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{{short description|American naval architect and political activist}}

factoids

| birth_place = Leesburg, Virginia4194023}}| death_place = Long Branch, New Jersey

• {{marriage|Sally Lewis Wood |1891|1937|end=died{edih}
• {{marriage|Mary Doran|1937}}

}}| children = Stanhope Wood Nixon, Joel Peter NixonLewis Nixon III (grandson)Kelly Christine Nixon (granddaughter)}}naval architecture>Naval architect and political activist}}Lewis Nixon (April 7, 1861 – September 23, 1940) was a naval architect, shipbuilding executive, public servant, and political activist. He designed the United States' first modern battleships, and supervised the construction of its first modern submarines, all before his 40th birthday. He was briefly the leader of Tammany Hall. He started an ill-fated effort to run seven major American shipyards under common ownership as the United States Shipbuilding Company, and he was the chair of the New York City commission that began construction of the Williamsburg Bridge.

Birth and naval education

Nixon was born on the eve of the American Civil War, in Leesburg, Virginia, to Colonel Joel Lewis Nixon and Mary Jane Turner.BOOK, Scannell's New Jersey's First Citizen's and State Guide, 1919–1920, 341, Metuchen — Shipbuilder. Born at Leesburg, Va., on April 7, 1861; son of Col. Lewis and Mary Jane (Turner) Nixon; married at Washington, D. C., in 1891, to Sally Lewis Wood, daughter of Col. Lafayette Bawyer Wood and Margaret Robertson Wood, of Inverness, Scotland. Children: Stanhope Wood, born in 1894, married to Doris Fletcher Ryer, in 1917. Grandson, Lewis Nixon, III, born Sept. 30, 1918. Lewis Nixon has made his name known all over the world by his ship-building activities. At his yards, the Crescent, in Elizabeth, he constructed 100 vessels in five years. The Holland, the first submarine of the United States' Navy, was built there; this was followed by the building of seven more submarines. ...,weblink Leesburg, only three miles into the Confederacy, changed hands several times over the course of the War. His brother George H. Nixon fought in the Virginia Cavalry as a member of "Mosby's Raiders.""Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography," at p. 1077 (Lyon Tyler ed. 1915).Nixon graduated first in his class from the United States Naval Academy in 1882 and was sent to study naval architecture at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, where, in 1885, he again graduated first in the class.

