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Pantherinae

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Pantherinae
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{{Short description|Subfamily of felids}}{{About||the biological tribe of moths formerly known as Pantheridae or Pantherini|Abraxini|the psychoactive mushroom toxin sometimes called pantherine|Muscimol}}{{Automatic taxobox| taxon = Pantherinae
pages=545–548 heading=Pantherinae}}12Late Miocene to Holocene}}| image = Lydekker_-_Pantherinae_collage.jpg(from left):}} jaguar, leopard, lion, tiger, snow leopard and clouded leopardReginald Innes Pocock>Pocock, 1917| subdivision_ranks = Genera| subdivision = Leontoceryx>Kretzoi, 1938Hemmer, 2023de Bonis et al., 2023
}}| range_map = | range_map_caption =
}}The Pantherinae is a subfamily of the Felidae; it was named and first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1917 as only including the Panthera species.JOURNAL, Pocock, R. I., 1917, The Classification of existing Felidae, The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, XX, 329–350, 10.1080/00222931709487018,weblink The Pantherinae genetically diverged from a common ancestor between {{mya|9.32|4.47}} and {{mya|10.67|3.76}}.JOURNAL, Johnson, W. E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W. J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E., O'Brien, S. J., amp, The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment, 2006, Science, 311, 5757, 73–77, 16400146, 10.1126/science.1122277, 2006Sci...311...73J, 41672825,weblink JOURNAL, Li, G., Davis, B. W., Eizirik, E., Murphy, W. J., amp, 2016, Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae), Genome Research, 26, 1, 1–11, 10.1101/gr.186668.114, 26518481, 4691742,

Characteristics

Pantherinae species are characterised by an imperfectly ossified hyoid bone with elastic tendons that enable their larynx to be mobile. They have a flat rhinarium that only barely reaches the dorsal side of the nose. The area between the nostrils is narrow, and not extended sidewards as in the Felinae.JOURNAL, Hemmer, H., 1966, Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae). Teil I, Researching the phylogenetic history of the Pantherinae. Part I, Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München, 11, 1–121,weblink The Panthera species have a single, rounded, vocal fold with a thick mucosal lining, a large vocalis muscle, and a large cricothyroid muscle with long and narrow membranes. A vocal fold that is longer than {{convert|19|mm|abbr=on}} enables all but the snow leopard among them to roar, as it has shorter vocal folds of {{convert|9|mm|abbr=on}} that provide a lower resistance to airflow; this distinction was one reason it was proposed to be retained in the genus Uncia.JOURNAL, Hast, M. H., 1989, The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats, Journal of Anatomy, 163, 117–121, 1256521, 2606766, JOURNAL, Weissengruber, G. E., G., Forstenpointner, G., Peters, A., Kübber-Heiss, W. T., Fitch, Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus), Journal of Anatomy, 195–209, 2002, 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x, 1570911, 201, 3, 12363272,

