{{Short description|Italian statesman and de facto ruler of Florence (1449â€“1492)}}{{other uses|Lorenzo de’ Medici (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}

factoids

name

Lorenzo de’ Medici| image = Lorenzo de Medici.jpg| caption = Portrait by Agnolo Bronzino at the Uffizi, Florence

List of heads of state of Florence>Lord of Florence| reign = 2 December 1469 â€“ 8 April 1492

Piero di Cosimo de’ Medici>Piero the Gouty| successor = Piero the Unfortunate| spouse = Clarice Orsini

| full name = Lorenzo di Piero de’ Medici

House of Medici>Medici| father = Piero the Gouty| mother = Lucrezia Tornabuoni

Florentine calendar>calendar then in use in Florence, where the new year would commence on 25 March (HTTP://WWW.TRECCANI.IT/ENCICLOPEDIA/MEDICI-LORENZO-DE-DETTO-IL-MAGNIFICO_(ENCICLOPEDIA-ITALIANA)/ >TITLE=MEDICI, LORENZO DE’, DETTO IL MAGNIFICO

ENCICLOPEDIA ITALIANA >LAST=PICOTTI

YEAR=1934, 10 May 2018, ).| birth_place = Florence, Republic of Florence| death_date = 8 April 1492 (aged 43)| death_place = Careggi, Republic of Florence

200px)

Political leadership

patronage of the arts}}}}Lorenzo di Piero de’ Medici ({{IPA-it|loËˆrÉ›ntso de ËˆmÉ›ËditÊƒi|lang}}), known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (; 1 January 1449 â€“ 8 April 1492),ENCYCLOPEDIA,www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/medici-lorenzo-de-detto-il-magnifico_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/, Medici, Lorenzo de’, detto il Magnifico, Enciclopedia Italiana, Picotti, Giovanni Battista, 1934, 10 May 2018, was an Italian statesman, the de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic, and the most powerful patron of Renaissance culture in Italy.JOURNAL, Tim, Parks, Tim Parks, Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence, The Art Book, 12, 4, New York, W.W. Norton & Co, 2008, 288, 10.1111/j.1467-8357.2005.00614.x,books.google.com/books?id=hfVEAAAAQBAJ, 9781847656872, WEB,100leaders.org/lorenzo-de-medici, Fact about Lorenzo de’ Medici, 100 Leaders in world history, 2008, 15 November 2008, Kenneth E. Behring,100leaders.org/lorenzo-de-medici," title="web.archive.org/web/20140927080957100leaders.org/lorenzo-de-medici,">web.archive.org/web/20140927080957100leaders.org/lorenzo-de-medici, 27 September 2014, dead, BOOK, Kent, F. W.,books.google.com/books?id=rpZw_s-kcaoC, Lorenzo De’ Medici and the Art of Magnificence, 1 February 2007, JHU Press, 978-0801886270, The Johns Hopkins Symposia in Comparative History, USA, 110â€“112, Lorenzo held the balance of power within the Italic League, an alliance of states that stabilized political conditions on the Italian Peninsula for decades, and his life coincided with the mature phase of the Italian Renaissance and the golden age of Florence.BOOK, Gene, Brucker, Gene Brucker, Living on the Edge in Leonardo’s Florence, Berkeley, University of California Press, 21 March 2005, 14â€“15, 10.1177/02656914080380030604, 10.1525/j.ctt1ppkqw,books.google.com/books?id=EWfhYkonAQUC, 9780520930995, 144626626, As a patron, he is best known for his sponsorship of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo. On the foreign policy front, Lorenzo manifested a clear plan to stem the territorial ambitions of Pope Sixtus IV, in the name of the balance of the Italic League of 1454. For these reasons, Lorenzo was the subject of the Pazzi conspiracy (1478), in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated. The Peace of Lodi of 1454 that he supported among the various Italian states collapsed with his death. He is buried in the Medici Chapel in Florence.

