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Hindu astrology
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{{Short description|Indian form of astrology}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}{{Use Indian English |date= October 2018}}{{Hinduism}}Hindu astrology, also called Indian astrology, Jyotisha (; {{etymology||jyót|light, heavenly body}}), Jyotish Shastra,WEB, हिà¤à¤¦à¥, News24, Jyotish Shastra : सà¥à¤°à¥à¤¯à¤¸à¥à¤¨à¤¾à¤¨ à¤à¥à¤¯à¥à¤ à¤à¤µà¤¶à¥à¤¯à¤ हà¥, à¤à¤¾à¤¨à¥à¤ à¤à¥à¤¯à¥à¤¤à¤¿à¤·à¥ à¤à¥ राय,weblink 2024-04-24, News24 Hindi, hi, and more recently Vedic astrology, is the traditional Hindu system of astrology. It is one of the six auxiliary disciplines in Hinduism that is connected with the study of the Vedas.The Vedanga Jyotisha is one of the earliest texts about astronomy within the Vedas.BOOK, Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy, 9â240, Richard L., Thompson, 2004, BOOK, Äryabhaá¹a I and his contributions to mathematics, 1988, Parmeshwar, Jha, 282, BOOK, Mathematical Achievements of Pre-Modern Indian Mathematicians, 2012, T. K., Puttaswamy, 1, {{sfn|Witzel|2001}} Some scholars believe that the horoscopic astrology practised in the Indian subcontinent came from Hellenistic influences.{{sfn|Pingree|1981|pp=67ff, 81ff, 101ff}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=81}} However, this is a point of intense debate, and other scholars believe that Jyotisha developed independently, although it may have interacted with Greek astrology.{{Citation|last=Tripathi|first=Vijaya Narayan|title=Astrology in India|date=2008|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9749|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|pages=264â267|editor-last=Selin|editor-first=Helaine|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9749|isbn=978-1-4020-4425-0|access-date=2020-11-05|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164157weblink|url-status=live}}The scientific consensus is that astrology is a pseudoscience.JOURNAL, Thagard, Paul R., Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience, Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1978, 1, 1, 223â234, 10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1978.1.192639, 147050929,weblink 13 June 2017, 28 August 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170828205710weblink">weblink live, ENCYCLOPEDIA, Sven Ove Hansson, Edward N. Zalta, Science and Pseudo-Science,weblink Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 6 July 2012, 5 September 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150905091332weblink">weblink live, WEB, Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List, Astronomical Society of the Pacific,weblink 13 June 2017, 30 December 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111230053308weblink">weblink live, JOURNAL, Hartmann, P., Reuter, M., Nyborga, H., The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study, Personality and Individual Differences, May 2006, 40, 7, 1349â1362, 10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017, To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book Astrology: Science or superstition? by Eysenck and Nias (1982)., - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Etymology
Jyotisha, states Monier-Williams, is rooted in the word Jyotish, which means light, such as that of the sun or the moon or heavenly body. The term Jyotisha includes the study of astronomy, astrology and the science of timekeeping using the movements of astronomical bodies.BOOK, Monier Monier-Williams, A SanskritâEnglish Dictionary,weblink 1923, Oxford University Press, 353, 27 December 2020, 7 March 2023,weblink live, James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: AâM, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pages 326â327 It aimed to keep time, maintain calendars, and predict auspicious times for Vedic rituals.History and core principles{{anchor|History}}
{{Further|Indian astronomy}}Jyotiá¹£a is one of the VedÄá¹ ga, the six auxiliary disciplines used to support Vedic rituals.Flood, Gavin. Yano, Michio. 2003. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden: Blackwell.{{rp|376}} Early jyotiá¹£a is concerned with the preparation of a calendar to determine dates for sacrificial rituals,{{rp|377}} with nothing written regarding planets.{{rp|377}} There are mentions of eclipse-causing "demons" in the Atharvaveda and ChÄndogya Upaniá¹£ad, the latter mentioning RÄhu (a shadow entity believed responsible for eclipses and meteors).{{rp|382}} The term graha, which is now taken to mean the planet, originally meant demon.{{rp|381}} The á¹igveda also mentions an eclipse-causing demon, SvarbhÄnu. However, the specific term graha was not applied to SvarbhÄnu until the later MahÄbhÄrata and RÄmÄyaá¹a.{{rp|382}}The foundation of Hindu astrology is the notion of bandhu of the Vedas (scriptures), which is the connection between the microcosm and the macrocosm. The practice relies primarily on the sidereal zodiac, which differs from the tropical zodiac used in Western (Hellenistic) astrology in that an ayanÄá¹Åa adjustment is made for the gradual precession of the vernal equinox. Hindu astrology includes several nuanced sub-systems of interpretation and prediction with elements not found in Hellenistic astrology, such as its system of lunar mansions (Naká¹£atra). It was only after the transmission of Hellenistic astrology that the order of planets in India was fixed in that of the seven-day week.{{rp|383}}Flood, p.