Evolution

The Felidae originated in Central Asia in the Late Miocene; the subfamily Pantherinae diverged from the Felidae between {{mya|14.45|8.38}} and {{mya|16.35|7.91}}. Several fossil Panthera species were described:
  • Panthera blytheae is the oldest known species that possibly lived about {{mya|5.95|4.1}}.JOURNAL, Tseng, Z.J., Wang, X., Slater, G.J., Takeuchi, G.T., Li, Q., Liu, J., Xie, G., amp, 2014, Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281, 1774, 20132686, 10.1098/rspb.2013.2686, 24225466, 3843846,
  • Panthera palaeosinensis lived in the early Pleistocene around two to three million years ago in northern East Asia.
  • Panthera zdanskyi is dated to {{mya|2.55|2.16}}.JOURNAL, Mazák, J. H., Christiansen, P., Kitchener, A. C., amp, 2011, Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger, PLOS ONE, 6, 10, e25483, 10.1371/journal.pone.0025483, free, 22016768, 3189913, 2011PLoSO...625483M,
  • Panthera gombaszoegensis lived from about {{mya|2.0|0.35}} in Europe.JOURNAL, Marciszak, A., Presence of Panthera gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) in the late Middle Pleistocene of BiÅ›nik Cave, Poland, with an overview of Eurasian jaguar size variability, Quaternary International, 326-327, 2014, 105–113, 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.029, 2014QuInt.326..105M,
  • Panthera youngi lived in the Pleistocene about {{mya|0.69|0.42}} in China.JOURNAL, Sotnikova, M.V., Foronova, I.V., amp, 2014, First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia, Integrative Zoology, 9, 4, 517–530, 10.1111/1749-4877.12082, 24382145,
  • Panthera spelaea lived in Europe after the third Cromerian interglacial stage from about 450,000 to 14,000 years ago.JOURNAL, Burger, J., Rosendahl, W., Loreille, O., Hemmer, H., Eriksson, T., Götherström, A., Hiller, J., Collins, M. J., Wess, T., Alt, K. W., amp, Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30, 3, 841–849, 2004, 10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020, 15012963,
  • Panthera atrox lived in North America during the Pleistocene and early Holocene about 340,000 to 11,000 years ago.JOURNAL, Christiansen, P., Harris, J. M., amp, Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Panthera atrox: implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage, 2009, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29, 3, 934–945, 10.1671/039.029.0314, 85975640,
  • Panthera shawi was a lion-like cat in South Africa that possibly lived in the early Pleistocene.JOURNAL, Sabol, M., 2011, Masters of the lost world: a hypothetical look at the temporal and spatial distribution of lion-like felids, Quaternaire, 4, Hors-série, 229–236,weblink
  • Panthera balamoides lived in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, during the Pleistocene.JOURNAL, Stinnesbeck, S. R., Stinnesbeck, W., Frey, E., Avilés Olguín, J., Rojas Sandoval, C., Velázquez Morlet, A., González, A. H., 2019, Panthera balamoides and other Pleistocene felids from the submerged caves of Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico, Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 32, 7, 930–939, 10.1080/08912963.2018.1556649, 92328512,
An additional fossil genus Leontoceryx was described in 1938.JOURNAL, Kretzoi, M., 1938, Die Raubtiere von Gombaszo ̈g nebst einer Ubersicht der Gesamtfauna, Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 3, There is evidence of distinct markers for the mitochondrial genome for Felidae.JOURNAL, Wei, L., Wu, X., Jiang, Z., amp, 2008, The complete mitochondrial genome structure of snow leopard Panthera uncia, Molecular Biology Reports, 36, 5, 871–878, 10.1007/s11033-008-9257-9, 18431688, 22736941, JOURNAL, Yu, L., Qing-wei, L., Ryder, O.A., Ya-ping, Z., amp, 2004, Phylogenetic relationships within mammalian order Carnivora indicated by sequences of two nuclear DNA genes,weblink Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 3, 694–705, 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.08.001, 15522797, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110707030924weblink">weblink 2011-07-07, Results of a DNA-based study indicate that the tiger (Panthera tigris) branched off first, followed by the jaguar (P. onca), the lion (P. leo), then the leopard (P. pardus) and snow leopard (P. uncia).JOURNAL, Yu, L., Zhang, Y. P., 2005, Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 35, 2, 483–495, 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.017, 15804417, Felis pamiri, formerly referred to as Metailurus, is now considered a probable relative of extant Pantherinae and was moved to the genus Miopanthera.JOURNAL, Geraads, D., Peigné, S., 2016, Re-Appraisal of Felis pamiri Ozansoy, 1959 (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Upper Miocene of Turkey: the Earliest Pantherine Cat?, Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 24, 4, 415–425, 10.1007/s10914-016-9349-6, 207195894,weblink

Taxonomy

Pocock originally defined the Pantherinae as comprising the genera Panthera and Uncia. Today, Uncia has been subsumed into Panthera, and the genus Neofelis is also included.JOURNAL, Kitchener, A. C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Eizirik, E., Gentry, A., Werdelin, L., Wilting, A., Yamaguchi, N., Abramov, A. V., Christiansen, P., Driscoll, C., Duckworth, J. W., Johnson, W., Luo, S.-J., Meijaard, E., O’Donoghue, P., Sanderson, J., Seymour, K., Bruford, M., Groves, C., Hoffmann, M., Nowell, K., Timmons, Z., Tobe, S., 2017, A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group, Cat News, Special Issue 11, 64−75,weblink

