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Fred M. Vinson
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Fred M. Vinson
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{{Short description|Chief Justice of the United States from 1946 to 1953}}{{redirect|Fred Vinson}}{{redirect|Judge Vinson|the Florida judge|Roger Vinson}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Early years
File:Fred Vinson Birthplace.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Birthplace in Louisa, KentuckyLouisa, KentuckyVinson, known universally as Fred, was born in the newly built, eight-room, red brick house in front of the Lawrence County jail in Louisa, Kentucky, where his father served as the Lawrence County Jailer. As a child he would help his father in the jail and even made friends with prisoners who would remember his kindness when he later ran for public office. Vinson worked odd jobs while in school. He graduated from Kentucky Normal School in 1909 WEB,weblink Fred M. Vinson, 2017-06-27, 2017-02-11,weblink live, Oyez, and enrolled at Centre College, where he graduated at the top of his class with a Bachelor of Arts degree. While at Centre, he was a member of the Kentucky Alpha Delta chapter of Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the now defunct College of Law.BOOK, St. Clair, James E., Gugin, Linda C., Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson of Kentucky: A Political Biography, 2002, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 13â14, He entered private practice in Louisa.{{FJC Bio|2463|nid=1389186|name=Frederick Moore Vinson}} He first ran for and was elected to office as the City Attorney of Louisa.Vinson joined the Army during World War I. Following the war, he was elected as the Commonwealth's Attorney for the Thirty-Second Judicial District of Kentucky. Vinson married Julia Roberta Dixon on January 24, 1924, in Ashland, Kentucky. They had two sons.United States Representative from Kentucky
In 1924, Vinson ran in a special election for his district's seat in Congress after William J. Fields resigned to become the Governor of Kentucky. Vinson was elected as a Democrat and then was reelected twice before losing in 1928. His loss was attributed to his refusal to dissociate his campaign from Alfred E. Smith's presidential campaign. However, Vinson came back to win re-election in 1930, and he served in Congress through 1937.While he was in Congress he befriended Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman, a friendship that would last throughout his life. He soon became a close advisor, confidant, card player, and dear friend to Truman. After Truman decided against running for another term as president in the early 1950s, he tried to convince a skeptical Vinson to seek the Democratic Party nomination, but Vinson turned down the President's offer.BOOK, Alonzo L. Hamby, Beyond the New Deal: Harry S.Truman and American Liberalism, 1973, Columbia University Press, 481â482, After being equally unsuccessful in enlisting General Dwight D. Eisenhower, President Truman eventually landed on Governor of Illinois Adlai Stevenson as his preferred successor in the 1952 presidential election.In 1930, former congressman Vinson moved his law practice from Louisa, Kentucky thirty miles north to Ashland. With aspirations to return to Washington, D.C. as congressman, Vinson formed a circle of Ashland friends who could aid him politically and professionally. This group included his next door neighbor Paul G. Blazer.{{sfn|St. Clair|Gugin|2002|p=48}} Vinson returned to Washington, D.C. as congressman in 1931. Vinson would become a frontline supporter of President Roosevelt and his cabinet's New Deal revolution.{{sfn|St. Clair|Gugin|2002|p=66}}United States Court of Appeals
File:Vinson sworn in - cropped and restored.jpg|left|thumb|Vinson taking the oath of office as judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia CircuitUnited States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia CircuitVinson was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on November 26, 1937, to an Associate Justice seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (now the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit) vacated by Associate Justice Charles Henry Robb. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 9 of that year, and received his commission six days later. He was designated by Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone to serve as Chief Judge of the Emergency Court of Appeals. His service terminated on May 28, 1943, due to his resignation.Secretary of the Treasury