Youth

Lorenzo’s grandfather, Cosimo de’ Medici, was the first member of the Medici family to lead the Republic of Florence and run the Medici Bank simultaneously. As one of the wealthiest men in Europe, Cosimo spent a very large portion of his fortune on government and philanthropy, for example as a patron of the arts and financier of public works.Hugh Ross Williamson, Lorenzo the Magnificent, Michael Joseph, (1974), {{ISBN|07181 12040}}. Lorenzo’s father, Piero di Cosimo de’ Medici, was equally at the centre of Florentine civic life, chiefly as an art patron and collector, while Lorenzo’s uncle, Giovanni di Cosimo de’ Medici, took care of the family’s business interests. Lorenzo’s mother, Lucrezia Tornabuoni, was a writer of sonnets and a friend to poets and philosophers of the Medici Academy.BOOK, Milligan, Gerry,www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0174.xml, Renaissance and Reformation, 26 August 2011, Oxford University Press, 9780195399301, Oxford Bibliographies, Lucrezia Tornabuoni, 10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0174, 25 February 2015, She became her son’s advisor after the deaths of his father and uncle.Lorenzo, considered the most promising of the five children of Piero and Lucrezia, was tutored by a diplomat and bishop, Gentile de’ Becchi, and the humanist philosopher Marsilio Ficino,Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 67 and he was trained in Greek by John Argyropoulos.BOOK, The Renaissance, Durant, Will, Simon and Schuster, 1953, The Story of Civilization, 5, New York, 110, With his brother Giuliano, he participated in jousting, hawking, hunting, and horse breeding for the Palio, a horse race in Siena. In 1469, aged 20, he won first prize in a jousting tournament sponsored by the Medici. The joust was the subject of a poem written by Luigi Pulci.JOURNAL, Davie, Mark, Luigi Pulci’s Stanze per la Giostra: Verse and Prose Accounts of a Florentine Joust of 1469,openurl.ingenta.com/content/xref?genre=article&issn=0075-1634&volume=44&issue=1&spage=41, Italian Studies, 1989, 44, 1, 41â€“58, 10.1179/007516389790509128, NiccolÃ² Machiavelli also wrote of the occasion, perhaps sarcastically, that he won “not by way of favour, but by his own valour and skill in arms”.BOOK,archive.org/details/florentinehistor02machuoft, The Florentine History, Machiavelli, NiccolÃ², 1906, London: Archibald Constable and Co. Limited, 2, 169, He carried a banner painted by Verrocchio, and his horse was named Morello di Vento.BOOK, The Stanze of Angelo Poliziano, Poliziano, Angelo, 1993, Penn State University Press, Pennsylvania State University Press, 0271009373, University Park, Pa., x, 26718982, Christopher Hibbert, chapter 9Piero sent Lorenzo on many important diplomatic missions when he was still a youth, including trips to Rome to meet the pope and other important religious and political figures.NiccolÃ² Machiavelli, History of Florence, Book VIII, Chap. 7.Lorenzo was described as rather plain of appearance and of average height, having a broad frame and short legs, dark hair and eyes, a squashed nose, short-sighted eyes and a harsh voice. Giuliano, on the other hand, was regarded as handsome and a “golden boy”, and was used as a model by Botticelli in his painting of Mars and Venus.Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 70 Even Lorenzo’s close friend Niccolo Valori described him as homely, saying, “nature had been a stepmother to him in regards to his personal appearance, although she had acted as a loving mother in all things concocted with the mind. His complexion was dark, and although his face was not handsome it was so full of dignity as to compel respect.“Janet Ross. “Florentine Palaces & Their Stories”. 14 August 2016. Page 250.{{multiple image

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| header = Paintings by Botticelli that use the Medici family as models
| image1 = Sandro Botticelli - Madonna del Magnificat - Google Art Project.jpg
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| caption1 = Madonna of the Magnificat shows Lucrezia Tornabuoni as the Madonna surrounded by her children, with Lorenzo holding a pot of ink.
| image2 = Botticelli, adorazione dei magi uffizi.jpg
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| caption2 = The Adoration of the Magi includes several generations of the Medici family and their retainers. Sixteen-year-old Lorenzo is to the left, with his horse, prior to his departure on a diplomatic mission to Milan.
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Politics