382 Hellenistic astrology and astronomy also transmitted the twelve zodiacal signs beginning with Aries and the twelve astrological places beginning with the ascendant.{{rp|384}} The first evidence of the introduction of Greek astrology to India is the YavanajÄtaka which dates to the early centuries CE.{{rp|383}} The YavanajÄtaka ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} "Sayings of the Greeks") was translated from Greek to Sanskrit by YavaneÅvara during the 2nd century CE, and is considered the first Indian astrological treatise in the Sanskrit language.Mc Evilley "The shape of ancient thought", p. 385 ("The YavanajÄtaka is the earliest surviving Sanskrit text in horoscopy, and constitute the basis of all later Indian developments in horoscopy", himself quoting David Pingree "The YavanajÄtaka of Sphujidhvaja" p. 5) However the only version that survives is the verse version of Sphujidhvaja which dates to AD 270.{{rp|383}} The first Indian astronomical text to define the weekday was the Äryabhaá¹Ä«ya of Äryabhaá¹a (born AD 476).{{rp|383}}
According to Michio Yano, Indian astronomers must have been occupied with the task of Indianizing and Sanskritizing Greek astronomy during the 300 or so years between the first Yavanajataka and the Äryabhaá¹Ä«ya.{{rp|388}} The astronomical texts of these 300 years are lost.{{rp|388}} The later PañcasiddhÄntikÄ of VarÄhamihira summarizes the five known Indian astronomical schools of the sixth century.{{rp|388}} Indian astronomy preserved some of the older pre-Ptolemaic elements of Greek astronomy.{{rp|389}}{{Sfn|Ohashi|1999|pp=719â721}}{{Sfn|Pingree|1973|pp=2â3}}BOOK, Erik Gregersen, The Britannica Guide to the History of Mathematics,weblink 2011, The Rosen Publishing Group, 978-1-61530-127-0, 187, 27 December 2020, 7 March 2023,weblink live, The main texts upon which classical Indian astrology is based are early medieval compilations, notably the {{IAST|Bá¹hat ParÄÅara HorÄÅÄstra}}, and SÄrÄvalÄ« by {{IAST|KalyÄá¹avarma}}.The HorÄshastra is a composite work of 71 chapters, of which the first part (chapters 1â51) dates to the 7th to early 8th centuries and the second part (chapters 52â71) to the later 8th century.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the dating|date=June 2018}} The SÄrÄvalÄ« likewise dates to around 800 CE.David Pingree, {{IAST|JyotiḥÅÄstra}} (J. Gonda (Ed.) A History of Indian Literature, Vol VI Fasc 4), p. 81 English translations of these texts were published by N. N. Krishna Rau and V. B. Choudhari in 1963 and 1961, respectively.Modern Hindu astrology
(File:Ngram of Hindu Vedic Indian Astrology.png|thumb|Nomenclature of the last two centuries)Astrology remains an important facet of folk belief in the contemporary lives of many Hindus. In Hindu culture, newborns are traditionally named based on their jyotiá¹£a charts (Kundali), and astrological concepts are pervasive in the organization of the calendar and holidays, and in making major decisions such as those about marriage, opening a new business, or moving into a new home. Many Hindus believe that heavenly bodies, including the planets, have an influence throughout the life of a human being, and these planetary influences are the "fruit of karma". The Navagraha, planetary deities, are considered subordinate to Ishvara (the Hindu concept of a supreme being) in the administration of justice. Thus, it is believed that these planets can influence earthly life.Karma, an anthropological inquiry, pg. 134, at Google BooksAstrology as a science
{{see also|Astrology and science}}Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe. Scientific testing of astrology has been conducted, and no evidence has been found to support any of the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions.JOURNAL, Zarka, Philippe, Astronomy and astrology, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, 2011, 5, S260, 420â425, 10.1017/S1743921311002602, 2011IAUS..260..420Z,weblink free, 12 September 2019, 18 August 2020,weblink live, {{rp|424}} There is no mechanism proposed by astrologers through which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth. In spite of its status as a pseudoscience, in certain religious, political, and legal contexts, astrology retains a position among the sciences in modern India."In countries such as India, where only a small intellectual elite has been trained in Western physics, astrology manages