Vinson resigned from the bench to become Director of the Office of Economic Stabilization, an executive agency charged with fighting inflation.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} He also spent time as Federal Loan Administrator (March 6 to April 3, 1945) and director of War Mobilization and Reconversion (April 4 to July 22, 1945).{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} He was appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury by President Truman and served from July 23, 1945, to June 23, 1946.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}His mission as Secretary of the Treasury was to stabilize the American economy during the last months of the war and to adapt the United States financial position to the drastically changed circumstances of the postwar world.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} Before the war ended, Vinson directed the last of the great war-bond drives.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}At the end of the war, he negotiated payment of the British Loan of 1946, the largest loan made by the United States to another country ($3.75 billion), and the lend-lease settlements of economic and military aid given to the allies during the war.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} In order to encourage private investment in postwar America, he promoted a tax cut in the Revenue Act of 1945.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} He also supervised the inauguration of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund, both created at the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, acting as the first chairman of their respective boards.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} In 1946, Vinson resigned from the Treasury to be appointed Chief Justice of the United States by Truman.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}Chief Justice
{{Further|Vinson Court}}(File:1946-06-24 Vinson New Chief Justice.ogv|thumb|upright=.95|Swearing in of Chief Justice Vinson on White house portico)Vinson was nominated by President Harry S. Truman on June 6, 1946, to become Chief Justice of the United States, following the death of Harlan F. Stone. Vinson was recommended to Truman by former chief justice Charles Evans Hughes and former associate justice Owen Roberts. Both noted Vinson's experience in all three branches of the federal government, with Hughes telling Truman, "You have a Secretary of the Treasury who has been a Congressman, a Judge of the Court of Appeal, and an executive officer in President Roosevelt's and your cabinets".Margaret Truman, Harry S. Truman (1993), p. 330. He was confirmed by the United States Senate by a voice vote on June 20, 1946, received his commission on June 21, and took the oath of office on June 24.VIDEO, 1946, Video: Big Four Turns Down Austria on Tyrol, 1946/06/24 (1946),weblink Universal Newsreel, February 20, 2012, His appointment came at a time when the Supreme Court was deeply fractured, both intellectually and personally.James E. St. Clair and Linda C. Gugin, Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson of Kentucky: A Political Biography {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801201919weblink |date=2020-08-01 }}, p. 169-171. One faction was led by Justice Hugo Black, the other by Justice Felix Frankfurter. Vinson was credited with patching this fracture,{{according to whom|date=December 2014}} at least on a personal level.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} He was the presiding officer of the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges (now the Judicial Conference of the United States) from 1946 to 1948, and presiding officer of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1948 to 1953. In addition to his chief justiceship, Vinson served as circuit justice for the Fourth Circuit and the District of Columbia Circuit from June 26, 1946, until his death on September 8, 1953.File:13 Fred M. Vinson bust, US Supreme Court.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Fred M. Vinson bust, U.S. Supreme Court, Washington, D.C. Sculptor Jimilu MasonJimilu MasonIn his time on the Supreme Court, he wrote 77 opinions for the court and 13 dissents. His most dramatic dissent was when the court voided President Truman's seizure of the steel industry during a strike in a June 3, 1952, decision, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} His final public appearance at the court was when he read the decision not to review the conviction and death sentence of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} After Justice William O. Douglas granted a stay of execution to the Rosenbergs at the last moment, Chief Justice Vinson sent special flights out to bring vacationing justices back to Washington in order to ensure the execution of the Rosenbergs.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} During his tenure as Chief Justice, one of his law clerks was future Associate Justice Byron White.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}The major issues his court dealt with included racial segregation, labor unions, communism and loyalty oaths.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} On racial segregation, he wrote that states practicing the separate but equal doctrine must provide facilities that were truly equal, in Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} The case of Briggs v. Elliott was before the Court at the time of his death.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} Vinson, not wanting a 5â4 decision, had ordered a second hearing of the case.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} He died before the case could be reheard, and his vote may have been pivotal.Vinson michaelariens.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902094554weblink |date=2015-09-02 }} Upon his death, Earl Warren was appointed to the Court and the case was heard again.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}When Secretary of State Dean Acheson came under fire from congressional Republicans for being "soft on communism" at the end of 1950 Vinson was briefly mentioned as the possible replacement as Secretary of State, which would have required his resignation from the court."Democrats 'Hope' In Acheson Case", Spokane Chronicle (December 18, 1950), p. 2. This, however, did not come about.As Chief Justice, Vinson swore in Truman (in 1949) and Dwight D. Eisenhower (in 1953) as President.Death and legacy
