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| subdivision_type = Country| subdivision_name = MoroccoRegions of Morocco>RegionOriental (Morocco)>Oriental| established_title = First settled| established_date = | established_title2 = Modern city| established_date2 = 994| established_date3 = | elevation_m = 470| elevation_ft = | population_total = 558000| population_density_km2 = autoLANGUAGE=AR, FR DATE=8 APRIL 2015, 29 September 2017, List of cities in Morocco>8th in Morocco| area_total_km2 = 96.4| old_name = | ethnicity = Central European Time>CET| utc_offset = +1}}Oujda () {{IPA-ar|wa(d)Ê’da}}, is a major Moroccan city in its northeast near the border with Algeria. Oujda is the capital city of the Oriental region of northeastern Morocco and has a population of about 558,000 people. It is located about {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=off}} west of the Moroccan-Algerian border in the south of the Beni Znassen Mountains and about {{convert|55|km|0|abbr=in}} south of the Mediterranean Sea coast.

History

(File:Oujda.medina. tour de control.jpg|thumb|Ancient mirador)

Origins

There is some evidence of a settlement during the Roman occupation, which seems to have been under the control of Berbers rather than Romans.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=oypmAAAAMAAJ, L’image de la Tingitane: l’historiographie arabe médiévale et l’antiquité nord-africaine, Siraj, Ahmed, 1995-01-01, Boccard, 9782728303175, 589–595, fr, The city was founded in 994 by Ziri ibn Atiyya, Berber chief of the Zenata Maghrawa tribe. Ziri was, with his tribe, authorized to occupy the region of Fas, but feeling insecure in that region and that town, and wishing to be nearer to the central Maghrib homeland of his tribe, he moved to Ouajda, installed there a garrison and his possessions, appointing one of his relatives as governor.

11th to 19th centuries

In the mid-11th century, a new quarter with a wall was allegedly added to the primitive core. Yusuf ibn Tashfin occupied the city in 1079, and in the next century, it came under Almohad control, with its fortifications repaired and strengthened under the Almohad caliph Muhammad al-Nasir.ENCYCLOPEDIA, 2002, Wad̲j̲da, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Publishers,referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/wadjda-COM_1325, Leiden, Netherlands, 2nd, XI, 23–24, 9004081143, Marçais, G., Troin, J.F., Peri Bearman, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Wolfhart Heinrichs, Bearman, P., Bianquis, Th., Bosworth, C.E., van Donzel, E., Heinrichs, W.P., Oujda played an important strategic role between the Marinids, based in Fes, and the Abdalwadids of the Kingdom of Tlemcen. The Marinid sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub destroyed the city when he defeated Sultan Yaghmorasan in 1271. When his successor Abu Yaqub Yusuf conquered the city again in 1296, he destroyed the remaining fortifications but then rebuilt the town with the new walls, a palace, and a Great Mosque (the current one). The town continued to change hands, however. Around 1325, Sultan Abu al-Hasan took the city again during a series of campaigns which extended Marinid control into the central Maghreb for a brief period.Because of its frontier position, the city was frequently contested between the Sharifian dynasties of Morocco – the Saadis, followed by the Alaouites – to the west and the Ottoman Empire to the east, from the 16th century onward. It was often attached to the province or region of Tlemcen, which itself also changed hands several times in this period. During the long reign of Moulay Isma’il (1672–1727), Oujda was firmly under Alaouite control and defended by new fortifications and garrisons built by the sultan. After Isma’il’s death, however, political instability returned. It was only in 1795 that the city was retaken by the Alaouite empire and permanently incorporated into Morocco.The French occupied it in 1844 and again in 1859. To the west of the city is the site of the Battle of Isly which occurred in 1844. In 1907-1908, Oujda was reconquered by General Bugeaud and Marshal Lyautey and used as a French military base to control eastern Morocco. The modern city owes much of its present form to the French, who developed along the roads built at that time.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

