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General of the Army (United States)
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General of the Army (United States)
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{{distinguish|General of the Armies}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}{{Short description|Rank in the United States Army}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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- Fleet admiral (U.S. Navy)
- General of the Air Force (USAF)}}| history =
History
PostâAmerican Civil War era
(File:US Army O10 (1866).svg|right|thumb|183px|General of the Army shoulder strap insignia, from 1866 to 1872.)(File:US Army O10 (1872).svg|right|thumb|183px|General of the Army shoulder strap insignia, from 1872 to 1888.)Toward the end of the American Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant achieved the first fixed promotion to lieutenant general in the U.S., since George Washington. On 25 July 1866, the U.S. Congress further established the rank of "General of the Army of the United States" for General Grant. His pay was "four hundred dollars per month, and his allowance for fuel and quarters", except "when his headquarters are in Washington, shall be at the rate of three hundred dollars per month."WEB, Ulysses S. Grant, General of the Army, General Orders No. 52,weblink ulyssessgrant.org, 31 March 2022, (His combined monthly pay and allowance of seven hundred dollars in 1866 is {{Inflation|US|700|1866|fmt=eq|r=-3}}). When appointed General of the Army, Grant wore the rank insignia of four stars and coat buttons arranged in three groups of four.Unlike the World War II rank with a similar title, the 1866 rank of General of the Army was nominally a four-star rank, but this rank held all the authority and power of a 1799 proposal for a rank of "General of the Armies", even though Grant was never called by this title. Despite being titled General of the Army instead of General of the Armies, the Comptroller General of the United States would rule in 1924 that the grade revived in 1866 for Grant (and later William T. Sherman and Philip H. Sheridan) was the same grade that had been proposed for Washington in 1799 and revived for Pershing in 1919.BOOK, Defender of the Public Interest: The General Accounting Office, 1921â1966Generals of the Army (post Civil War) {| class"wikitable sortable" style"text-align:center;"
World War II and Korean War era
As the logistics and military leadership requirements of World War II escalated after the June 1944 Normandy landings, the United States government created a new version of General of the Army. The government had considered creating a rank of field marshal, however George C. Marshall, the first officer to be nominated for the rank, objected to the proposed title as he did not want to be known as "Marshal Marshall".WEB, Stilwell, Blake, 2021-03-11, This is why there's no Field Marshal rank in the US military,weblink 2024-01-09, We Are The Mighty, en, A Marshal is, in the United States, traditionally a law enforcement or fire department official. The five-star rank and authority of General of the Army and equivalent naval Fleet Admiral were created by an Act of Congress on a temporary basis when {{USPL|78|482}} was passed on 14 December 1944,WEB , which provided only 75% of pay and allowances to the grade for those on the retired list. The rank was temporary, subject to reversion to permanent rank six months after the end of the war. The temporary rank was then declared permanent on 23 March 1946 by {{USPL|79|333}}, which also awarded full pay and allowances in the grade to those on the retired list.WEB,weblink
, Public Law 333, 79th Congress
, 11 April 2007
, Naval Historical Center
, 22 October 2007
, dead
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071013212055weblink">weblink
, 13 October 2007
, The retirement provisions were also applied to the World War II Commandant of the Marine Corps and the Commandant of the Coast Guard, both of whom held four-star rank.WEB, Public Law 79-333,weblink legisworks.org, Legis Works, 19 October 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151121013632weblink">weblink 21 November 2015, dead, It was created to give the most senior American commanders parity of rank with their British counterparts holding the ranks of field marshal and admiral of the fleet. This second General of the Army rank is not the same as the post-Civil War era version because of its purpose and five stars.The insignia for the 1944 General of the Army rank consists of five stars in a pentagonal pattern, with points touching. The five officers who have held the 1944 version of General of the Army and the date of each's appointment are as follows:, Public Law 333, 79th Congress
, 11 April 2007
, Naval Historical Center
, 22 October 2007
, dead
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071013212055weblink">weblink
, 13 October 2007
Generals of the Army (WWII) {| class"wikitable sortable"
,weblink
, Eisenhower Military Ranks
, Eisenhower Presidential Center
, 22 October 2007
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070612214526weblink">weblink
, 12 June 2007, WEB
,weblink
, Eisenhower Resigned as General
, Eisenhower Presidential Center
, 22 October 2007
, dead
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070612213156weblink">weblink
, 12 June 2007