to retain here and there its position among the sciences." David Pingree and Robert Gilbert, "Astrology; Astrology In India; Astrology in modern times" Encyclopædia Britannica 2008India's University Grants Commission and Ministry of Human Resource Development decided to introduce "Jyotir Vigyan" (i.e. {{IAST|jyotir vijñÄna}}) or "Vedic astrology" as a discipline of study in Indian universities, stating that "vedic astrology is not only one of the main subjects of our traditional and classical knowledge but this is the discipline, which lets us know the events happening in human life and in universe on time scale"Supreme Court questions 'Jyotir Vigyan', Times of India, 3 September 2001 weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111021001510weblink">timesofindia.indiatimes.com in spite of the complete lack of evidence that astrology actually does allow for such accurate predictions.WEB, May 3, 2001, Heavens, it's not Science,weblink 2020-11-11, The Times of India, en, 11 November 2020,weblink live, The decision was backed by a 2001 judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court, and some Indian universities offer advanced degrees in astrology.Mohan Rao, Female foeticide: where do we go? Indian Journal of Medical Ethics Oct-Dec2001-9(4), issuesinmedicalethics.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627172315weblink |date=27 June 2009 }}T. Jayaraman, A judicial blow, Frontline Volume 18 â Issue 12, Jun. 09 â 22, 2001 weblink" title="archive.today/20130125123324weblink">hinduonnet.com This was met with widespread protests from the scientific community in India and Indian scientists working abroad.T. Jayaraman, A judicial blow, Frontline Volume 18 â Issue 12, June 09 â 22, 2001 {{usurped|weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090628004005weblink">hinduonnet.com}} A petition sent to the Supreme Court of India stated that the introduction of astrology to university curricula is "a giant leap backwards, undermining whatever scientific credibility the country has achieved so far".In 2004, the Supreme Court dismissed the petition,Astrology On A Pedestal {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203041837weblink |date=3 December 2021 }}, Ram Ramachandran, Frontline Volume 21, Issue 12, Jun. 05 - 18, 2004weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090625190535weblink">Introduction of Vedic astrology courses in varsities upheld, The Hindu, Thursday, May 06, 2004 concluding that the teaching of astrology did not qualify as the promotion of religion.WEB, Supreme Court: Bhargava v. University Grants Commission, Case No.: Appeal (civil) 5886 of 2002,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20050312205612weblink">weblink 12 March 2005, dead, NEWS, 5 May 2004, Introduction of Vedic astrology courses in universities upheld, The Hindu,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20040923190435weblink">weblink 23 September 2004, dead, In February 2011, the Bombay High Court referred to the 2004 Supreme Court ruling when it dismissed a case which had challenged astrology's status as a science.NEWS, Astrology is a science: Bombay HC, 3 February 2011, The Times of India,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110206024139weblink">weblink 6 February 2011, live, {{As of|2014|post=,}} despite continuing complaints by scientists,NEWS, Integrate Indian medicine with modern science, 26 October 2003, The Hindu,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20031113211344weblink">weblink 13 November 2003, dead, JOURNAL, Narlikar, Jayant V., 2013, An Indian Test of Indian Astrology, Skeptical Inquirer, 37, 2,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130723193119weblink">weblink 23 July 2013, live, astrology continues to be taught at various universities in India,NEWS, 13 February 2014, People seek astrological advise from Banaras Hindu University experts to tackle health issues, The Times of India,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140322203108weblink">weblink 22 March 2014, live, and there is a movement in progress to establish a national Vedic University to teach astrology together with the study of tantra, mantra, and yoga.NEWS, Set-up Vedic university to promote astrology, 9 February 2013, The Times of India,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130209135849weblink">weblink 9 February 2013, live, dmy-all, Indian