20th century and present day

Anti-Jewish riots occurred in Oujda June 1948, during the 1948 Palestine war in the aftermath of the establishment of the State of Israel.BOOK, Gottreich, Emily,dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838603601, Jewish Morocco, 2020, I.B. Tauris, 978-1-78076-849-6, 10, 10.5040/9781838603601, 213996367, {{Rp|page=151}} Oujda, located near the border, was a departure point for Moroccan Jews seeking to reach Israel by crossing into French Algeria; at the time they were not permitted to do so from within Morocco.{{Rp|page=151}} In the events, 47 Jews and a French person were killed, many were injured, and property was damaged.{{Rp|page=151}}The 1953 Oujda revolt took place during Thami El Glaoui’s attempted coup against Sultan Muhammad V.NEWS, 1954-11-30, Quatre-vingt-seize Marocains poursuivis pour participation à la « tuerie d’Oujda », qui fit trente morts le 16 août 1953, passent en jugement, fr, Le Monde.fr,www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1954/11/30/quatre-vingt-seize-marocains-poursuivis-pour-participation-a-la-tuerie-qui-fit-le-16-aout-1953-trente-morts-a-oujda-passent-en-jugement_2026822_1819218.html, 2022-09-28, In 1954, from the beginning of the Algerian Independence War, Morocco allowed Oujda to become the logistic center of the Oujda Group.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}The Moroccan border with Algeria is just east of Oujda; on the other side of the border is the Algerian town of Maghnia. The border has been closed since 1994.NEWS, 2021-07-04, Letter from Africa: Lamenting the Algeria-Morocco border closure, en-GB, BBC News,www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57467644, 2023-01-21, In 2010, Rod Solaimani chronicled his trip to Oujda for MTV.

Geography

The city is located {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=on}} south of the Mediterranean sea and {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} west of Algeria, with an estimated altitude of {{convert|450|m|0|abbr=off}}.{{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} south from city centre, is Jbel Hamra, a typical Mediterranean forest and into the east of this forest is (:fr:Parc Sidi Mâafa|Sidi Maafa park).Oujda is located in the south of Beni Znassen mountains.