, Arnold, a general in the Army, was the Commanding General of the Army Air Forces throughout World War II, when he was promoted. After his United States Air Force became a separate service on 18 September 1947, Arnold's rank was carried over to the Air Force, just as all Army Air Forces airmen's rank carried over. Arnold was the first and, to date, only General of the Air Force. He is also the only person to have ever held a five-star rank in two branches of the U.S. Armed Forces.WEB,weblink CMH, www.history.army.mil, Bradley received the 5-star rank upon being made the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (serving from 1949 to 1953). This was to make him superior in rank to General MacArthur, who was still serving at the time.These officers who held the rank of General of the Army remained officers of the United States Army for life, with an annual $20,000 in pay and allowances, {{Inflation|US|20,000|1944|fmt=eq|r=-3}}. They were entitled to an office maintained by the Army along with an aide (of the rank of colonel), a secretary, and an orderly.BOOK, James, D. Clayton, The Years of MacArthur, Triumph and Disaster 1945â1964, 3, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1985, 0-395-36004-8, 36211311, 661â662, , Eisenhower Military Ranks
, Eisenhower Presidential Center
, 22 October 2007
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070612214526weblink">weblink
, 12 June 2007, WEB
,weblink
, Eisenhower Resigned as General
, Eisenhower Presidential Center
, 22 October 2007
, dead
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070612213156weblink">weblink
, 12 June 2007
Modern usage
(File:Army-USA-OF-10.svg|thumb|right|183px|Rank insignia for a General of the Army if worn on the Army Blue service uniform, from 2010 to present.)(File:US Army O11 shoulderboard rotated.svg|thumb|right|183px|Rank insignia for a General of the Army if it is worn on the Army Green Class "A" service uniform, from September 1959 to October 2015.)No officers have been promoted to the rank of General of the Army since Omar Bradley (who was also the last living officer of such rank when he died in 1981).BOOK, Uldrich, Jack, Soldier, statesman, peacemaker: leadership lessons from George C. Marshall,weblink 21 February 2011, 2005, 978-0-8144-0857-5, 151, AMACOM, The rank is still maintained in the Army's structure, and could be awarded by the president with the consent of the United States Senate.Although the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), Omar Bradley, was eventually awarded a fifth star, such a promotion does not come with that office; Bradley's elevation ensured that he would not be outranked by his subordinate, Douglas MacArthur.NEWS, Higher rank not in the stars for nation's top generals, Jim, Abrams,weblink Associated Press, 22 March 1991, Bradley received his fifth star in 1950 when he became chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff so he would not be outranked by MacArthur., BOOK, Tillman, Barrett, Brassey's D-Day encyclopedia: the Normandy invasion A-Z,weblink registration, 22 February 2011, 2004, Brassey's, 978-1-57488-760-0, 48, MacArthur, having been army chief of staff before World War II, was senior to everyone on the Joint Chiefs, and some observers felt that Bradley was given his fifth star in order to deal with the vainglorious field commander on an equal footing., In the 1990s, there were proposals in Department of Defense academic circles to bestow a five-star rank on the office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.CONFERENCE,weblink Organizing for National Security: The Role of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, January 1986, Institute for Foreign Analysis, 11, 9780895490742, 21 February 2011, There was some discussion of the proposal to grant the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs five-star rank, as a symbol of his status as the most senior officer in the armed forces., REPORT, Jones, Logan, February 2000, Toward the Valued Idea of Jointness: The Need for Unity of Command in U.S. Armed Forces, Defense Technical Information Center, 2, Naval War College, PDF, ADA378445, 21 February 2011,weblinkweblink live, 1 June 2022, Promoting the Chairman to the five-star rank and ceding to him operational and administrative control of all U.S. Armed Forces would enable him to provide a unifying vision..., REPORT, Owsley, Robert Clark, June 1997, Goldwater-Nichols Almost Got It Right: A Fifth Star for the Chairman, 14, Naval War College, PDF, ADA328220, 21 February 2011,weblinkweblink live, 17 September 2021, ...Chairman's title be changed to Commander of the Armed Forces and commensurate with the title and authority he be assigned the grade of five stars., After the conclusion of the Persian Gulf War, but before his tenure as Secretary of State, there was talk of awarding a fifth star to General Colin Powell, who had served as CJCS during the conflict. But even in the face of public and Congressional pressure to do so,JOURNAL, March 1991, U.S. Sen. Kasten Pushing Effort To Award Powell With Historic Fifth Star, Jet, 79, 23, 0021-5996, 21 February 2011,weblink ...there is a movement afoot in the U.S. Senate to award an historic fifth star to the nation's first Black Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Gen. Colin L. Powell for his military proficiency., BOOK, Italia, Bob, Armed Forces: War in the Gulf,weblink 21 February 2011, 1991, Abdo & Daughters, 978-1-56239-026-6, 44â46, Others want to make him a five-star general. [...] Congress is talking about giving him a fifth silver star, which is very rare., Clinton presidential transition team staffers decided against it for political reasons, fearing that a fifth star may have assisted Powell (a Republican) had he decided to run for office.BOOK, Stephanopoulos, George, All Too Human: A Political Education,weblink 21 February 2011, 1999, Thorndike Press, 978-0-7862-2016-8, 330â331, Mack asked me to secretly research the procedure for awarding a fifth star to a general. [...] If Powell did challenge Clinton, the fifth star would forestall criticism of the general's military record., BOOK, Hamilton, Nigel, Bill Clinton: Mastering the Presidency,weblink 21 February 2011, 2007, PublicAffairs, 978-1-58648-516-0, 190, 