astrologers have consistently made claims that have been thoroughly debunked by skeptics. For example, although the planet Saturn is in the constellation Aries roughly every 30 years (e.g. 1909, 1939, 1968), the astrologer Bangalore Venkata Raman claimed that "when Saturn was in Aries in 1939 England had to declare war against Germany", ignoring all the other dates.JOURNAL, Narlikar, Jayant V., An Indian Test of Indian Astrology, MarchâApril 2013, 37, Skeptical Inquirer, 2,weblink 1 August 2013, 4 October 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131004114028weblink">weblink live, Astrologers regularly fail in attempts to predict election results in India, and fail to predict major events such as the assassination of Indira Gandhi. Predictions by the head of the Indian Astrologers Federation about war between India and Pakistan in 1982 also failed.In 2000, when several planets happened to be close to one another, astrologers predicted that there would be catastrophes, volcanic eruptions and tidal waves. This caused an entire sea-side village in the Indian state of Gujarat to panic and abandon their houses. The predicted events did not occur and the vacant houses were burgled.BOOK, Narlikar, Jayant V., Jay, Pasachoff, John, Percy, Teaching and Learning Astronomy: Effective Strategies for Educators Worldwide, Astronomy, pseudoscience and rational thinking, 2009, Cambridge University Press, 164â165, 9780521115391,weblink 19 July 2015, 7 March 2023,weblink live,Texts
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}The ancient extant text on Jyotisha is the Vedanga-Jyotisha, which exists in two editions, one linked to Rigveda and other to Yajurveda.{{Sfn|Ohashi|1999|p=719}} The Rigveda version consists of 36 verses, while the Yajurveda recension has 43 verses of which 29 verses are borrowed from the Rigveda.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=35â36}}{{Sfn|Pingree|1973|p=1}} The Rigveda version is variously attributed to sage Lagadha, and sometimes to sage Shuci.{{Sfn|Pingree|1973|p=1}} The Yajurveda version credits no particular sage, has survived into the modern era with a commentary of Somakara, and is the more studied version.{{Sfn|Pingree|1973|p=1}}The Jyotisha text Brahma-siddhanta, probably composed in the 5th century CE, discusses how to use the movement of planets, sun and moon to keep time and calendar.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=67â68}} This text also lists trigonometry and mathematical formulae to support its theory of orbits, predict planetary positions and calculate relative mean positions of celestial nodes and apsides.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=67â68}} The text is notable for presenting very large integers, such as 4.32 billion years as the lifetime of the current universe.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=68â71}}The ancient Hindu texts on Jyotisha only discuss time keeping, and never mention astrology or prophecy.BOOK, C. K. Raju, Cultural Foundations of Mathematics,weblink 2007, Pearson, 978-81-317-0871-2, 205, 27 December 2020, 7 March 2023,weblink live, These ancient texts predominantly cover astronomy, but at a rudimentary level.BOOK, Friedrich Max Müller, A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature,weblink 1860, Williams and Norgate, 210â215, Technical horoscopes and astrology ideas in India came from Greece and developed in the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE.BOOK, Nicholas Campion, Astrology and Cosmology in the World's Religions,weblink 2012, New York University Press, 978-0-8147-0842-2, 110â111, 27 December 2020, 7 March 2023,weblink live, {{Sfn|Ohashi|1999|pp=719â721}}{{Sfn|Pingree|1973|pp=2â3}} Later medieval era texts such as the Yavana-jataka and the Siddhanta texts are more astrology-related.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=116â120, 259â261}}|align = right
Discussion