Climate

The city has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). Rainfall is between {{convert|300|mm|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|500|mm|1|abbr=on}} per year. It rarely snows in winter; last snowfall was on 5 February 2012. Weather in Oujda is cool but still tepid and wet in winter, hot and dry in summer.{{Weather box|width = auto|location = Oujda (Oujda Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1910–present|metric first = yes|single line = yes|Jan record high C = 27.8|Feb record high C = 33.1|Mar record high C = 35.4|Apr record high C = 35.9|May record high C = 41.6|Jun record high C = 44.0|Jul record high C = 47.3|Aug record high C = 46.7|Sep record high C = 42.8|Oct record high C = 39.4|Nov record high C = 32.6|Dec record high C = 29.6|year record high C = 47.3|Jan high C = 16.6|Feb high C = 17.5|Mar high C = 20.1|Apr high C = 22.4|May high C = 26.1|Jun high C = 30.5|Jul high C = 34.5|Aug high C = 34.8|Sep high C = 30.2|Oct high C = 26.3|Nov high C = 20.5|Dec high C = 17.5|year high C = 24.8|Jan mean C = 10.4|Feb mean C = 11.3|Mar mean C = 13.5|Apr mean C = 15.6|May mean C = 19.0|Jun mean C = 23.0|Jul mean C = 26.6|Aug mean C = 27.1|Sep mean C = 23.2|Oct mean C = 19.6|Nov mean C = 14.5|Dec mean C = 11.6|year mean C = 17.9|Jan low C = 4.3|Feb low C = 5.0|Mar low C = 6.9|Apr low C = 8.7|May low C = 11.7|Jun low C = 15.4|Jul low C = 18.7|Aug low C = 19.4|Sep low C = 16.3|Oct low C = 12.9|Nov low C = 8.6|Dec low C = 5.7|year low C = 11.1|Jan record low C = -7.1|Feb record low C = -4.0|Mar record low C = -5.0|Apr record low C = -2.4|May record low C = 0.0|Jun record low C = 4.0|Jul record low C = 6.0|Aug record low C = 7.0|Sep record low C = 5.0|Oct record low C = 0.0|Nov record low C = -0.4|Dec record low C = -6.0|year record low C = -7.1|precipitation colour = green|Jan precipitation mm = 31.5|Feb precipitation mm = 29.9|Mar precipitation mm = 34.3|Apr precipitation mm = 32.7|May precipitation mm = 24.3|Jun precipitation mm = 5.2|Jul precipitation mm = 1.5|Aug precipitation mm = 6.4|Sep precipitation mm = 18.0|Oct precipitation mm = 27.6|Nov precipitation mm = 34.0|Dec precipitation mm = 25.4|year precipitation mm = 270.8|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm|Jan precipitation days = 4.8|Feb precipitation days = 4.3|Mar precipitation days = 4.5|Apr precipitation days = 4.7|May precipitation days = 3.2|Jun precipitation days = 1.0|Jul precipitation days = 0.4|Aug precipitation days = 1.2|Sep precipitation days = 2.4|Oct precipitation days = 3.8|Nov precipitation days = 4.6|Dec precipitation days = 4.3|year precipitation days = 39.2|time day = 6:00 am|Jan humidity = 83|Feb humidity = 82|Mar humidity = 84|Apr humidity = 87|May humidity = 86|Jun humidity = 83|Jul humidity = 76|Aug humidity = 77|Sep humidity = 81|Oct humidity = 85|Nov humidity = 82|Dec humidity = 83|year humidity = 82|Jan sun = 197.5|Feb sun = 189.9|Mar sun = 229.0|Apr sun = 249.5|May sun = 284.6|Jun sun = 312.4|Jul sun = 333.3|Aug sun = 314.1|Sep sun = 255.0|Oct sun = 227.6|Nov sun = 193.6|Dec sun = 188.1|year sun = 2974.6National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration>NOAA (sun 1981–2010)WEB, live,web.archive.org/web/20231007230912/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Morocco/CSV/OUJDA_60115.csv, 7 October 2023,www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Morocco/CSV/OUJDA_60115.csv, Oujda Climate Normals for 1991–2020, World Meteorological Organization, 7 October 2023, WEB,web.archive.org/web/20211111000115/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-I/Morocco/WMO_Normals_ASCII_60115.csv, 11 November 2021,www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-I/Morocco/WMO_Normals_ASCII_60115.csv, World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 10 November 2021, |source 2 = Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1947–1976),WEB,www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_601150_kt.pdf, Klimatafel von Oujda / Marokko, Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world, Deutscher Wetterdienst, de, 14 October 2016, Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)WEB,meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=755, Station Oujda, Météo Climat, fr AUTHOR= WEBSITE=OGIMET.COM OGIMET >ACCESS-DATE= 11 JULY 2021, |date=November 2014}}

Architecture

(File:Oujda.eglise.JPG|200px|thumb|Oujda Church)(File:Oujda centre1.jpg|200px|thumb|Oujda, Bd Mohamed V)The main characteristic of the city is having the old city in the centre. The old city maintains traditional features of the Moroccan architecture with its narrow, winding alleys which lead to the houses and markets such as the jewelry market and the leather market. The Grand Mosque of Oujda is one of its historically most important mosques.Bled el Gaada is a Roman era ruins just outside of Ouijda.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} The ruins consist of a Roman Castra fort 175m by 210m.BOOK, MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan,books.google.com/books?id=rH26vL2CWbkC&dq=Bled+el+Gaada+roman&pg=PA414, The North African Stones Speak, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, 978-0-8078-4942-2, 312, en,

Music

{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}Gharnati refers to a variety of music originating in Andalusia. Its name was derived from the Arabic name of the Spanish city of Granada. Gharnati constitutes the musical mode mostly used in Oujda, where besides this musical kind is omnipresent and where each year in June the International Festival of Gharnati music is held.Reggada Music is a major traditional music movement. Its a Moroccan Amazigh ancient musical genre and traditional war dance from the Beni Znassen/Aït Iznasen tribes of north-east Morocco (Provinces of Oujda, Berkane and Taourirt), more precisely coming from the village called Ain-Reggada. This dance used to celebrate and emulate victory of a battle. This music has now become part of the global music sphere.{{cn|date=December 2022}}Oujda is also famous by the music of Raï.

