/u-peterburgskogo-banka-rossiya-v-krizis-na-kipre-zavis-milliard-dollarov-49155/, ru, The St. Petersburg Bank “Russia” in the crisis in Cyprus, a billion dollars: According to independent experts, a third of the organization’s money was frozen in the Cyprus accounts., Neva.Today, June 28, 2013, May 12, 2018, {{efn|In 2013, this was equal to one billion United States dollars.}} On June 28, 2013, its major shareholders were Yuri Kovalchuk 30%, Dmitri Gorelov and Nikolai Shamalov 10.5% each, Gennady Timchenko 8%, Gazprom about 16%, Alexei Mordashov 6%. In October 2021, Svetlana Krivonogikh had a 3% stake in Rossiya Bank.NEWS, 3 October 2021, Окружение президента, ru, President’s Entourage, istories.media,istories.media/dossier/2021/10/03/okruzhenie-prezidenta/, 5 October 2021, The U.S. government has characterized Rossiya Bank as Putin’s personal cashbox.

Pandora Papers

The Pandora Papers leak revealed that Rossiya Bank built a network of shadow companies that kept offshore wealth for Russian elites.

Sanctions

On March 20, 2014, the United States Government Office of Foreign Assets Control added Rossiya Bank to the Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN) as part of sanctions taken in response to the 2014 Crimean crisis, placing restrictions on US trade with the bank.WEB,home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/recent-actions, OFAC Recent Actions, United States Department of the Treasury, U.S. Department of the Treasury, WEB,home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/specially-designated-nationals-and-blocked-persons-list-sdn-human-readable-lists, Specially Designated Nationals And Blocked Persons List (SDN) Human Readable Lists, United States Department of the Treasury, U.S. Department of the Treasury, NEWS, Treasury Sanctions Russian Officials, Members of the Russian Leadership’s Inner Circle, And An Entity For Involvement in the Situation in Ukraine,www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl23331.aspx, United States Treasury Department, March 20, 2014, 2014-03-20, WEB, Shuklin, Peter, Putin’s inner circle: who got in a new list of US sanctions,news.liga.net/articles/politics/1066761-blizhniy_krug_putina_kto_popal_v_novyy_spisok_sanktsiy_ssha.htm, liga.net, March 21, 2014, February 20, 2016, dead,news.liga.net/articles/politics/1066761-blizhniy_krug_putina_kto_popal_v_novyy_spisok_sanktsiy_ssha.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20150207152258news.liga.net/articles/politics/1066761-blizhniy_krug_putina_kto_popal_v_novyy_spisok_sanktsiy_ssha.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20150207152258news.liga.net/articles/politics/1066761-blizhniy_krug_putina_kto_popal_v_novyy_spisok_sanktsiy_ssha.htm, February 7, 2015, mdy-all, Visa and Mastercard stopped processing the bank’s payment as a result.In response Vladimir Putin announced that he would open a ruble-only account with Bank Rossiya and would make it the primary bank in the newly annexed Crimea as well as giving the right to service payments on Russia’s $36 billion wholesale electricity market – which gave the bank $112 million annually from commission charges alone.NEWS,www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/sanctioned-bank-rossiya-to-service-36bln-domestic-electricity-market/498012.html, Sanctioned Bank Rossiya to Service $36Bln Domestic Electricity Market, Hobson, Peter, April 14, 2014, Bank Rossiya also announced plans to expand into the Crimean market, becoming the first major Russian bank to do so.NEWS, Sanctioned Bank Rossiya Becomes First Major Russian Bank to Expand in Crimea,themoscowtimes.com/articles/sanctioned-bank-rossiya-becomes-first-major-russian-bank-to-expand-in-crimea-34000, 28 August 2017, The Moscow Times, As of January 2019, Rossiya Bank has become the most important investor in Russia’s development of its annexation of Crimea during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War.NEWS, Васильев, Андрей,theins.ru/korrupciya/137605, После Ротенберга хоть камни с неба. Как Крым стал прибыльным бизнесом для друзей Путина, After Rotenberg, even stones from the sky. How Crimea became a profitable business for Putin’s friends, ru, (:ru:Insider, Insider), 25 January 2019, 20 November 2020, 29 January 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190129180253/https://theins.ru/korrupciya/137605, On February 22, 2022, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced sanctions against five banks, including Rossiya Bank.NEWS,www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-60454795, Ukraine invaded: Casualties as fighting rages after Russian attack, BBC News, Additional sanctions prohibiting correspondent banking relationships were imposed in December 2023.WEB, Financial Sanctions Notice 15/12/2023,assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/658057fa95bf65000d719226/Notice_Russia_151223.pdf, 15 December 2023,

