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Indian epic poetry
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{{Short description|Epic poetry of the Indian subcontinent}}{{Buddhism}}{{Hindu scriptures}}{{Jainism}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}Indian epic poetry is the epic poetry written in the Indian subcontinent, traditionally called Kavya (or KÄvya; Sanskrit: à¤à¤¾à¤µà¥à¤¯, IAST: kÄvyá). The Ramayana and the Mahabharata, which were originally composed in Sanskrit and later translated into many other Indian languages, and the Five Great Epics of Tamil literature and Sangam literature are some of the oldest surviving epic poems ever written.BOOK,weblink Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti - Amaresh Datta - Google Books, 2012-05-10, 9788126011940, Datta, Amaresh, 1988, Sahitya Akademi, - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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List of longest epics {{anchor|Longest Indian epics|Lengthiest Indian epics|Longest Indian poems|Lengthiest Indian poems|Largest Indian epics|Largest Indian poems}} {|class"wikitable"
! Image(s) ! Length (lines) ! Original title(s)! Romanization! Literal meaning(s) ! Original language(s) ! Place(s) of origin! Author! Genre! Note(s)thumb)| 1,00,000 couplets (2,00,000 lines) | Mahabharatam| The Great Bharatam| Sanskrit| Indian subcontinent| Vyasa| Sanskrit literature, Hinduism | access-date=2023-04-24 | language=en}} |
Suraj Prakash>Gur Pratap Suraj GranthBHAI VIR SINGH (1872-1957): RELIGIOUS AND LITERARY MODERNITIES IN COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL INDIAN PUNJAB >DATE=2023 | ISBN=978-1-003-29893-9 | EDITOR-FIRST=ANSHU | SERIES=ROUTLEDGE CRITICAL SIKH STUDIES | EDITOR-LAST2=MURPHY, Anne, |The Sun-like eminence of the glory of the Guru|Braj Bhasha | Kaithal>The Sikh kingdom of Kaithal | Kavi Santokh Singh>Mahakavi Santokh Singh | Braj literature>Braj literature, Sikh literature| |
thumb)| 24,000 couplets (48,000 lines) | Ramayanam|Ramaâs Journey or Rama's progress| Sanskrit| Indian subcontinent| Valmiki| Sanskrit literature, Hinduism | access-date=2023-04-24 | language=en}} |
thumb)| 39,000 lines | Khamba Thoibi Sheireng| Poem on Khamba and Thoibi | Meitei language (officially called "Manipuri language>Manipuri") | Manipur Kingdom | Hijam Anganghal)| Epic cycles of incarnations in Moirang, Meitei literature | URL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=SQBJPV9OZCSC&DQ=KHAMBA+THOIBI+SHEIRENG&PG=PA190 | PUBLISHER=SAHITYA AKADEMI | ISBN=978-81-7201-798-9 | LANGUAGE=EN | URL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=ZB4N3MVOZBUC&DQ=KHAMBA+THOIBI+SHEIRENG&PG=PA1573 | PUBLISHER=SAHITYA AKADEMI | ISBN=978-81-260-1194-0 | PAGES=1573 | QUOTE=HIS BEST WORK, KHAMBA THOIBI SHEIRENG, IN 39,000 LINES ON THE STORY OF 'KHAMBA AND THOIBI' WAS STARTED IN 1939 AND THE COMPOSITION WAS COMPLETED IN 1940., DELHI >FIRST=ALL INDIA RADIO (AIR), NEW | TITLE=AKASHVANI: VOL. XL. NO. 35 ( 31 AUGUST, 1975 ) | PUBLISHER=ALL INDIA RADIO (AIR),NEW DELHI | LANGUAGE=EN, |
thumb)| 21,507 | Andhra Mahabharatam| The Telugu Great Bharatam| Telugu language| Eastern Chalukyas| Kavitrayam| Telugu literature, Hinduism| |
thumb)| 5,730 | Cilappatikaram| The Tale of an Anklet| Tamil language| Tamilakam| Ilango Adigal| Sangam literature| |
Manimekalai| Jewelled Belt, Girdle of Gems| Tamil language| Tamilakam| Chithalai Chathanar| Sangam literature, Buddhism| |
thumb)| 3,145 | CÄ«vaka CintÄmaá¹i| Jivaka, the Fabulous Gem| Tamil language| Tamilakam| TiruttakkatÄvar| Sangam literature, Jainism| |
Hindi epics
In modern Hindi literature, Kamayani by Jaishankar Prasad has attained the status of an epic. The narrative of Kamayani is based on a popular mythological story, first mentioned in Satapatha Brahmana. It is a story of the great flood and the central characters of the epic poem are Manu (a male) and Shraddha (a female). Manu is representative of the human psyche and Shradha represents love. Another female character is Ida, who represents rationality. Some critics surmise that the three lead characters of Kamayani symbolize a synthesis of knowledge, action and desires in human life. It inspires humans to live a life based on "karm" and not on fortunes.Apart from Kamayani, Kurukshetra (Epic Poetry) (1946), Rashmirathi (1952) and Urvashi (1961) by Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' have attained the status of epic poetry.Likewise Lalita Ke Aansoo* Book:Lalita Ke Ansoo on worldcat by Krant M. L. Verma (1978)Hindustan (Hindi daily) New Delhi 12 January 1978 (ललिता à¤à¥ à¤à¤à¤¸à¥ à¤à¤¾ विमà¥à¤à¤¨) narrates the tragic story about the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri through his wife Lalita Shastri.Panchjanya (newspaper) A literary review 24 February 1980Kannada epics
Meitei epics