Shipbuilding and other businesses

(File:Cinderellas of the fleet (1920) (14595241448).jpg|thumb|Standard Motor Construction Company, Jersey City, bef. 1920)On Nixon's return to the United States, he was assigned to the John Roach & Sons shipyard in Chester, Pennsylvania, which the United States Navy had commandeered in order to finish three protected cruisers of the new steel navy: {{USS|Atlanta|1884|6}}, {{USS|Boston|1884|6}}, and {{USS|Chicago|1885|6}}. In 1890, with help from assistant naval constructor David W. Taylor, he designed the three {{Sclass|Indiana|battleship}}s: {{USS|Indiana|BB-1}}, {{USS|Massachusetts|BB-2}} and {{USS|Oregon|BB-3}}. While in Pennsylvania, he earned a Doctor of Science degree from Villanova University.File:USS Massachusetts (BB-2), Antonio Jacobsen.jpg|left|thumb|275px|USS Massachusetts (BB-2) (painting by Antonio JacobsenAntonio JacobsenSoon after the contracts for the battleships were awarded, he resigned from the Navy to work as Superintendent of Construction for William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company, the shipyard that won the lead contract.In 1891, Nixon married Sally Lewis Wood of Washington, D.C., a descendant of General Andrew Lewis of Colonial Virginia. Their son was Stanhope Wood Nixon, whom Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947) would paint full-length in Scottish costume in 1902-1903. Sally would die on June 15, 1937, three years before Nixon himself.Obituary, "Mrs. Lewis Nixon; Wife of Former Shipbuilder Who Designed Three Battleships," New York Times, 1937-06-16, at p. 24 In January 1895, Nixon leased the Crescent Shipyard in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and launched his own business. His superintendent-in-charge was Arthur Leopold Busch, another former William Cramp & Sons shipbuilder and naval architect, who had come from Great Britain to Philadelphia in 1892. Under Nixon and Busch, the yard built many vessels, including torpedo boats {{USS|Nicholson|TB-29}} and {{USS|O'Brien|TB-30}}, cruiser {{USS|Chattanooga|CL-18}}, monitor {{USS|Florida|BM-9}}, gunboat {{USS|Annapolis|PG-10}}, and Anstice yacht (1902) that was renamed the Sandy Hook.NEWS,weblink Local Plant Busy. Harlan and Hollingsworth Company has a Number of Important Contracts. Make Steamer into Yacht., The Morning News, Wilmington, Delaware, 12 Feb 1903, 1, 2021-01-14, BOOK, Allen, Edward L., 1922, Pilot Lore From sail to Steam,weblink New York, The United New York and New Jersey Sandy Hook Pilots Benevolent Associations, {{rp|p90}} Beginning in December 1896, the Crescent Shipyard built the United States' first submarines, including the {{USS|Holland|SS-1}}. The submarine's success led to an order for more submarines of the "Holland Type" by the Navy. Those subs, known as the {{Sclass|Plunger|submarine|1}}s, were built at the Crescent Shipyard and the Union Iron Works, a shipbuilding firm near Mare Island Naval Shipyard, 20 miles north of San Francisco. These submarines became America's first fleet of underwater fighting vessels, and were operated by the United States Navy on both coasts.These submarines also gave birth to a new company, founded by John Philip Holland on February 7, 1899. His company was then known as the Holland Torpedo Boat Company and (after 1904) the Electric Boat Company.File:Portrait of Lewis Nixon.jpg|right|thumb|275px|Lewis Nixon at Crescent ShipyardCrescent ShipyardNixon also founded the International Smokeless Powder and Dynamite Company of Parlin, New Jersey. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company acquired it company from Nixon in 1904, forming part of what would soon be deemed DuPont's unlawful monopoly of the gunpowder industry.Karl Schriftgiesser, Families, p. 362 (1971).Nixon also founded the United States Long Distance Automobile Company.Rossiter Johnson, John Howard Brown, "The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans" (Lewis Nixon entry),(1904). From 1901 to 1903, its Jersey City, New Jersey, factory manufactured gasoline-powered cars "to meet the requirements of those who seek simplicity of construction, economy in running and unusual strength and durability."Advertisement for The U.S. Long Distance Automobile {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622092148weblink |date=2019-06-22 }}, accessed 2011-01-26. In January 1904, the company became Standard Motor Construction Company, which manufactured a larger car called a "Standard" through 1905."U.S. Long Distance History {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711171044weblink |date=2011-07-11 }}," accessed 2011-01-26. The auto lines were then sold to Hewitt Motor Co. of New York City."United States Long Distance Automobile Company" accessed 2011-01-26. Nixon continued to serve as Standard Motor Construction's president into the next decade, when it was a major manufacturer of marine engines.Walter Hines Page, Andrew Wilson Page, "The World's Work, Vol. 18, p. 12071 (1909).In 1902, promoter John W. Young persuaded Nixon to preside over the consolidation of Crescent Shipyard with six other shipyards on the East and West Coasts, to form a single shipbuilding trust, under the name United States Shipbuilding Company.Robert Hessen, "Steel Titan: The Life of Charles M. Schwab," 145-62 (1990) ("The U.S. Shipbuilding Company Scandal"), {{ISBN|0-8229-5906-2}}. Unfortunately, "the one thing [the consolidated firms] lacked, individually and collectively, was a realistic prospect of earning sustained profits." As the president of the new company, Nixon had convinced Charles M. Schwab, the U.S. Steel Corporation president and Bethlehem Steel owner, to help underwrite the business, while Schwab agreed to add Bethlehem Steel to the venture. However, the terms that Nixon and Schwab had negotiated for Schwab's financing were so one-sided in favor of Schwab and Bethlehem Steel that, when United States Shipbuilding failed almost immediately, it damaged the business reputations of both Nixon and Schwab. Within a year of its incorporation, the company's mortgage-holders forced it into receivership. It emerged from receivership, without Nixon, as Bethlehem Steel and Shipbuilding Company, in 1904.Robert T. Swaine, "The Cravath firm and its predecessors, 1819-1947," Volume 3 p. 703 (1948). One of its first actions was to close Crescent Shipyard.WEB,weblink Crescent Shipyard, John, Pike, www.globalsecurity.org, 2009-09-12, By then, Nixon had re-entered the shipbuilding business by leasing a yard in Perth Amboy, New Jersey."Lewis Nixon Leases Ship Plant," New York Times, 1904-07-30 at p. 1.From late 1904 to January 1906, Nixon was in Russia supervising the construction of ten torpedo boats for the navy of Czar Nicholas II."Lewis Nixon in Russia," New York Times, 1904-08-12 at p. 2."Worst Over in Russia, Declares Lewis Nixon," New York Times, 1906-01-18 at p. 4.Nixon's shipbuilding expertise was called upon after the sinking of the {{RMS|Titanic}}. Nixon suggested numerous changes including the required use of wireless communication devices on ships. He also suggested that ships have a more efficient way of reversing.Lewis Nixon, The lesson of the “Titanic”, the North American Review, Jan-Jun 1912, Vol CXCV, No. 679, pp 748-753 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235307weblink |date=2007-09-27 }}; Sinking of the Titanic – CHAPTER XXIV {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051121175918weblink |date=2005-11-21 }} at www.worldwideschool.org.In 1910, Müller-Ury completed a three-quarter-length seated portrait of Nixon that was exhibited at Knoedler's that December. From 1915 until his death, Nixon was president of the Nixon Nitration Works, in what is now the Nixon section of Edison, New Jersey. A 1924 explosion and resulting fire destroyed much of the Works, which was then rebuilt and resumed operations.He died on September 23, 1940, at Monmouth Memorial Hospital in Long Branch, New Jersey.NEWS, Lewis Nixon Dies; Naval Designer, 79. Oregon, Massachusetts and Indiana Were Built From Plans He Provided. Once Head of Tammany. Successor to Richard Croker. Held Important Positions in This State and City,weblink New York Times, September 24, 1940, 2010-03-22, (File:New East River Bridge from Brooklyn det.4a09796u.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Williamsburg Bridge during construction)