399, Moreover, for the very reason he admired Colin Powell as the most distinguished living black American, Clinton also feared the general as a potential rival. [...] Bill Clinton had denied Powell his rightful fifth star..., BOOK, Halberstam, David, War in a Time of Peace: Bush, Clinton, and the Generals,weblink 22 February 2011, 2001, Scribner, 978-0-7432-0212-1, 190, They checked it out and found that the last general to get a fifth star was Omar Bradley forty-three years earlier. Powell, they decided, was not Bradley. Besides, as George Stephanopoulos noted, if they gave him one more star, it might help him one day politically., An effort was also made to promote General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. to General of the Army, although it was not carried out.NEWS,weblink No More Stars,Sir WAR IN THE GULF, Evans, David, 28 March 1991, Baltimore Sun, Dazzled by America's blitzkrieg victory over Iraq, Sen. Bob Kasten, R-Wis., has put forth a resolution that the architects of this triumph, Gens. Colin L. Powell and H. Norman Schwarzkopf, be promoted to five-star rank., 6 September 2014, WEB,weblink S.J.RES.85, 5 March 1991, Congress.gov, Library of Congress, 23 August 2016, WEB,weblink H.R.1052, 28 February 1991, Congress.gov, Library of Congress, 23 August 2016, BOOK,weblink Colin Powell: Soldier and Statesman, Brown, Warren, Wagner, Heather Lehr, 1 January 2009, Infobase Publishing, 9781438100753, 78, The speedy, complete, and relatively bloodless victory for the allies-less than 200 Americans were killed in the Persian Gulf War-turned Powell, Schwarzkopf, and the rest of the U.S. military into national heroes. Congressmen proposed to promote the two men to rank of General of the Army, which would make them the first generals to wear five stars since Omar N. Bradley was accorded that honor in 1950., 6 September 2014, As recently as the late 2000s, some commentators proposed that the military leader in the Global War on Terrorism be promoted to a five-star rank.REPORT, Stringer, Kevin D., 2007-01-01, A Supreme Commander for the War on Terror, Defense Technical Information Center, PDF, 21 February 2011,weblinkweblink live, 24 June 2021, ADA517523, The development of a four- or even five- star commander with staff to run the war on terror..., In January 2011, the founders of the Vets for Freedom political advocacy group published an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal calling for David Petraeus to be awarded a fifth star in recognition of his work and the importance of his mission.NEWS, A Fifth Star for David Petraeus, Pete, Hegseth, Wade Zirkle,weblink Wall Street Journal, News Corporation, 13 January 2011, 22 February 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110131080307weblink">weblink 31 January 2011, dead, Earlier, in July 2010, David W. Brown wrote an article in The Atlantic supporting the same promotion.NEWS, Give Petraeus 5 Stars, David W. Brown,weblink The Atlantic, 7 July 2010, 7 February 2024,Ranks senior to General of the Army
{{refimprove section|date = November 2020}}The rank of General of the Armies is senior to General of the Army, and the rank by this name has been bestowed on only three officers in U.S. history. In 1919, John J. Pershing was promoted to General of the Armies for his services in World War I. In 1976, during the United States Bicentennial, George Washington was posthumously promoted to this rank for his service as the first commanding general of the United States Army. In 2022, Ulysses S. Grant was posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies to celebrate 200 years since his birth.WEB,weblink Southwest Ohio native Ulysses S. Grant to get posthumous promotion, WEB,weblink H.R.7776 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress, In 1903, retroactive to 1899, George Dewey was promoted to Admiral of the Navy, a rank equated to that of a five-star admiral. The promotion of Admiral Dewey is the only time an Admiral of the Navy has been named and the rank ceased to exist after his death.Section 7 of Public Law s:Public Law 78-482|78-482]] read: "Nothing in this Act shall affect the provisions of the Act of September 3, 1919 (41 Stat. 283: 10 U.S.C. 671a), or any other law relating to the office of General of the Armies of the United States."WEB, Public Law 78-482,weblink legisworks.org, Legis Works, 19 October 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151120163131weblink">weblink 20 November 2015, dead, George Washington was posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies on 15 March 1978 by Secretary of the Army Clifford Alexander. In relation to America's bicentennial celebration, Congress passed legislation on 19 January 1976 urging Washington's promotion and President Gerald Ford approved it in October 1976, but historians found that Congressional and Presidential actions were not enough, and that the Army had to issue orders to make the promotion official. According to S:Public Law 94-479|Public Law 94-479]], General of the Armies of the United States is established as having "rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army, past or present."WEB, Public Law 94-479,weblink gpo.gov, United States Government Printing Office, 19 October 2015, Thus, Washington will always be the most senior general of the United States. During his lifetime, Washington was appointed a general in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, and a three-star lieutenant general in the Regular Army during the Quasi-War with France.See also
- List of United States military leaders by rank
- General officers in the United States
- United States Army officer rank insignia
- List of comparative military ranks
- List of field marshals
- Six-star rank
- Supreme Allied Commander
References
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