{{Multiple image|total_width = 600| align = | direction = | background color = | width = | caption_align = | image_style = | image_gap =Assamese epics
In 14th century Madhav Kandali dubbed the epic Ramayana as Saptakanda Ramayana. In chronology, among vernacular translations of the original Sanskrit, Kandali's Ramayana comes after Kamban's (Tamil, 12th century)and Gona Budda Reddy's ( Telugu: Ranganath Ramayanamu) and ahead of Kirttivas' (Bengali, 15th century), Tulsidas' (Awadhi, 16th century), Balaram Das' (Oriya) etc. Thus it becomes the first rendition of the Ramayana into an Indo-Aryan language in the Indian subcontinent.BOOK, GoswÄmÄ«, MÄmaá¹i Raáºachama, 1942-2011., RÄmÄyaá¹a from GangÄ to Brahmaputra, B.R. Pub. Corp, 1996, 817018858X, Delhi, 47208217,Sanskrit epics
The ancient Sanskrit epics the Ramayana and Mahabharata comprise together the ItihÄsa ("Writer has himself witnessed the story") or MahÄkÄvya ("Great Compositions"), a (wiktionary:canon|canon) of Hindu scripture. Indeed, the epic form prevailed and verse remained until very recently the preferred form of Hindu literary works. Indian culture readily lent itself to a literary tradition that abounded in epic poetry and literature. The Puranas, a massive collection of verse-form histories of India's many Hindu gods and goddesses, followed in this tradition. ItihÄsa and Puranas are mentioned in the Atharva VedaAtharva Veda 11.7.24, 15.6.4 and referred to as the fourth Veda.ChÄndogya Upaniá¹£ad 7.1.2,4The language of these texts, termed Epic Sanskrit, constitutes the earliest phase of Classical Sanskrit, following the latest stage of Vedic Sanskrit found in the Shrauta Sutras. The Supará¹ÄkhyÄna, a late Vedic poem considered to be among the "earliest traces of epic poetry in India," is an older, shorter precursor to the expanded legend of Garuda that is included within the MahÄbhÄrata.BOOK, Moriz Winternitz, A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1,weblink 1996, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-81-208-0264-3, 291â292, BOOK, Jean Philippe Vogel, Indian Serpent-lore: Or, The NÄgas in Hindu Legend and Art,weblink 1995, Asian Educational Services, 978-81-206-1071-2, 53â54, The Buddhist kavi AÅvaghoá¹£a wrote two epics and one drama. He lived in the 1st-2nd century. He wrote a biography of the Buddha, titled Buddhacarita. His second epic is called Saundarananda and tells the story of the conversion of Nanda, the younger brother of the Buddha. The play he wrote is called Åariputraprakaraá¹a, but of this play only a few fragments remained.The famous poet and playwright KÄlidÄsa also wrote two epics: Raghuvamsha (The Dynasty of Raghu) and Kumarasambhava (The Birth of Kumar Kartikeya). Other Classical Sanskrit epics are the Slaying of ÅiÅupÄla ÅiÅupÄlavadha of MÄgha, Arjuna and the Mountain Man KirÄtÄrjunÄ«ya of BhÄravi, the Adventures of the Prince of Nishadha Naiá¹£adhacarita of ÅrÄ«hará¹£a and Bhaá¹á¹i's Poem Bhaá¹á¹ikÄvya of Bhaá¹á¹i.Tamil epics
The post-sangam period (2nd century-6th century) saw many great Tamil epics being written, including Cilappatikaram (or Silappadhikaram), Manimegalai, Civaka Cintamani, Valayapathi and Kundalakesi. Out of the five, Manimegalai and Kundalakesi are Buddhist religious works, Civaka Cintamani and Valayapathi are Tamil Jain works and Silappatikaram has a neutral religious view. They were written over a period of 1st century CE to 10th century CE and act as the historical evidence of social, religious, cultural and academic life of people during the era they were created. Civaka Cintamani introduced long verses called virutha pa in Tamil literature,Datta 2004, p. 720 while Silappatikaram used akaval meter (monologue), a style adopted from Sangam literature.Later, during the Chola period, Kamban (12th century) wrote what is considered one of the greatest Tamil epics — the Kamba Ramayanam of Kamban, based on the Valmiki Ramayana. The Thiruthondat Puranam (or Periya Puranam) of Chekkizhar is the great Tamil epic of the Shaiva Bhakti saints and is part of the religious scripture of Tamil Nadu's majority Shaivites.Telugu epics
Most of the Telugu epics are about Hinduism.The first known Telugu epic was the Andhra Mahabharatam written by the Kavitrayam (11th-14th centuries)Other main Telugu epics are the Ranganatha Ramayanamu, Basava Purana, and the AmuktamalyadaNotes
{{Reflist|30em}}References
- BOOK, A History of Sanskrit Literature, Arthur Anthony Macdonell, 1900, New York, D. Appleton and company, s:A History of Sanskrit Literature/Chapter 10, The epics]], Arthur Anthony Macdonell,
- BOOK, Bhatti's Poem: The Death of Rávana (Bhaá¹á¹ikÄvya), Oliver Fallon, 2009, New York, New York University Press, Clay Sanskrit Library, Introduction,
External links
- MAHE Mahabharata Digital Concordance {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525142303weblink |date=25 May 2020 }} by i Department of Philosophy - Manipal]
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