Living genera

The following table shows the extant taxa within the Pantherinae, grouped according to the traditional phenotypical classification.{{Species table |genus=Neofelis |authority-name=Gray |authority-year=1867 |species-count=two|no-note=y}}{{Species table/row		Clouded leopard >binomial=N. nebulosaimage-size=180px |image-alt=Leopard with large spots facing viewerEdward Griffith (zoologist)>Griffith authority-not-original=yesrange-image=File:Clouded Leopard distribution.png |range-image-size=172px68.61086191NAME-LIST-STYLE=AMP TITLE=WILD CATS OF THE WORLD LOCATION=CHICAGO NEOFELIS NEBULOSA (GRIFFITHS, 1821) >CHAPTER-URL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=IF8NDWAAQBAJ&PG=PA278 ISBN=978-0-226-77999-7, LAST2=BORAH LAST3=COUDRAT LAST4=GHIMIREY LAST5=GIORDANO LAST6=GREENSPAN LAST7=PETERSEN LAST8=ROSTRO-GARCíA LAST9=SHARIFF LAST10=WAI-MING TITLE=NEOFELIS NEBULOSA PAGE=E.T14519A198843258 DOI=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14519A198843258.EN, |hunting=Medium-sized and small mammals on the ground and in trees, as well as birdspopulation=3,700-5,600Population declining}}}}{{Species table/rowSunda clouded leopard >binomial=N. diardiimage-size=180px |image-alt=Leopard crouching under leaves at nightGeorges Cuvier>Cuvier |authority-year=1823expand=yes bullets=on| N. d. borneensis (Bornean clouded leopard)| N. d. diardi (Sumatran clouded leopard)}}range-image=File:Neofelis diardi Locator Map.svg |range-image-size=180px69108inabbr=on}} long, {{convert-cm0PUBLISHER=INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE CAT SPECIALIST GROUP ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20180725183725/HTTP://WWW.CATSG.ORG/INDEX.PHP?ID=225 URL-STATUS=LIVE, mdy-all, LAST2=ROSS LAST3=BRODIE LAST4=CHEYNE LAST5=HAIDIR LAST6=LOKEN LAST7=MATHAI LAST8=WILTING LAST9=MCCARTHY TITLE=NEOFELIS DIARDI PAGE=E.T136603A50664601 DOI=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136603A50664601.EN, |hunting=Medium-sized and small mammalspopulation=4,500Population declining}}}}{{Species table/end}}{{Species table |genus=Panthera |authority-name=Oken |authority-year=1816 |species-count=five|no-note=y}}{{Species table/rowJaguar >binomial=P. oncaimage-size=180px |image-alt=Spotted jaguar on a rockCarl Linnaeus>Linnaeus authority-not-original=yesrange-image=File:Panthera onca distribution.svg |range-image-size=170px110170inabbr=on}} long, {{convert-cm0PUBLISHER=INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE CAT SPECIALIST GROUP ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150307163120/HTTP://WWW.CATSG.ORG/INDEX.PHP?ID=95 URL-STATUS=LIVE, mdy-all, LAST2=FOSTER LAST3=PETRACCA LAST4=PAYAN LAST5=SALOM LAST6=HARMSEN TITLE=PANTHERA ONCA PAGE=E.T15953A50658693 DOI=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15953A50658693.EN, |hunting=Variety of mammals, reptiles and birds, preferring ungulatespopulation=UnknownPopulation declining}}}}{{Species table/rowLeopard >binomial=P. pardusimage-size=180px |image-alt=Spotted leopard walking in front of grassCarl Linnaeus>Linnaeus authority-not-original=yesexpand= bullets=on| P. p. delacouri (Indochinese leopard)| P. p. fusca (Indian leopard)| P. p. kotiya (Sri Lankan leopard)| P. p. melas (Javan leopard)| P. p. nimr (Arabian leopard)| P. p. orientalis (Amur leopard)| P. p. pardus (African leopard)| P. p. tulliana (Persian leopard / Anatolian leopard)}}range-image=File:Leopard distribution.jpg |range-image-size=180px91191inabbr=on}} long, {{convert-cm0PUBLISHER=INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE CAT SPECIALIST GROUP ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20180623113337/HTTP://WWW.CATSG.ORG/INDEX.PHP?ID=557 URL-STATUS=LIVE, mdy-all, LAST2=ATHREYA LAST3=GERNGROSS LAST4=BALME LAST5=HENSCHEL LAST6=KARANTH LAST7=MIQUELLE LAST8=ROSTRO-GARCIA LAST9=KAMLER LAST10=LAGUARDIA LAST11=KHOROZYAN LAST12=GHODDOUSI TITLE=PANTHERA PARDUS PAGE=E.T15954A50659089 DOI=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15954A50659089.EN, |hunting=Ungulates, as well as other mammals, insects, reptiles, and birdspopulation=UnknownPopulation declining}}}}{{Species table/rowLion >binomial=P. leoimage-size=180px |image-alt=Brown male lion lying in tall grassCarl Linnaeus>Linnaeus authority-not-original=yesexpand=yes bullets=onPanthera leo leo>P. l. leoPanthera leo melanochaita>P. l. melanochaita}}range-image=File:Lion distribution.png |range-image-size=180px137250inabbr=on}} long, {{convert-cm0PUBLISHER=INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE CAT SPECIALIST GROUP ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20141211112604/HTTP://WWW.CATSG.ORG/INDEX.PHP?ID=108 URL-STATUS=LIVE, mdy-all, LAST2=PACKER LAST3=FUNSTON LAST4=HENSCHEL LAST5=NOWELL TITLE=PANTHERA LEO PAGE=E.T15951A107265605 DOI=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.EN, |hunting=Ungulates such as antelopes, zebra, and wildebeest, as well as other small to large mammalspopulation=23,000–39,000Population declining}}}}{{Species table/rowSnow leopard >binomial=P. unciaimage-size=180px |image-alt=Spotted snow leopard standing in the grassJohann Christian Daniel von Schreber>Schreber authority-not-original=yesrange-image=File:Snow leopard range.png |range-image-size=180px90120inabbr=on}} long, {{convert-cm0PUBLISHER=INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE CAT SPECIALIST GROUP ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20180318054353/HTTP://CATSG.ORG/INDEX.PHP?ID=100 URL-STATUS=LIVE, mdy-all, LAST2=MALLON LAST3=JACKSON LAST4=ZAHLER LAST5=MCCARTHY TITLE=PANTHERA UNCIA PAGE=E.T22732A50664030 DOI=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.EN, Caprinae>Caprids such as sheep and goats, as well as small mammals and birdspopulation=2,700–3,400Population declining}}}}{{Species table/rowTiger >binomial=P. tigrisimage-size=180px |image-alt=Large orange tiger with black stripesCarl Linnaeus>Linnaeus authority-not-original=yesexpand=yes bullets=on| P. t. sondaica (Sunda Island tiger)| P. t. tigris (Mainland Asian tiger)}}range-image=File:Tiger map.svg |range-image-size=180px150230inabbr=on}} long, {{convert-cm0PUBLISHER=INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE CAT SPECIALIST GROUP ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20141112171012/HTTP://WWW.CATSG.ORG/INDEX.PHP?ID=124 URL-STATUS=LIVE, mdy-all, LAST2=LYNAM LAST3=MIQUELLE LAST4=WIBISONO LAST5=KAWANISHI LAST6=PATTANAVIBOOL LAST7=HTUN LAST8=TEMPA LAST9=KARKI LAST10=JHALA AUTHOR-LINK10=YADVENDRADEV VIKRAMSINH JHALA FIRST11=U. PANTHERA TIGRIS >VOLUME=2015 DATE=2015, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en, |hunting=Deer and wild pigs, as well as a wide variety of other animalspopulation=2,600–3,900Population declining}}}}{{Species table/end}}

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • NEWS, Choi, C. Q., World's Oldest Tiger Species Discovered, Live Science,weblink 2011, 2019-06-30,
{{Carnivora|Fe.}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q230177}}{{Authority control}}


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