The field of Jyotisha deals with ascertaining time, particularly forecasting auspicious day and time for Vedic rituals. The field of Vedanga structured time into Yuga which was a 5-year interval,{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|p=36}} divided into multiple lunisolar intervals such as 60 solar months, 61 savana months, 62 synodic months and 67 sidereal months.{{Sfn|Ohashi|1999|p=719}} A Vedic Yuga had 1,860 tithis (, dates), and it defined a savana-day (civil day) from one sunrise to another.{{Sfn|Ohashi|1993|pp=185â251}}The Rigvedic version of Jyotisha may be a later insertion into the Veda, states David Pingree, possibly between 513 and 326 BCE, when Indus valley was occupied by the Achaemenid from Mesopotamia.{{Sfn|Pingree|1973|p=3}} The mathematics and devices for time keeping mentioned in these ancient Sanskrit texts, proposes Pingree, such as the water clock may also have arrived in India from Mesopotamia. However, Yukio Ohashi considers this proposal as incorrect,{{Sfn|Ohashi|1999|pp=719â721}} suggesting instead that the Vedic timekeeping efforts, for forecasting appropriate time for rituals, must have begun much earlier and the influence may have flowed from India to Mesopotamia.{{Sfn|Ohashi|1993|pp=185â251}} Ohashi states that it is incorrect to assume that the number of civil days in a year equal 365 in both Hindu and EgyptianâPersian year.{{Sfn|Ohashi|1999|pp=719â720}} Further, adds Ohashi, the Mesopotamian formula is different from the Indian formula for calculating time, each can only work for their respective latitude, and either would make major errors in predicting time and calendar in the other region.BOOK, Yukio Ohashi, S.M. Ansari, History of Oriental Astronomy,weblink 2013, Springer Science, 978-94-015-9862-0, 75â82, According to Asko Parpola, the Jyotisha and luni-solar calendar discoveries in ancient India, and similar discoveries in China in "great likelihood result from convergent parallel development", and not from diffusion from Mesopotamia.Asko Parpola (2013), "Beginnings of Indian Astronomy, with Reference to a Parallel Development in China", History of Science in South Asia, Vol. 1, pages 21â25Kim Plofker states that while a flow of timekeeping ideas from either side is plausible, each may have instead developed independently, because the loan-words typically seen when ideas migrate are missing on both sides as far as words for various time intervals and techniques.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=41â42}}JOURNAL, Sarma, Nataraja, Diffusion of astronomy in the ancient world, Endeavour, Elsevier, 24, 4, 2000, 157â164, 10.1016/s0160-9327(00)01327-2, 11196987, Further, adds Plofker, and other scholars, that the discussion of time keeping concepts are found in the Sanskrit verses of the Shatapatha Brahmana, a 2nd millennium BCE text.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=41â42}}BOOK, Helaine Selin, Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy,weblink 2012, Springer Science, 978-94-011-4179-6, 320â321, Water clock and sun dials are mentioned in many ancient Hindu texts such as the Arthashastra.JOURNAL, Hinuber, Oskar V., Probleme der Technikgeschichte im alten Indien, Saeculum, Bohlau Verlag, 29, 3, 1978, 215â230, 10.7788/saeculum.1978.29.3.215, 171007726, de, BOOK, Kauá¹ilya, Patrick, Olivelle, King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra,weblink 2013, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-989182-5, 473 with note 1.7.8, Some integration of Mesopotamian and Indian Jyotisha-based systems may have occurred in a roundabout way, states Plofker, after the arrival of Greek astrology ideas in India.BOOK, Kim Plofker, Micah Ross, From the Banks of the Euphrates: Studies in Honor of Alice Louise Slotsky,weblink 2008, Eisenbrauns, 978-1-57506-144-3, 193â203, The Jyotisha texts present mathematical formulae to predict the length of day time, sun rise and moon cycles.{{Sfn|Ohashi|1993|pp=185â251}}{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=35â40}}{{Sfn|Winternitz|1963|p=269}} For example,
The length of daytime = left(12 + frac{2}{61}n right) muhurtas{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|p=37}}
where n is the number of days after or before the winter solstice, and one muhurta equals {{frac|1|30}} of a day (48 minutes).{{Sfn|Ohashi|1999|p=720}}
Water clockA prastha of water [is] the increase in day, [and] decrease in night in the [sun's] northern motion; vice versa in the southern. [There is] a six-muhurta [difference] in a half year.â Yajurveda Jyotisha-vedanga 8, Translator: Kim Plofker{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|p=37}}Elements
There are sixteen Varga (}}, 'part, division'), or divisional, charts used in Hindu astrology:Sutton, Komilla (1999). The Essentials of Vedic Astrology, The Wessex Astrologer Ltd, England{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2009}}{{rp|61â64}}Zodiac