Vinson died on September 8, 1953, of a heart attack at his Washington home. His body was interred in Pinehill Cemetery in Louisa, Kentucky.WEB, Christensen, George A., 1983, Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices, Supreme Court Historical Society 1983 Yearbook,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20050903032026weblink">weblink September 3, 2005, Christensen, George A. (February 19, 2008). "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited". Journal of Supreme Court History, Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17 - 41. University of Alabama.An extensive collection of Vinson's personal and judicial papers is archived at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, where they are available for research.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}A portrait of Vinson hangs in the hallway of the chapter house of the Kentucky Alpha-Delta chapter of Phi Delta Theta (ΦÎÎ) international fraternity, at Centre College.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} Vinson was a member of the chapter in his years at Centre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} Affectionately known as "Dead Fred", the portrait is taken by fraternity members to Centre football and basketball games and other events.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}The Fred M. Vinson Birthplace, in Louisa, Kentucky, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}See also
- Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
- List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
- List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)
- United States Supreme Court cases during the Vinson Court
Notes
{{notelist}}References
{{Reflist}}Further reading
- Abraham, Henry J., Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). {{ISBN|0-19-506557-3}}.
- Cushman, Clare, The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789-1995 (2nd ed.) (Supreme Court Historical Society), (Congressional Quarterly Books, 2001) {{ISBN|1-56802-126-7}}; {{ISBN|978-1-56802-126-3}}.
- Frank, John P., The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions (Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors) (Chelsea House Publishers: 1995) {{ISBN|0-7910-1377-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7910-1377-9}}.
- Hall, Kermit L., ed. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-19-505835-6}}; {{ISBN|978-0-19-505835-2}}.
- HATCHER, JOHN HENRY.â"FRED VINSON: CONGRESSMAN FROM KENTUCKY, A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY: 1890-1938" (PhD dissertation, University of CincinnatiâProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1967.â6715964).
- Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990). {{ISBN|0-87187-554-3}}.
- Pritchett, C. Herman, Civil Liberties and the Vinson Court. (The University of Chicago Press, 1969) {{ISBN|978-0-226-68443-7}}; {{ISBN|0-226-68443-1}}.
- St. Clair, James E., and Gugin, Linda C., Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson of Kentucky: A Political Biography (University Press of Kentucky: 2002) {{ISBN|0-8131-2247-3}}; {{ISBN|978-0-8131-2247-2}}.
- Symposium, In Memoriam: Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, 49 Northwestern University Law Review 1â75, (1954).
- Urofsky, Melvin I., Division and Discord: The Supreme Court under Stone and Vinson, 1941-1953 (University of South Carolina Press, 1997) {{ISBN|1-57003-120-7}}.
- Urofsky, Melvin I., The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary (New York: Garland Publishing 1994). 590 pp. {{ISBN|0-8153-1176-1}}; {{ISBN|978-0-8153-1176-8}}.
External links
{{Wikisource|Author:Frederick Moore Vinson}}- {{FJC Bio|2463|nid=1389186|name=Frederick Moore Vinson}}
- {{Biographical Directory of Congress|V000106|Frederick Moore Vinson|author=|noid=y|inline=y}}
- {{Find a Grave|1063|Frederick Moore Vinson Sr.}}
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20040803130633weblink">Biography, at the U.S. Treasury Office of the Curator.
- weblink" title="archive.today/20130815130604weblink">Truman Presents Supreme Court Chief Justice Vinson With Historic Gavel, 1948 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
- Chief Justice Vinson Dies of Heart Attack, The New York Times, September 8, 1953.
- Obituary, The New York Times, September 9, 1953, Vinson Excelled In Federal Posts.
- Oyez Project, Fred M. Vinson, United States Supreme Court.
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081006174639weblink">Supreme Court Historical Society, The Vinson Court.
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