File:Verrocchio Lorenzo de Medici.jpg|thumb|180px|Bust by Verrocchio, 15th-century terracotta bust, National Gallery of Art National Gallery of ArtLorenzo, groomed for power, assumed a leading role in the state upon the death of his father in 1469, when he was 20. Already drained by his grandfather’s building projects and constantly stressed by mismanagement, wars, and political expenses, the assets of the Medici Bank reduced seriously during the course of Lorenzo’s lifetime.MAGAZINE, Lorenzo der PrÃ¤chtige: MÃ¤zen, SchÃ¶ngeist und Tyrann, Lorenzo the Magnificent: Patron, Aesthete and Tyrant, Ingeborg, Walter, de, Damals, 32, 45, 3, 2013, Lorenzo, like his grandfather, father, and son, ruled Florence indirectly through surrogates in the city councils by means of payoffs and strategic marriages until 1490.MAGAZINE, Die langsame AushÃ¶hlung der Republik, The Slow and Steady Erosion of the Republic, Volker, Reinhardt, de, Damals, 16â€“23, 45, 3, 2013, BOOK, Francesco, Guicciardini, History of Italy and History of Florence, New York, Twayne Publishers, 1964, 8, Rival Florentine families inevitably harboured resentments over the Medicis’ dominance, and enemies of the Medici remained a factor in Florentine life long after Lorenzo’s passing. The most notable of the rival families was the Pazzi, who nearly brought Lorenzo’s reign to an end.On Sunday, 26 April 1478, in an incident known as the Pazzi conspiracy, a group headed by Girolamo Riario, Francesco de’ Pazzi, and Francesco Salviati (the archbishop of Pisa), attacked Lorenzo and his brother and co-ruler Giuliano in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in an attempt to seize control of the Florentine government.BOOK, Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation, Jensen, De Lamar, D.C. Heath and Company, 1992, Lexington, Mass, 80, Salviati acted with the blessing of his patron Pope Sixtus IV. Giuliano was killed, brutally stabbed to death, but Lorenzo escaped with only a minor wound to the neck, having been defended by the poet PolizianoBOOK, The Renaissance, Durant, Will, Simon and Schuster, 1953, The Story of Civilization, 5, New York, 125, and the banker Francesco Nori, the latter of whom was killed in the attack.BOOK, Busi, Giulio,books.google.com/books?id=tsRMDQAAQBAJ&dq=francesco+nori+direttore+banco+dei+medici&pg=PT101, Lorenzo de’ Medici, 31 October 2016, Mondadori, 978-88-520-7722-7, it, News of the conspiracy spread throughout Florence, and it was brutally put down by the populace through such measures as the lynching of the archbishop of Pisa and members of the Pazzi family who were involved in the conspiracy.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=Hrq9d567398C&q=Francesco+Salviati+archbishop&pg=PA189, Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation, 189 ff, Bard, Thompson, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1996, 0-8028-6348-5, In the aftermath of the Pazzi conspiracy and the punishment of supporters of Pope Sixtus IV, the Medici and Florence earned the wrath of the Holy See, which seized all the Medici assets that Sixtus could find, excommunicated Lorenzo and the entire government of Florence, and ultimately put the entire Florentine city-state under interdict.BOOK, Lee, Hancock, Lorenzo de’ Medici: Florence’s Great Leader and Patron of the Arts, 57, Rosen Publishing, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2005, 1-4042-0315-X, registration,archive.org/details/lorenzodemedici00leeh/page/57, When these moves had little effect, Sixtus formed a military alliance with King Ferdinand I of Naples, whose son, Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, led an invasion of the Florentine Republic, still ruled by Lorenzo.BOOK, Lauro, Martines, April Blood: Florence and the Plot Against the Medici, Oxford University Press, 2003, File:Lorenzo di Magnifico visits king Ferdinand of Aragon in Naples (Palazzo Vecchio, Florence).jpg|thumb|Lorenzo goes to Naples to Ferdinand of Aragon, painting by Giorgio Vasari and Marco da Faenza, Palazzo Vecchio, Sala di Lorenzo the Magnificent, Florence FlorenceLorenzo rallied the citizens. However, with little support from the traditional Medici allies in Bologna and Milan, the war dragged on, and only diplomacy by Lorenzo, who personally traveled to Naples and became a prisoner of the king for several months, ultimately resolved the crisis. That success enabled Lorenzo to secure constitutional changes within the government of the Florentine Republic that further enhanced his own power.Thereafter, Lorenzo, like his grandfather Cosimo de’ Medici, pursued a policy of maintaining peace, balancing power between the northern Italian states and keeping major European states such as France and the Holy Roman Empire out of Italy. Lorenzo maintained good relations with Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire, as the Florentine maritime trade with the Ottomans was a major source of wealth for the Medici.BOOK, Inalcik, Halil, 2000, London, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300â€“1600, Orion Publishing Group, 135, 978-1-84212-442-0, Efforts to acquire revenue from the mining of alum in Tuscany unfortunately marred Lorenzo’s reputation. Alum had been discovered by local citizens of Volterra, who turned to Florence to get backing to exploit this important natural resource. A key commodity in the glassmaking, tanning and textile industries, alum was available from only a few sources under the control of the Ottomans and monopolized by Genoa before the discovery of alum sources in Italy at Tolfa. First the Roman Curia in 1462, and then Lorenzo and the Medici Bank less than a year later, got involved in backing the mining operation, with the pope taking a two-ducat commission for each cantar quintal of alum retrieved and ensuring a monopoly against the Turkish-derived goods by prohibiting trade in alum with infidels.BOOK, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397â€“1494, de Roover, Raymond, Harvard University Press, 1963, 152â€“154, When they realized the value of the alum mine, the people of Volterra wanted its revenues for their municipal funds rather than having it enter the pockets of their Florentine backers. Thus began an insurrection and secession from Florence, which involved putting to death several opposing citizens. Lorenzo sent mercenaries to suppress the revolt by force, and the mercenaries ultimately sacked the city. Lorenzo hurried to Volterra to make amends, but the incident would remain a dark stain on his record.BOOK,archive.org/details/florentinehistor02machuoft, The Florentine History, Machiavelli, NiccolÃ², 1906, London: Archibald Constable and Co. Limited, 2, 197â€“198, BOOK, The Renaissance, Durant, Will, Simon and Schuster, 1953, The Story of Civilization, 5, New York, 112,