Assets worth – historical data {| class“wikitable”

!Date!Asset worth!Rank in banks ranking|April 1, 2005 |12.2 billion rubles|68 in Russia|October 1, 2006|30.2 billion rubles|44 in Russia|April 1, 2010|105.9 billion rubles|37 in Russia|April 1, 2015www.banki.ru/banks/engbanks/bank/?id=68683>website = www.banki.ru|access-date = 2015-05-21}}|17 in Russia|October 1, 2020|1.072 trillion rubles|14 in Russia

Ratings

• In February 2021, Russian rating agency Expert RA assigned Rossiya Bank a rating of “ruAA” with a “stable” outlook.WEB,raexpert.ru/database/companies/ab_russia/raexpert.ru, АО “АБ “РОССИЯ”, RU, raexpert.ru,
• In August 2023, Rossiya Bank entered the top 10 largest credit institutions by volume of deposits in July 2023 in a rating compiled by the financial service Brobank.ru. Experts assessed banks based on criteria such as the volume of time deposits, funds for payments through bank cards and other funds placed with the bank for a predetermined period. As a result, in July the amount of deposits of individuals in Bank Rossiya in July amounted to 204.62 billion rubles.Банк «РОССИЯ» вошел в топ-10 крупнейших банков по сумме вкладов физлиц”. www.vbr.ru. (in Russian).

Management

The head of its board of directors were, in order, Vladimir Kolovay and Andrei Katkov. The current head of the board of directors is Yury Kovalchuk, who has held this position since 2004.NEWS,www.vedomosti.ru/library/articles/2008/07/24/pomoschniki-rossii, Помощники “России” Как ученому Юрию Ковальчуку удалось превратить мелкий обкомовский банк в бизнес-империю? Он никогда не использовал своих денег, а находил нужных инвесторов, объясняет один из его бывших партнеров, Assistants of “Russia” How did the scientist Yuri Kovalchuk manage to turn a small Obkomov bank into a business empire? He never used his money, but found the right investors, one of his former partners explains., Vedomosti, “Ведомости”, 136 (2158), Резник, Ирина, Петрова, Ольга, 24 July 2008, 28 January 2020, 10 September 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160910053034/https://www.vedomosti.ru/library/articles/2008/07/24/pomoschniki-rossii, ru, NEWS,www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/showpicture.shtml?2008/07/24/156079_a_pic1, Как устроен бизнес Юрий Ковальчук, How arranges business Yuri Kovalchuk, ru, Vedomosti, “Ведомости”, 24 July 2008, 22 June 2021, 24 July 2008,web.archive.org/web/20080724000000/https://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/showpicture.shtml?2008/07/24/156079_a_pic1, Alt URLNEWS,www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/showpicture.shtml?2008/07/24/156079_a_pic2, Лица “России”, Faces Rossiya Bank, ru, Vedomosti, “Ведомости”, 24 July 2008, 22 June 2021, 24 July 2008,web.archive.org/web/20080724000000/https://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/showpicture.shtml?2008/07/24/156079_a_pic2, Alt URLWEB,www.rospres.com/government/2240/, Вся подноготная бизнес-империи Юрия Ковальчука, All the ins and outs of the business empire of Yuri Kovalchuk, Vedomosti, “Ведомости”, rospres.ru, 24 July 2008, 8 October 2020, 20 November 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191120220954/https://www.rospres.com/government/2240/, Director General and Head of the Management Committee:

• 1993–1995: Vitaly Savelyev
• 1995–1998: Viktor Myachin
• 1998–1999: Mikhail Markov
• 1999–2004: Viktor Myachin
• September 2004 – April 2006: Mikhail Klishin{{efn|Mikhail Alekseevich Klishin () (b. October 9, 1954) graduated from the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute () with a degree in metallurgical engineering in 1980 and from the International Banking Institute () in St. Petersburg in 1998. From 1980-1992, he was KGB in the management of the Leningrad Oblast, Soviet Union. From 1992-1995, he was Deputy General Director of Avanburg Joint Venture (JV) () which was established 18 November 1991 and liquidated 22 January 2007.WEB,www.rusprofile.ru/id/8457601, АВАНБУРГ АОЗТ СП, AVANBURG AOZT SP, rusprofile.ru, 28 January 2020, 29 January 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200129041454/https://www.rusprofile.ru/id/8457601, ru, WEB,www.rusprofile.ru/egrul?ogrn=1079847040481, АВАНБУРГ АОЗТ СП (подробный список), AVANBURG AOZT SP (detailed listing), rusprofile.ru, 28 January 2020, 29 January 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200129042053/https://www.rusprofile.ru/egrul?ogrn=1079847040481, ru, From 1995 to 1997, he headed the Credit Department of the Rossiya Bank. In 1997-1998, he headed the credit department of the St. Petersburg branch of Tokobank (). In 1998, he was appointed Deputy General Director of Rossiya Bank and, in 1999, he became First Deputy General Director of Rossiya Bank.}}
• April 2006 – June 2023: Dmitri Lebedev (also resigned as a chairman of the Board of Directors)

On September 24, 2004, Viktor Myachin resigned from the Director General position and Mikhail Klishin, who had been the First Deputy Director General and held a 0.197% share, was appointed acting Director General.Viktor Myachin resigned from the position of the Director General of the Russia Bank, Finnews.ru, September 28, 2004 (in Russian).On December 10, 2004, Mikhail Klishin was appointed Director General, as the Central Bank of the Russian Federation had agreed to this decision.Mikhail Klishin became the Director General of the Russia Bank, Finnews.ru, December 16, 2004 (in Russian).On April 3, 2006, the board of directors appointed Dmitry Lebedev Director General and Head of the Management Committee. Mikhail Klishin (holder of a 0.159% share) was appointed First Deputy Director General. The Management Committee appointed on that day: Dmitry Lebedev, Oleg Anufriev, Alexander Germanov, Konstantin Gorbachyov, Faniya Kabalina, Mikhail Klishin, Galina Lebedeva, Alexander Markin, Oleg Filatov.Dmitry Lebedev appointed Director general of the Russia Bank, Finnews.ru, April 5, 2006 (in Russian).On December 26, 2006, the board of directors of the Bank elected its new Management Committee consisting of Dmitry Lebedev (Head, Director General), Alexander Germanov, Konstantin Gorbachyov, Faniya Kabalina, Mikhail Klishin, Alexander Markin and Boris Tikhonenko.The Board of Directors of the Russia Bank confirmed the appointment of its Management, Finnews.ru, January 11, 2007 (in Russian).

Subsidiaries

As of 2005, the bank is a shareholder of the following companiesWEB, Shleinov, Roman, Russian Businessmen Arrested in Spain on Charges of Operation a Criminal Organization Have Connections with Russian Government Officials, Politicians, Heads of State-owned Companies and Friends of Vladimir Putin,archive.premier.gov.ru/eng/premier/press/ru/3221/print/, Russian Federation Office of the Prime Minister (Novaya Gazeta press release “Rossia & Company“), 2011, February 19, 2016, WEB,stockmap.ru/company/3022/0/,www.stockmap.ru/company/3022/0/," title="archive.today/20080515233652www.stockmap.ru/company/3022/0/,">archive.today/20080515233652www.stockmap.ru/company/3022/0/, 2008-05-15, dead, Россия. Банк, RU, stockmap.ru, ):

• JSC ABRos Investment Company (100%)
• JSC Alfa Invest (100%)
• JSC ABR Trust (100%)
• JSC ABR Security Company (100%)
• JSC ZEST (100%)
• JSC Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti Editorial House (20%, increased up to 35% in 2005)
• JSC newspaper Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti (20%, increased up to 35% in 2005WEB,stockmap.ru/news/055593706/, :: 20% 35% ::, stockmap.ru, WEB,www.anticompromat.ru/oligarhi/ppo.html, Антикомпромат.Ру. Олигархи. Происхождение путинской олигархии, June 21, 2006,www.anticompromat.ru/oligarhi/ppo.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20060621073656www.anticompromat.ru/oligarhi/ppo.html,">web.archive.org/web/20060621073656www.anticompromat.ru/oligarhi/ppo.html, June 21, 2006, )
• JSC Fund for Regional Development of St. Petersburg (15%)
• JSC Center for Innovative Management (10%).
• JSC Red Chemist (7.36%).