Public service and political activism

In 1895, the New York Legislature authorized the East River Bridge Commission to undertake a second span across the river, ultimately known as the Williamsburg Bridge.Laws of 1895, ch. 789, act 1. In January 1898, New York City Mayor Robert A. Van Wyck sacked the entire membership of the Commission after he had complained of its slow and expensive pace.People ex rel. Baird v. Nixon, 158 N.Y. 221, 52 N.E. 1117, 1117 (1899). He appointed Nixon as the Commission's new president."The East River Bridge," New York Times, 1898-01-20 at p. 5. Nixon continued to serve as the Commission's president during the bridge's construction until the Commission's powers were transferred to the Commissioner of Bridges on January 1, 1902."History of the Bridge," New York Times, 1903-12-20 at p. 5; Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac, p. 455 (1905).Nixon was active in Democratic Party politics. In December 1901, the longtime Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker chose Nixon as his successor."Nixon Resigns as Tammany's Leader," New York Times, 1902-05-15 at p. 1. Croker's choice of Nixon surprised observers because Nixon had spoken out against vice and corruption in City government and seemingly had nothing in common with Croker."Who is Nixon? The Mystery of a Clean Man at the Head of the Pirate Crew of Tammany Hall — How it Came About and What it Means," World's Work, pp. 1997-98 (April 1902). Nixon resigned several months later and explained, "I find that I cannot retain my self-respect and remain the leader of the Tammany organization."He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention seven times. A friend and supporter of three-time Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan, Nixon played a key role in the 1908 Democratic National Convention, where he chaired the subcommittee on the platform, overcame Tammany's initial hostility to Bryan to deliver New York's delegation for him, and was urged as Bryan's running-mate."Nixon Now Boomed for Second Place," New York Times, 1908-07-06 at p. 3; "New York Defeats Hopes of Anti-Bryan Crowd," Oakland Tribune, 1908-07-07 at p. 4; "New Yorkers Dodge Bryan's Doctrines," New York Times, 1908-07-08 at p. 3.A resident of Staten Island, Nixon served from 1914 to 1915 as the borough's Acting Commissioner of Public Works and its consulting engineer."Job for Lewis Nixon'" New York Times, 1914-01-02 at p. 3.In 1919, New York Governor Al Smith appointed Nixon as the State's Superintendent of Public Works, and then as New York City's Regulatory Public Service Commissioner."Lewis Nixon Named Service Board Head," New York Times, 1919-05-04 at p. 16.{{clearleft}}

Legacy

Nixon was the grandfather of Lewis Nixon III, an officer in the 101st Airborne Division during WWII, who was made famous by the miniseries Band of Brothers.NEWS, Katharine Page's Marriage,weblink New York Times, December 21, 1941, 2010-03-22,

References

Notes{{Reflist}}Sources

• {{DANFS}}

External links

• {{Internet Archive author |sname=Lewis Nixon |birth=1861 |death=1940}}
• Crescent Shipyard information at globalSecurity.com
• CorpWatch : General Dynamics {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313001905weblink |date=2018-03-13 }} at www.corpwatch.org History and origins of Electric Boat/General Dynamics. Company foundation begins here at Crescent Shipyard, Elizabeth, New Jersey.
• More detailed account of first U.S. Navy submarines built at Crescent and Mare Island Naval Shipyard/Union Iron Works.

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