Patronage

File:Angel Appearing to Zacharias (detail) - 1486-90.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.25|The Angel appearing to Zacharias in the Tornabuoni Chapel in Florence contains portraits of members of the Medici Academy: Marsilio Ficino, Cristoforo Landino, Agnolo Poliziano and either Demetrios Chalkokondyles or Gentile de’ Becchi Gentile de’ BecchiLorenzo’s court included artists such as Piero and Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Michelangelo Buonarroti, who were instrumental in achieving the 15th-century Renaissance. Although Lorenzo did not commission many works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions from other patrons. Michelangelo lived with Lorenzo and his family for three years, dining at the family table and participating in discussions led by Marsilio Ficino.Lorenzo was an artist and wrote poetry in his native Tuscan. In his poetry, he celebrates life while acknowledging with melancholy the fragility and instability of the human condition, particularly in his later works. Love, feasts and light dominate his verse.(iarchive:La.Poesia.di.Lorenzo.dei.MediciLydiaUgolini.1985|La Poesia di Lorenzo di Medici) | The Poetry of Lorenzo di Medici- Lydia Ugolini; Lecture (1985); AudioCosimo had started the collection of books that became the Medici Library (also called the Laurentian Library), and Lorenzo expanded it. Lorenzo’s agents retrieved from the East large numbers of classical works, and he employed a large workshop to copy his books and disseminate their content across Europe. He supported the development of humanism through his circle of scholarly friends, including the philosophers Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.JOURNAL, MÃ¤zene auf den Spuren der Antike, Patrons in the footsteps of Antiquity, Eike D., Schmidt, Eike Schmidt, de, Damals, 36â€“43, 45, 3, 2013, They studied Greek philosophers and attempted to merge the ideas of Plato with Christianity.Apart from a personal interest, Lorenzo also used the Florentine milieu of fine arts for his diplomatic efforts. An example includes the commission of Ghirlandaio, Botticelli, Pietro Perugino and Cosimo Rosselli from Rome to paint murals in the Sistine Chapel, a move that has been interpreted as sealing the alliance between Lorenzo and Pope Sixtus IV.In 1471, Lorenzo calculated that his family had spent some 663,000 florins (about US$460 million today) on charity, buildings and taxes since 1434. He wrote, I do not regret this for though many would consider it better to have a part of that sum in their purse, I consider it to have been a great honour to our state, and I think the money was well-expended and I am well-pleased.BOOK, G., Brucker, The Society of Renaissance Florence: A Documentary Study, New York, 1971, 27, Harper & Row, From 1479 Lorenzo became a permanent member of the committee supervising the rebuild of the signoria in Florence. He created a court of artists in his sculpture garden at San Marco which allowed him to exert ‘enormous influence on the selection of artists on public projects’.E. B. Fryde, Humanism and Renaissance Historiography (London, 1983), 137

Marriage and children

File:Clarice Orsini de Medici.JPG|thumb|upright|Clarice Orsini Clarice OrsiniLorenzo married Clarice Orsini on 7 February 1469.BOOK, Pernis, Maria Grazia,www.worldcat.org/oclc/61130758, Lucrezia Tornabuoni de’ Medici and the Medici family in the fifteenth century, 2006, Peter Lang, Laurie Adams, 0-8204-7645-5, New York, 61130758, The marriage in person took place in Florence on 4 June 1469. She was a daughter of Giacomo Orsini, Lord of Monterotondo and Bracciano by his wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini.Clarice and Lorenzo had 10 children, all except Contessina Antonia born in Florence:

Lucrezia Maria Romola de’ Medici (1470â€“1553),BOOK, Tomas, Natalie R., The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2003, 0754607771, 7, 21, 25, who married Jacopo Salviati on 10 September 1486 and had 10 children of her own, including Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, Cardinal Bernardo Salviati, Maria Salviati (mother of Cosimo I de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany), and Francesca Salviati (mother of Pope Leo XI)
Male twins who died after birth (March 1471){{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
Piero di Lorenzo de’ Medici (1472â€“1503), called “the Unfortunate”, was ruler of Florence after his father’s death; grandfather of Catherine de’ Medici, queen of France
Maria Maddalena Romola de’ Medici (1473â€“1528) married Franceschetto Cybo (illegitimate son of Pope Innocent VIII) on 25 February 1487 and had seven children
Contessina Beatrice de’ Medici, died shortly after her birth on 23 September 1474WEB, Wheeler, Greg, 9 July 2020, Piero de Medici (the Unfortunate) Timeline 1472-1503,www.thetimelinegeek.com/piero-de-medici-the-unfortunate-1472-1503/, 9 May 2023, TheTimelineGeek, en-GB,
Giovanni di Lorenzo de’ Medici (1475â€“1521), ascended to the papacy as Leo X in 1513J.N.D. Kelly, The Oxford Dictionary of Popes (Oxford 1986), p. 256.
Luisa de’ Medici (1477â€“1488), also called Luigia, was betrothed to Giovanni de’ Medici il Popolano, but died young
Contessina Antonia Romola de’ Medici (1478â€“1515), born in Pistoia, married Piero Ridolfi (1467â€“1525) in 1494 and had five children, including Cardinal NiccolÃ² Ridolfi
Giuliano di Lorenzo de’ Medici (1479â€“1516) was created Duke of Nemours in 1515 by Francis I of France

Lorenzo adopted his nephew Giulio di Giuliano de’ Medici (1478â€“1534), the illegitimate son of his slain brother Giuliano. In 1523, after serving four years as ruler of Florence, Giulio ascended to the papacy as Pope Clement VII.WEB,www.newadvent.org/cathen/04024a.htm, Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Clement VII, www.newadvent.org, File:Capella sassetti, conferma della regola francescana, dettaglio 05.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Detail of Domenico Ghirlandaio’s Confirmation of the Franciscan Rule from the Sassetti Chapel frescos. Mounting the stairs in the forefront are the tutor of Lorenzo’s sons, Angelo Poliziano Angelo Poliziano