In January 2005 it turned out that ABRos, a subsidiary of the bank, and Accept, one of its shareholders, held a 49.97% share and a 13.5% share of the insurance group SOGAZ Ltd., respectivelySOGAZ sold to St. Pete {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017170655www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2005%2F01%2F21%2F85958 |date=October 17, 2007 }} by Pavel Miledin et al., Vedomosti #9 (1290), January 21, 2005 (in Russian, subscription required, full text freely available on www.lenpravda.ru)WEB,rusbonds.ru/issuers/7154/news, Эмитент АО “АБ “РОССИЯ” (7831000122) Новости | RusBonds, rusbonds.ru, after a 49.979% share of the SOGAZ group had been sold by the Russian gas giant Gazprom to an unnamed purchaser for 1.69 billion rubles on July 26, 2004,WEB,rusbonds.ru/issuers/81232/news, Эмитент АО “СОГАЗ” (7736035485) Новости | RusBonds, rusbonds.ru, and in August 2004 Gazprom had sold 26% more of SOGAZ for 879.3 million rubles.Who sold SOGAZ? {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017170652www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2004%2F08%2F13%2F79597 |date=October 17, 2007 }} by Pavel Miledin et al., Vedomosti #144 (1184), August 13, 2004 (in Russian, subscription required)WEB,rusbonds.ru/issuers/6592/news, Эмитент АО АКБ “ЕВРОФИНАНС МОСНАРБАНК” (7703115760) Новости | RusBonds, rusbonds.ru, November 18, 2023, In November 2005 ABRos Investment Company (chairman of the board of Directors since September 11, 2006: Lyubov Sovershaeva)The Russia bank found a top-manager in the state service, Kommersant (in Russian). purchased a 37% share of the Petersburg TV and Radio Company.The Russia Bank buys a considerable share of the Petersburg TV and Radio Company, Finnews.ru, November 28, 2005 (in Russian).Yesterday, Kommersant, January 30, 2006 (in Russian). Also it owns a considerable share of the Media Holding Ren TV (as of December 2006,WEB,lenta.ru/news/2006/12/19/ren/, Друг президента стал акционером “Рен ТВ”, lenta.ru, ) On December 18, 2006 Lyubov Sovershaeva also became the chairman of the board of Directors of the Ren TV Media Holding (replacing Alexey Germanovich, a Severstal Group representative).As of 2008 and later in 2016, Rossiya Bank has large investments in (:ru:Национальная Медиа Группа|National Media Group) () both directly and indirectly through its 100% ownership of Abros which has a stake in National Media Group.WEB,www.compromat.ru/imgup/converted_27446.jpg, Банк “Россия”, November 18, 2023, WEB,www.dp.ru/images/article/2016/10/12/f54abb1b-a2c1-437c-a0c8-c726cc72f405.jpg, Структура Активов Миллиардера, Delovoy Peterburg, 12 November 2016, 3 July 2021, 13 April 2019,www.dp.ru/images/article/2016/10/12/f54abb1b-a2c1-437c-a0c8-c726cc72f405.jpg," title="web.archive.org/web/20190413215637www.dp.ru/images/article/2016/10/12/f54abb1b-a2c1-437c-a0c8-c726cc72f405.jpg,">web.archive.org/web/20190413215637www.dp.ru/images/article/2016/10/12/f54abb1b-a2c1-437c-a0c8-c726cc72f405.jpg, In August 2010, Sobinbank, an asset of Gazenergobank that had been formed by Alexander Mamut, was acquired by Rossiya Bank when it took over Gazenergobank.NEWS,www.occrp.org/documents/bank-rossiya/5_Rossiya-bank-founded-in-1990.pdf, Rossiya bank, Банки.ру, 6 March 2016, 12 December 2020, In the summer of 2012, ABR Management was established to manage Rossiya Bank’s assets.In 2016, Rossiya Bank’s subsidiaries included Channel One, Channel 5, and Ren TV of the National Media Group CJSC, the leasing group Zest, and Sogaz OJSC.stockmap.ru/company/3022/0/" title="web.archive.org/web/20160618073127stockmap.ru/company/3022/0/">Россия. Банк Stockmap.ru website. Retrieved 22 June 2021.In 2018, Rossiya Bank, Yuri Kovalchuk and Nikolai Shamalov through their investments in the (:ru:Национальная Медиа Группа|National Media Group) and its 100% ownership of Synerdzhy LLC () and Otkrytie TV LLC () which is 100% owned by Media allians LLC () in which Rossiya Bank has an 80% stake, have close relationships with the John C. Malone associated Liberty Media.Beginning on 20 January 2020, the processing center of JSC AB Russia () provides processing services for the issue of bank payment cards and support for acquiring projects of Evrofinance Mosnarbank.NEWS,www.evrofinance.ru/o-banke/novosti/ao-akb-evrofinans-mosnarbank-perevyel-bankovskie-karty-na-novyy-protsessing/, АО АКБ «ЕВРОФИНАНС МОСНАРБАНК» перевёл банковские карты на новый процессинг, JSC JSCB “EVROFINANCE MOSNARBANK” transferred bank cards to a new processing, ru, Evrofinance Mosnarbank (www.evrofinance.ru), 20 January 2020, 5 July 2023, 5 July 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230705233222/https://www.evrofinance.ru/o-banke/novosti/ao-akb-evrofinans-mosnarbank-perevyel-bankovskie-karty-na-novyy-protsessing/,