Subdivisions

The province is divided administratively into the following:WEB,www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf, Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat de 2004, Haut-commissariat au Plan, Lavieeco.com, 27 April 2012, dead,www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20120724191316www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20120724191316www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf, 24 July 2012, {| class=“wikitable sortable“! Name !! Geographic code !! Type !! Households !! Population (2004)!! Foreign population !! Moroccan population !! NotesBni Drar >|Naïma>||Ahl Angad>|Ain Sfa>|Bni Khaled>|Bsara>|Isly>|Mestferki>|Sidi Boulenouar>|Sidi Moussa Lemhaya>|

Transport

Tourists aiming at Saïdia, bordering the Mediterranean, transit to Oujda’s airport. The city is served by Angads Airport, which has connecting international flights to Lisbon, Brussels, Madrid, Marseille or Paris for example, as well as domestic flights to Casablanca.The city is the endpoint of the main railroad from Casablanca via Fes and Taourirt before the border with Algeria. There are several day and night trains to and from the city, linking it to the western part of the country. The Oriental Desert Express was originally built in the 1920s and 1930s as part of the Mediterranean–Niger Railway. One of its cars, the historical “prince’s wagon” passenger car runs now twice annually. Outside camera shots of the Oriental Desert Express were featured in the 2015 James Bond film Spectre.WEB, 21 September 2017, Morocco tourists make tracks on 007’s ‘desert express’,www.dw.com/en/bonds-desert-express-for-morocco-tourists/a-40604541, 2023-01-23, dw.com, en,

Economy

{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}Oujda has a strategic importance because of its location on the border. There are many economic and natural resources, however, problems of overpopulation of the city and increase in unemployment rate up to 18% of the 11% on the national level has led to migration to foreign countries go up to 28.3% of the national total.Oujda relies heavily on trading given its location near the borders of Algeria. The economy of the city is directly related to the border’s condition as it represents a passage for businesses directed towards Fes in the west, Talmasan in the east, Figuig in the south and Melilla in the north. On 18 March 2003, King Mohammed VI indicated the importance of reviving the economy of the Eastern regions of Morocco. In the context of this effort, Technopol Oujda was established and the region witnessed road improvement, airport expansion and other projects.

Sport

The sports infrastructure in Oujda is composed of a municipal stadium, an Olympic venue, the Honneur Stadium of Oujda, built in 1976, the sports complex ‘Rock’ including a rugby stadium, a complex tennis in the park Lala Aicha, a golf course and two sports halls.

Football

In 1957, MC Oujda (MCO) became the first football club to win the Throne Cup of Morocco, defeating the Wydad of Casablanca, a feat the club repeated the following year. In 1959, in its third successive appearance in the final, the club lost against FAR of Rabat. However, in MC Oujda’s fourth successive final, the club defeated FUS Rabat. In 1962 MCO won its last Throne cup against the Kawkab Athletic Club of Marrakech.Winners of the Throne Cup of Morocco {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213060719www.frmf.ma/competitions/coupe-du-trone/palmares.html |date=13 December 2012 }}After ten years, MC Oujda came back to win in 1972 the Maghreb Cup,{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} three years after it won The Botola Pro of Morocco.Winners of the football League of MoroccoUS Musulmane d’Oujda, is another football club in Oujda.

Notable people

Arts & Cinema

• Hafid Bouazza – Writer
• Hamid Bouchnak – Moroccan raï singer and songwriter
• Nathalie Delon – Actress and director
• Douzi – Singer and songwriter
• Les Freres Megri – Rock band very popular in the Arab world, composers and producers.
• Philippe Faucon – Filmmaker
• Fouad Laroui – Writer and economist
• Michel Qissi – Actor
• Mimoun El Oujdi – Raï singer
• Younes Megri – Actor, singer author of ‘Leli Touil’ sung by Maria de Rossi & Boney M.
• Abdelkrim Derkaoui – Cinematographer, film director and screenwriter
• Bassouar Al Maghnaoui – Singer
• Simon Basinger – Musicologist, essayist, producer and author.
• Charlotte Slovack – Filmmaker
• Douzi – Pop singer
• Serge Guirao – Singer