{{See also|Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#sauramana}}The Nirayana, or sidereal zodiac, is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees, which, like the SÄyana, or tropical zodiac, is divided into 12 equal parts. Each part (of 30 degrees) is called a sign or rÄÅi (Sanskrit: 'part'). Vedic (Jyotiá¹£a) and Western zodiacs differ in the method of measurement. While synchronically, the two systems are identical, Jyotiá¹£a primarily uses the sidereal zodiac (in which stars are considered to be the fixed background against which the motion of the planets is measured), whereas most Western astrology uses the tropical zodiac (the motion of the planets is measured against the position of the Sun on the spring equinox). After two millennia, as a result of the precession of the equinoxes, the origin of the ecliptic longitude has shifted by about 22 degrees. As a result, the placement of planets in the Jyotiá¹£a system is roughly aligned with the constellations, while tropical astrology is based on the solstices and equinoxes. {| class="wikitable"!English! SanskritBOOK, Dalal, Roshen, Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide,weblink 2010, Penguin Books India, 978-0-14-341421-6, 89, 11 October 2016, 7 March 2023,weblink live, ! Starting! Representation! Element! Quality! Ruling bodyAries (astrology)>Aries | Agni>fire | movable (chara)| Mars |
Taurus (astrology)>Taurus | Prithivi>earth| fixed (sthira)| Venus |
Gemini (astrology)>Gemini | Vayu>air| dual (dvisvabhava) | Mercury (planet)>Mercury |
Cancer (astrology)>Cancer | Jala (water)>water| movable| Moon |
Leo (astrology)>Leo | Sun |
Virgo (astrology)>Virgo |
Libra (astrology)>Libra |
Scorpio (astrology)>Scorpio |
Sagittarius (astrology)>Sagittarius | Jupiter |
Capricorn (astrology)>Capricorn | Saturn |
Aquarius (astrology)>Aquarius |
Pisces (astrology)>Pisces |
Naká¹£hatras, or lunar mansions
{{See also|Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#nakshatra}}(File:Nakshatras.jpg|thumb|Nakshatras)The nakshatras or lunar mansions are 27 equal divisions of the night sky used in Hindu astrology, each identified by its prominent star(s).{{rp|168}}Historical (medieval) Hindu astrology enumerated either 27 or 28 naká¹£atras. In modern astrology, a rigid system of 27 naká¹£atras is generally used, each covering 13° 20′ of the ecliptic. The missing 28th nakshatra is Abhijeeta. Each naká¹£atra is divided into equal quarters or padas of 3° 20′. Of greatest importance is the AbhiÅeka Naká¹£atra, which is held as king over the other naká¹£atras. Worshipping and gaining favour over this naká¹£hatra is said to give power to remedy all the other naká¹£atras, and is of concern in predictive astrology and mitigating Karma.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}The junction of two Râshis as well as Nakshatras is known as Gandanta.BOOK, Defouw, Hart, Svoboda, Robert E., Light on Relationships: The Synatry of Indian Astrology, 1 October 2000, Weiser Books, 978-1-57863-148-3,weblink 1 December 2021, en, 7 March 2023,weblink live,DaÅÄs â planetary periods
The word dasha (DevanÄgarÄ«: दशा, Sanskrit,{{IAST|daÅÄ}}, 'planetary period') means 'state of being' and it is believed that the daÅÄ largely governs the state of being of a person. The DaÅÄ system shows which planets may be said to have become particularly active during the period of the DaÅÄ. The ruling planet (the DaÅÄnÄtha or 'lord of the DaÅÄ') eclipses the mind of the person, compelling him or her to act per the nature of the planet.There are several dasha systems, each with its own utility and area of application. There are DaÅÄs of grahas (planets) as well as DaÅÄs of the RÄÅis (zodiac signs). The primary system used by astrologers is the Viá¹ÅottarÄ« DaÅÄ system, which has been considered universally applicable in the Kali Yuga to all horoscopes.The first MahÄ-DaÅÄ is determined by the position of the natal Moon in a given Naká¹£atra. The lord of the Naká¹£atra governs the DaÅÄ. Each MahÄ-DÄÅÄ is divided into sub-periods called bhuktis, or antar-daÅÄs, which are proportional divisions of the maha-dasa. Further proportional sub-divisions can be made, but error margins based on accuracy of the birth time grow exponentially. The next sub-division is called pratyantar-daÅÄ, which can in turn be divided into sookshma-antardasa, which can in turn be divided into praana-antardaÅÄ, which can be sub-divided into deha-antardaÅÄ. Such sub-divisions also exist in all other DaÅÄ systems.Heavenly bodies