Later years, death, and legacy

File:Lorenzo el MagnÃfico, por Giorgio Vasari.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A posthumous portrait of Lorenzo by Giorgio Vasari Giorgio VasariDuring Lorenzo’s tenure, several branches of the family bank collapsed because of bad loans, and in later years he got into financial difficulties and resorted to misappropriating trust and state funds.Toward the end of Lorenzo’s life, Florence came under the influence of Savonarola, who believed Christians had strayed too far into Greco-Roman culture. Lorenzo played a role in bringing Savonarola to Florence.Donald Weinstein, Savonarola: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Prophet (New Haven, 2011) Chap. 5: The Magnificent LorenzoLorenzo died during the late night of 8 April 1492, at the longtime family villa of Careggi.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=-XC6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA474, Cuvier’s History of the Natural Sciences: Nineteen lessons from the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Georges, Cuvier, Publications scientifiques du MusÃ©um, 24 October 2019, 474, 9782856538739, Savonarola visited Lorenzo on his deathbed. The rumour that Savonarola damned Lorenzo on his deathbed has been refuted in Roberto Ridolfi’s book Vita di Girolamo Savonarola. Letters written by witnesses to Lorenzo’s death report that he died peacefully after listening to the Gospel of the day.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=8jDfydG6ReAC&pg=PA347, The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300â€“1500: A Biographical Dictionary, Clayton J., Drees, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, 347, 9780313305887, Many signs and portents were claimed to have taken place at the moment of his death, including the dome of Florence Cathedral being struck by lightning, ghosts appearing, and the lions kept at Via Leone fighting one another.Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 268.(File:Medici - Rappresentazione dei santi Giovanni e Paolo, circa 1485 - 2411117 Scan00017.tif|thumb|upright|Sacra rappresentazione dei santi Giovanni e Paolo (“Holy representation of the Saints John and Paul“), a work by Lorenzo in the later years)The Signoria and councils of Florence issued a decree:{{Blockquote|Whereas the foremost man of all this city, the lately deceased Lorenzo de’ Medici, did, during his whole life, neglect no opportunity of protecting, increasing, adorning and raising this city, but was always ready with counsel, authority and painstaking, in thought and deed; shrank from neither trouble nor danger for the good of the state and its freedom.... it has seemed good to the Senate and people of Florence.... to establish a public testimonial of gratitude to the memory of such a man, in order that virtue might not be unhonoured among Florentines, and that, in days to come, other citizens may be incited to serve the commonwealth with might and wisdom.Williamson, pp. 268â€“9}}Lorenzo was buried with his brother Giuliano in the Basilica di San Lorenzo in the red porphyry sarcophagus designed for Piero and Giovanni de’ Medici, not, as might be expected, in the New Sacristy, designed by Michelangelo. The latter holds the two monumental tombs of Lorenzo and Giuliano’s less known namesakes: Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino, and Giuliano, Duke of Nemours.Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 270-80 According to Williamson and others, the statues of the lesser Lorenzo and Giuliano were carved by Michelangelo to incorporate the essence of the famous men. In 1559, the bodies of Lorenzo de’ Medici (“the Magnificent“) and his brother Giuliano were interred in the New Sacristy in an unmarked tomb beneath Michelangelo’s statue of the Madonna.Medical researchers have suggested that Lorenzo may have suffered from acromegaly, a rare disorder that results from excessive secretion of growth hormone, based on interpretation of his reported symptoms, and later analysis of his skeleton and death mask.JOURNAL, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31339-9, Acromegaly in Lorenzo the Magnificent, father of the Renaissance, 2017, Lippi, Donatella, Charlier, Philippe, Romagnani, Paola, The Lancet, 389, 10084, 2104, 28561004, 38097951, free, Lorenzo’s heir was his eldest son, Piero di Lorenzo de’ Medici, known as “Piero the Unfortunate”. In 1494, he squandered his father’s patrimony and brought down the Medici dynasty in Florence. His second son, Giovanni, who became Pope Leo X, retook the city in 1512 with the aid of a Spanish army.WEB,www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=gjg, History of the Medici, History World, In 1531, Lorenzo’s nephew Giulio di Giuliano â€“ whom Lorenzo had raised as his own son and who in 1523 became Pope Clement VII â€“ formalized Medici rule of Florence by installing Alessandro de’ Medici the city’s first hereditary duke.WEB,www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/de-medici-alessandro-1510-1537/, Alessandro de’ Medici (1510â€“1537) {{*, BlackPast|date=9 December 2007}}

In popular culture

Lorenzo de’ Medici is depicted as a teenager in CBBC’s Leonardo, played by actor Colin Ryan.WEB,www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2011/03_march/29/leonardo4.shtml, Leonardo: Colin Ryan plays Lorenzo, 28 March 2011, 17 May 2018, BBC,
Lorenzo de’ Medici appears as a supporting character to the protagonist, Ezio Auditore da Firenze, after they help foil the Pazzi conspirators in Assassin’s Creed II.WEB, Kelly, Andy, Revisiting the renaissance with Assassin’s Creed 2,www.pcgamer.com/revisiting-the-renaissance-with-assassins-creed-2/, 9 March 2017, 10 May 2018, PC Gamer, Future US, Inc.,
Lorenzo de’ Medici is portrayed by Elliot Cowan in the 2013 TV series Da Vinci’s Demons.NEWS, Truitt, Brian, Who’s who in ‘Da Vinci’s Demons’ Season 2,www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2014/03/19/da-vincis-demons-character-guide/6626763/, 19 March 2014, 10 May 2018, USA Today,
Lorenzo de’ Medici is portrayed by Daniel Sharman in the TV series (Medici (TV series)|Medici: The Magnificent).JOURNAL,variety.com/2017/tv/global/daniel-sharman-bradley-james-netflix-medici-1202522384/, Daniel Sharman and Bradley James Join Netflix’s ‘Medici’, Clarke, Stewart, 10 August 2017, Variety (magazine), Variety, 11 August 2017, Penske Business Media, LLC.,

References

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Lorenzo de' Medici

Youth

Politics

Patronage

Marriage and children

Later years, death, and legacy

In popular culture

References

Further reading

External links