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List of Christian martyrs

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List of Christian martyrs
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{{Short description|None}}File:Madonna dell'Orto (Venice) - Choir - The beheading of St. Paul.jpg|thumb|Martyrdom of St. Paul by 349x349px{{Dynamic list}}This is a list of reputed martyrs of Christianity; it includes only notable people with Wikipedia articles. Not all Christian denominations accept every figure on this list as a martyr or Christian—see the linked articles for fuller discussion. In many denominations of Christianity, martyrdom is considered a direct path to sainthood and many names on this list are viewed as saints in one or more denominations.

Apostolic Age—1st century

missing image!
- Martyrdom of Saint Stephen by Giovanni Andrea De Ferrari (1598-1669), undated, oil on copper - Accademia Ligustica di Belle Arti - DSC02144.JPG -
Martyrdom of Saint Stephen by Giovanni Andrea de Ferrari (1598-1669)
missing image!
- Crucifixion of Saint Peter-Caravaggio (c.1600).jpg -
The crucifixion of Saint Peter by Caravaggio (1601)

According to the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles

According to early sources

  • James, brother of JesusBOOK, Lyons, George, Antiquities of the Jews - Book XX, Chapter 9,weblink 6 December 2016, - attested by Josephus ca. AD 94
  • Simon Peter, first attested by Tertullian about AD 200WEB, Quintus Septimius Florens, Tertullian, Prescription Against Heretics Chapter XXXVI,weblink ccel.org, 1 June 2015, "Since, moreover, you are close upon Italy, you have Rome, from which there comes even into our own hands the very authority (of apostles themselves). How happy is its church, on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood; where Peter endures a passion like his Lord's; where Paul wins his crown in a death like John's[the Baptist]; where the Apostle John was first plunged, unhurt, into boiling oil, and thence remitted to his island-exile."
  • Paul the Apostle, first attested by Ignatius of Antioch probably about AD 110Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Ephesians, Chapter XII

According to tradition

  • Andrew the ApostleThe legends surrounding Andrew are discussed in F. Dvornik, "The Idea of Apostolicity in Byzantium and the Legend of the Apostle Andrew", Dumbarton Oaks Studies, IV (Cambridge) 1958.
  • Matthew the ApostleWEB,weblink CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Matthew, - not attested by contemporary sources
  • Philip the Apostle - conflicting accountsWEB,weblink Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume 8, 14 March 2007, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, Schaff, Philip, 1885,
  • Thomas the ApostleBOOK, Farmer, David, The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised, 2011, Oxford University Press, 418, 978-0199596607,
  • Jude ThaddeusWEB,weblink CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Apocrypha,
  • Bartholomew - conflicting accountsWEB,weblink CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Bartholomew,
  • BarnabasBOOK, Cross, Frank Leslie, Livingstone, Elizabeth A., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church,weblink 2005, Oxford University Press, 160, 978-0-19-280290-3,
  • Simon Zelotes - contradictory late traditions.WEB,weblink Saint Simon the Apostle, Jones, Terry H, 6 January 2009, Saints.SQPN.com, 29 March 2010, WEB,weblink St. Simon of Zealot, Catholic Online, 29 March 2010,
  • Mark the EvangelistPope Shenouda III. The Beholder of God Mark the Evangelist Saint and Martyr, Chapter Seven. Tasbeha.org
  • TimothyWEB,weblink CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Epistles to Timothy and Titus, - not attested by contemporary sources
  • PhilemonWEB,weblink CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philemon, - not attested by contemporary sources

Age of Martyrdom—2nd to 4th centuries

File:Giovanni di Paolo 002.jpg|thumb|right|Pope St. Fabian and Saint Sebastian, Giovanni di PaoloGiovanni di Paolo
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- DublinTrinityCollegeMSEi40LifeAlbanFol38rMartyrdomAlban.jpg -
The martyrdom of St. Alban
, from a 13th-century manuscript, now in the Trinity College Library, Dublin. Note the executioner's eyes falling out of his head

According to early Christian tradition

With some historical attestation within a hundred years of the event

With some historical attestation more than a hundred years after the event

  • AlbanWEB, Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People,weblink Internet History Sourcebook, Fordham University, 3 November 2013,
  • Ignatius of AntiochChronicle, from the Latin translation of Jerome, p. 276.
  • GelasinusBOOK, Butler, Alban, The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints: Compiled from Original Monuments, and other Authentic Records: Illustrated with the Remarks of Judicious Modern Critics and Historians, 1799, J. Moir for J. P. Coghlan, Edinburgh, 3rd,
  • PancrasHubertus Drobner, Der heilige Pankratius: Leben, Legende und Verehrung 2nd rev. ed. 2005.
  • Valentine"XVI kalendas Martii Interamnae Via Flaminia miliario ab Urbe Roma LXIII natale Valentini." In J. B. de Rossi, p. 20 (XVI KL. MAR.). See also M. Schoepflin, p. 40: "the original text".
  • Benedict of MonacilioniWEB,weblink Santa Benedetta Monacilioni,
  • Petronilla{{CathEncy|wstitle= St. Petronilla |volume= 11 |last= Kirsch |first= Johann Peter |author-link= Johann Peter Kirsch |short=1 }}

Largely or wholly legendary

Middle Ages—5th to 15th-centuries

{{More citations needed|date=July 2023}}
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- Lorenzo Lotto - Madonna and Child with St Peter Martyr - WGA13648.jpg -
Madonna and Child with St Peter Martyr, by Lorenzo Lotto
missing image!
- Joan of arc burning at stake.jpg -
Joan of Arc being burned at the stake, by Jules-Eugène Lenepveu

Reformation Era—16th century

{{refimprove section|date=December 2016}}
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- Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg -
Dirk Willems etching from Martyrs Mirror
File:Joseph Martin Kronheim - Foxe's Book of Martyrs Plate VII - Death of Cranmer.jpg|thumb|250x350px|"Death of Cranmer", from the 1887 Foxe's Book of MartyrsFoxe's Book of Martyrs

Modern Era—17th to 21st centuries

{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2022}}
missing image!
- Boyaryna Morozova by V.Surikov (1884-1887, Tretyakov gallery) detail 01.jpg -
Feodosia Morozova, an Old Believer being arrested by Czarist authorities
missing image!
- Death of Father Jayme.jpg -
An illustration depicts the brutal death of Father Luís Jayme by the hands of angry natives at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in Alta California, November 4, 1775

See also

References

{{Reflist}}{{History of Christianity}}

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