The navagraha (|nine planets}})SanskritâEnglish Dictionary by Monier-Williams, c. 1899 are the nine celestial bodies used in Hindu astrology:{{rp|38â51}}- Surya (Sun)
- Chandra (Moon)
- Budha (Mercury)
- Shukra (Venus)
- Mangala (Mars)
- Bá¹haspati or Guru (Jupiter)
- Shani (Saturn)
- Rahu (North node of the Moon)
- Ketu (South node of the Moon)
Gocharas â transits
A natal chart shows the position of the grahas at the moment of birth. Since that moment, the grahas have continued to move around the zodiac, interacting with the natal chart grahas. This period of interaction is called gochara (Sanskrit: {{IAST|gochara}}, 'transit').{{rp|227}}The study of transits is based on the transit of the Moon (Chandra), which spans roughly two days, and also on the movement of Mercury (Budha) and Venus (Åukra) across the celestial sphere, which is relatively fast as viewed from Earth. The movement of the slower planets â Jupiter (Guru), Saturn (Åani) and RÄhuâKetu â is always of considerable importance. Astrologers study the transit of the DaÅÄ lord from various reference points in the horoscope.Yogas â planetary combinations
In Hindu astronomy, yoga (Sanskrit: {{IAST|yoga}}, 'union') is a combination of planets placed in a specific relationship to each other.{{rp|265}}RÄja yogas are perceived as givers of fame, status and authority, and are typically formed by the association of the Lord of Keá¹ dras ('quadrants'), when reckoned from the Lagna ('ascendant'), and the Lords of the Trikona ('trines', 120 degreesâfirst, fifth and ninth houses). The RÄja yogas are culminations of the blessings of Viá¹£á¹u and Laká¹£mÄ«. Some planets, such as Mars for Leo Lagna, do not need another graha (or Navagraha, 'planet') to create RÄjayoga, but are capable of giving RÄjayoga by themselves due to their own lordship of the 4th BhÄva ('astrological house') and the 9th BhÄva from the Lagna, the two being a Keá¹ dra ('angular house'âfirst, fourth, seventh and tenth houses) and Trikona BhÄva respectively.Dhana Yogas are formed by the association of wealth-giving planets such as the DhaneÅa or the 2nd Lord and the LÄbheÅa or the 11th Lord from the Lagna. Dhana Yogas are also formed due to the auspicious placement of the DÄrÄpada (from dara, 'spouse' and pada, 'foot'âone of the four divisionsâ3 degrees and 20 minutesâof a Nakshatra in the 7th house), when reckoned from the ÄrÅ«á¸ha Lagna (AL). The combination of the LagneÅa and the BhÄgyeÅa also leads to wealth through the Laká¹£mÄ« Yoga.SanyÄsa Yogas are formed due to the placement of four or more grahas, excluding the Sun, in a Keá¹ dra BhÄva from the Lagna.There are some overarching yogas in Jyotiá¹£a such as AmÄvasyÄ Doá¹£a, KÄla Sarpa Yoga-KÄla Amá¹ta Yoga and Graha MÄlika Yoga that can take precedence over Yamaha yogar planetary placements in the horoscope.BhÄvas â houses
The Hindu JÄtaka or Janam Kundali or birth chart, is the BhÄva Chakra (Sanskrit: 'division' 'wheel'), the complete 360° circle of life, divided into houses, and represents a way of enacting the influences in the wheel. Each house has associated kÄraka (Sanskrit: 'significator') planets that can alter the interpretation of a particular house.{{rp|93â167}} Each BhÄva spans an arc of 30° with twelve BhÄvas in any chart of the horoscope. These are a crucial part of any horoscopic study since the BhÄvas, understood as 'state of being', personalize the RÄÅis/ Râshis to the native and each RÄÅi/ Râshi apart from indicating its true nature reveals its impact on the person based on the BhÄva occupied. The best way to study the various facets of Jyotiá¹£a is to see their role in chart evaluation of actual persons and how these are construed.Dá¹iá¹£á¹is