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{reflist|30em}}

• BOOK, Dawisha, Karen, Karen Dawisha, 2014, Putin’s Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia?,books.google.com/books?isbn=1476795207, Simon & Schuster, 978-1-4767-9519-5,

External links

• {{Commons category-inline}}
• {{Officialwww.abr.ru }} {{In lang|ru}}
• Bank Rossiya Emerges From Shadows The Moscow Times July 10, 2008
• Dynamic tycoon is close associate of Putin by Julian Evans, The Times, May 27, 2006.
• www.kommersant.com/page.asp?idr=500&id=660929" title="web.archive.org/web/20070930171305www.kommersant.com/page.asp?idr=500&id=660929">Rossia Bank to Reach Federal Level, Kommersant, March 27, 2006.
• Anna Shcherbakova. Interview with Mikhail Klishin, Director general of the Russia Bank. Vedomosti 35(1316), March 1, 2005. (in Russian)
• www.anticompromat.ru/oligarhi/ppo.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20060621073656www.anticompromat.ru/oligarhi/ppo.html">The Origin of Putin’s Oligarchy by Vladimir Pribylovsky. Ms., October 11, 2005. (in Russian)
• www.stockmap.spb.ru/company/3022/0/" title="archive.today/20080515233652www.stockmap.spb.ru/company/3022/0/">The Russia Bank, Map of property in St. Petersburg (in Russian).
• www.csr-nw.ru/content/news/default.asp?shmode=2&ids=2&ida=983" title="web.archive.org/web/20070927080259www.csr-nw.ru/content/news/default.asp?shmode=2&ids=2&ida=983">The country of opportunities. Interview with Yuriy Kovalchuk, Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti, July 9, 2005 (in Russian).
• analytics.interfax.ru/2bank.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20070403125825analytics.interfax.ru/2bank.html">Main Indicators of Bank Activities as of April 1, 2005 Interfax (in Russian)
• analytics.interfax.ru/1bank.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20070114082445analytics.interfax.ru/1bank.html">Main Indicators of Bank Activities as of July 1, 2005 Interfax (in Russian)
• analytics.interfax.ru/tab_bank.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20070404064505analytics.interfax.ru/tab_bank.html">Main Indicators of Bank Activities as of October 1, 2005 Interfax (in Russian)
• analytics.interfax.ru/10bank.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20061206115054analytics.interfax.ru/10bank.html">Main Indicators of Bank Activities as of January 1, 2006. Interfax (in Russian)
• analytics.interfax.ru/14bank.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20061206115143analytics.interfax.ru/14bank.html">Main Indicators of Bank Activities as of April 1, 2006. Interfax (in Russian)
• analytics.interfax.ru/15bank.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20061206115157analytics.interfax.ru/15bank.html">Main Indicators of Bank Activities as of July 1, 2006. Interfax (in Russian)
• analytics.interfax.ru/16bank.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20070207013350analytics.interfax.ru/16bank.html">Main Indicators of Bank Activities as of October 1, 2006. Interfax (in Russian)
• Putin’s Kleptocracy by Karen Dawisha. www.yurileving.com/uploads/2/3/7/7/23779748/dawisha_putins_kleptocracy.pdf" title="web.archive.org/web/20200129030026www.yurileving.com/uploads/2/3/7/7/23779748/dawisha_putins_kleptocracy.pdf">Archived on January 29, 2020.