Sports

• Adil Belgaid – Olympic judo fighter (3 times World Champion, 6 times African Champion, 3 times Arab Champion, 3 times Olympian)
• Abdelatif Benazzi – Rugby player
• Philippe Casado – Cyclist
• Abdelkarim Kissi – Footballer
• Soufiane Kourdou – Professional basketball player
• Moha Rharsalla – Footballer
• Mohammed Qissi – Actor (Kickboxer, Bloodsport with Jean Claude Vandamme)
• Mohcin Cheaouri – Track and Field athlete, 2 times African champion
• Yahya Berrabah – Olympic athlete, African champion in long jump
• Daniel Sanchez – Footballer
• Gilles Simon – Formula 1
• Ahmed Belkedroussi – Football manager
• Khadfi Rharsallah – Footballer
• Marianne Agulhon – Slalom canoeist
• Mohammed Berrabeh – International footballer
• Hassan Alla – Footballer
• Mohammed Ben Brahim – Footballer
• Khalid Chalqi – Footballer
• Gerard Soler – Footballer midfielder
• Khalid Lebji – Footballer midfielder
• Abou El Kacem Hadji – Footballer
• Ryad El Alami – Footballer
• Abdelah Kafifi – Footballer
• Mohamed Atmani – Boxer (Summer Olympics)
• Soufiane Kourdou – Basketball player
• Houssam Amaanan – Footballer
• Habib Allah Dahmani – Footballer

Politics & Diplomats

• Ahmed Osman – Former Prime Minister, married King Hassan II’s sister, Lalla Nuzha of Morocco
• Zoulikha Nasri – Advisor to King Mohammed IV, MD of foundation ‘Mohammed V for Solidarity’
• Muhammad Ben Abdessalam Al Muqri – Late 19th senior official, advisor and grand vizier to several sultans.
• Abdelkader Lecheheb – Football player and Ambassador to Russia
• Mohamed Allal Sinaceur – Former Minister of Cultural Affairs
• Mohamed Habib Sinaceur – Politician
• Ahmed Toufiq Hejira – Former Minister of Housing and Urbanism
• Kaddour El Ouartassi – Historian
• Najima Rhozali – Politician, professor
• Yvette Katan Bensamoun – Historian
• Omar Benjelloun – Journalist
• Abdelaziz Bouteflika – (1937–2021), 5th President of Algeria
• Abdelnour Abbrous – Politician
• Chakib Khelil – Politician
• Hassnae Bouazza – Journalist, writer, columnist
• Louisette Ighilariz – Politician

Business

• Maurice Levy – French businessman, Chairman of Publicis Group.

Town twinning

• {{flagicon|UK}} Trowbridge, UK, (2009)NEWS, 2006-10-03, Trowbridge - Market town twins with Arab city, BBC News, BBC News Channel,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/5401592.stm, 2013-08-01,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/5401592.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20071021084445news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/5401592.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20071021084445news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/5401592.stm, 2007-10-21, Trowbridge has the largest Moroccan community in the UK outside London, and is the first UK town to be twinned with a place from a Muslim country. At the time, Trowbridge had approximately 80 resident families who had roots in Oujda.WEB, Trowbridge plans Moroccan link-up,www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/7417417.trowbridge-plans-moroccan-link-up/, 2022-08-02, The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald, en,
• {{flagicon|FRA}} Lille, France
• {{flagicon|FRA}} Sevran, France
• {{flagicon|FRA}} Jouy-le-Moutier, France
• {{flagicon|FRA}} Aix-en-Provence, France (2007)
• {{flagicon|KSA}} Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• {{flagicon|LBY}} Sirte, Libya
• {{flagicon|ALG}} Oran, Algeria
• {{flagicon|BEL}} Sint-Jans-Molenbeek, Belgium

See also

• Oujda group – an Algerian political faction named after the town
• Capture of Oujda (1647)

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

{{Commons category}}

• oujdaportail.net/" title="web.archive.org/web/20170522213300oujdaportail.net/">Oujda Portal
• www.oujdays.com/" title="web.archive.org/web/20150328040318www.oujdays.com/">Oujdays 100% Oujda
• Oujda and its region
• Entry in Lexicorient {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331182856lexicorient.com/morocco/oujda.htm |date=31 March 2009 }}
• OujdaCity.net

{{Oujda-Angad Prefecture}}{{Oriental (Morocco)}}{{Prefectures and provinces of Morocco}}{{Arab Capital of Culture}}{{coord|34|41|12|N|01|54|41|W|region:MA_type:city|display=title}}{{Authority control}}