Drishti (Sanskrit: {{IAST|Dá¹á¹£á¹i}}, 'sight') is an aspect to an entire house. Grahas cast only forward aspects, with the furthest aspect being considered the strongest. For example, Jupiter aspects the 5th, 7th and 9th house from its position, Mars aspects the 4th, 7th, and 8th houses from its position, and its 8th house.{{rp|26â27}}The principle of Drishti (aspect) was devised on the basis of the aspect of an army of planets as deity and demon in a war field.Sanat Kumar Jain, Astrology a science or myth, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi.Sanat Kumar Jain, "Jyotish Kitna Sahi Kitna Galat" (Hindi). Thus the Sun, a deity king with only one full aspect, is more powerful than the demon king Saturn, which has three full aspects.Aspects can be cast both by the planets (Graha Dá¹á¹£á¹i) and by the signs (RÄÅi Dá¹á¹£á¹i). Planetary aspects are a function of desire, while sign aspects are a function of awareness and cognizance.There are some higher aspects of Graha Dá¹á¹£á¹i (planetary aspects) that are not limited to the ViÅeá¹£a Dá¹á¹£á¹i or the special aspects. RÄÅi Dá¹á¹£á¹i works based on the following formulaic structure: all movable signs aspect fixed signs except the one adjacent, and all dual and mutable signs aspect each other without exception.See also
{hide}columns-list|colwidth=20em|- Archaeoastronomy and Vedic chronology
- Hindu calendar
- Hindu cosmology
- History of astrology
- Indian astronomy
- JyotiḥÅÄstra
- Kundali
- Nadi astrology
- Panchangam
- Horoscopic astrology
- Synoptical astrology
- Indian units of measurement
References
{{reflist|2}}Bibliography
- BOOK, Ohashi, Yukio, Andersen, Johannes, Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B,weblink 1999, Springer Science, 978-0-7923-5556-4, 27 December 2020, 11 January 2023,weblink live,
- JOURNAL, Ohashi, Yukio, Development of Astronomical Observations in Vedic and post-Vedic India, 1993, Indian Journal of History of Science, 28, 3,
- BOOK, Plofker, Kim, Kim Plofker, Mathematics in India, Mathematics in India (book), 2009, Princeton University Press, 978-0-691-12067-6,
- JOURNAL, Pingree, David, The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy, Journal for the History of Astronomy, SAGE, 4, 1, 1973, 1â12, 10.1177/002182867300400102, 1973JHA.....4....1P, 125228353,
- BOOK, Pingree, David, JyotihÅÄstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature, Otto Harrassowitz, 1981, 978-3447021654,
- BOOK, Raman, BV, Planetary Influences on Human Affairs, South Asian Books, 1992, 978-8185273907,
- BOOK, Samuel, Samuel, 2010, The Origins of Yoga and Tantra, Cambridge University Press,
- BOOK, Winternitz, Maurice, Moriz Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, 1, 1963, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-81-208-0056-4,
- JOURNAL, Witzel, Michael, Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts, Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 25 May 2001, 3, 7,weblink 12 July 2020, 27 May 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180527150828weblink">weblink live,
Further reading
- Burgess, Ebenezer (1866). "On the Origin of the Lunar Division of the Zodiac represented in the Nakshatra System of the Hindus". Journal of the American Oriental Society.
- Chandra, Satish (2002). "Religion and State in India and Search for Rationality". Social Scientist
- EB1911, Fleet, John F., Hindu Chronology, 13, 491â501,
- Jain, Sanat K. "Astrology a science or myth", New Delhi, Atlasntic Publishers 2005 - highlighting how every principle like sign lord, aspect, friendship-enmity, exalted-debilitated, Mool trikon, dasha, Rahu-Ketu, etc. were framed on the basis of the ancient concept that Sun is nearer than the Moon from the Earth, etc.
- Pingree, David (1963). "Astronomy and Astrology in India and Iran". Isis â Journal of The History of Science Society. pp. 229â246.
- Pingree, David (1981). {{IAST|JyotiḥÅÄstra}} in J. Gonda (ed.) A History of Indian Literature. Vol VI. Fasc 4. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Pingree, David and Gilbert, Robert (2008). "Astrology; Astrology In India; Astrology in modern times". Encyclopædia Britannica. online ed.
- Plofker, Kim. (2008). "South Asian mathematics; The role of astronomy and astrology". Encyclopædia Britannica, online ed.
- Whitney, William D. (1866). "On the Views of Biot and Weber Respecting the Relations of the Hindu and Chinese Systems of Asterisms", Journal of the American Oriental Society
- Popular treatments:
- Frawley, David (2000). Astrology of the Seers: A Guide to Vedic (Hindu) Astrology. Twin Lakes Wisconsin: Lotus Press. {{ISBN|0-914955-89-6}}
- Frawley, David (2005). Ayurvedic Astrology: Self-Healing Through the Stars. Twin Lakes Wisconsin: Lotus Press. {{ISBN|0-940985-88-8}}
- Sutton, Komilla (1999). The Essentials of Vedic Astrology. The Wessex Astrologer, Ltd.: Great Britain. {{ISBN|1902405064}}
External links
- {{curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Divination/Astrology/Vedic}}
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