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Feodor Chaliapin
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{{Short description|Russian opera singer (1873â1938)}}{{redirect|Chaliapin|other uses|Chaliapin (disambiguation)}}{{family name hatnote|Ivanovich|Chaliapin|lang=Eastern Slavic}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Spelling note
He himself spelled his surname, French-style, Chaliapine in the West,Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed, 1954, Vol. VII., p. 734 (footnote) and his name even appeared on early HMV 78s as Theodore Chaliapine.Operatic Vocals. clara.net In English texts, his given name is most usually rendered as Feodor or Fyodor, and his surname is most usually seen as Chaliapin. However, in the Russian pronunciation the initial consonant Ш is pronounced like sh in shop, not as ch in chop, and in reference books the surname is sometimes given a strict romanization as Shalyapin.This spelling also better reflects the fact that the name is pronounced with three syllables (Sha-LYA-pin), not four.Early life
Feodor Chaliapin was born into a peasant family on February 1 (OS), 1873 in Kazan, in the wing of merchant Lisitzin's house on Rybnoryadskaya Street (now Pushkin Street) 10. This wing no longer exists, but the house with the yard where the wing was situated is still there. The next day, Candlemas (The Meeting of Our Lord), he was baptized in Epiphany (Bogoyavlenskaya) Church on Bolshaya Prolomnaya street (now Bauman Street). His godparents were his neighbors: the shoemaker Nikolay Tonkov and Ludmila Kharitonova, a 12-year-old girl. The dwelling was expensive for his father, Ivan Yakovlevich, who served as a clerk in the Zemskaya Uprava (Zemstvo District Council), and in 1878 the Chaliapin family moved to the village of Ametyevo (also Ometyevo, or the Ometyev settlements, now a settlement within Kazan) behind the area of Sukonnaya Sloboda, and settled in a small house.Early career
His vocal teacher was Dmitri Usatov (1847-1913). Chaliapin began his career at Tbilisi and at the Imperial Opera in Saint Petersburg in 1894. He was then invited to sing at the Mamontov Private Opera (1896â1899); he first appeared there as Mephistopheles in Gounod's Faust, in which role he achieved considerable success.{{Listen| type = music| filename = Faust de Gounod Le veau d'or.ogg| title = Le veau d'orLater life
(File:Shalapin sculpture.jpg|thumb|Chaliapin creating his self-portrait in 1912)(File:Shalyapin&Tornagi.jpg|thumb|Chaliapin and Tornaghi)Chaliapin toured Australia in 1926, giving a series of recitals which were highly acclaimed.Privately, Chaliapin's personal affairs were in a state of disarray as a consequence of the Russian Revolution of 1917. At first he was treated as a revered artist of the newly emerged Soviet Russia. However, the harsh realities of everyday life under the new regime, and the unstable climate which followed because of the ensuing Civil War, combined with, reportedly, the encroachment on some of his property by the Communist authorities,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071216235408weblink">ÐÐÐÐЫРÐÐÐЬШÐÐÐÐ Ð ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ÐРТÐСТ. Newspaper ÐÑÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð½Ñ (2002) caused him to remain perpetually outside Russia after 1921. He still maintained, however, that he was not anti-Soviet. Chaliapin initially moved to Finland and later lived in France. Cosmopolitan Paris, with its significant Russian émigré population, became his base, and ultimately, the city of his death. He was renowned for his larger-than-life carousing during this period, but he never sacrificed his dedication to his art.Chaliapin's attachment to Paris did not prevent him from pursuing an international operatic and concert career in England, the United States, and further afield. In May 1931 he appeared in the Russian Season directed by Sir Thomas Beecham at London's Lyceum Theatre. His most famous part was the title role of Boris Godunov (excerpts of which he recorded 1929â31 and earlier). He is remembered also for his interpretations of Ivan the Terrible in Rimsky-Korsakov's The Maid of Pskov and Salieri in Mozart and Salieri, Mephistopheles in Gounod's Faust, Don Quixote in Massenet's Don Quichotte, and King Philip in Verdi's Don Carlos.Largely owing to his advocacy, Russian operas such as Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov and Khovanshchina, Glinka's Ivan Susanin, Borodin's Prince Igor and Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tsar's Bride and Sadko, became well known in the West.Chaliapin made one sound film for the director G. W. Pabst, the 1933 Don Quixote. The film was made in three different versions â French, English, and German, as was sometimes the prevailing custom. Chaliapin starred in all three versions, each of which used the same script, sets, and costumes, but different supporting casts. The English and the French versions are the most often seen, and both were released in May 2006 on a DVD. Pabst's film was not a version of the Massenet opera but a dramatic adaptation of Miguel de Cervantes' novel, with music and songs by Jacques Ibert.In 1932, Chaliapin published a memoir, Man and Mask: Forty Years in the Life of a Singer. While touring Japan in 1936 he was suffering from a toothache, and a hotel chef devised a way to cook a steak to be extra tender for him. This dish is known in Japan as a {{Interlanguage link multi|Chaliapin steak|ja|ã·ã£ãªã¢ãã³ã»ã¹ãã¼ã}} to this day.WEB,weblink Chaliapin donbury â Food wars, 21 January 2021, Chaliapin's last stage performance took place at the Monte Carlo Opera in 1937, as Boris. He died the following year of leukemia, aged 65, in Paris, where he was interred. In 1984, his remains were transferred from Paris to Moscow in an elaborate ceremony. They were re-buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.NEWS, Novodevichy Cemetery,weblink 12 September 2013, Passport Magazine, April 2008,Personal life
Chaliapin was married twice. He met his first wife, Italian ballerina Iola Tornaghi (1873â1965), in Nizhny Novgorod. They married in Russia in 1898 and had six children: Igor, Boris (1904â1979), Irina, Lidia and twins Feodor Jr. (1905â1992) and Taniya. Igor died aged four. Feodor Jr. was a character actor featured in Western motion pictures including Moonstruck and The Name of the Rose opposite Sean Connery.Wolfgang Saxon (October 1, 1992) Feodor Chaliapin Jr. Dies at 87; Singer's Son and Longtime Actor. New York Times. Boris was a well-known graphical artist, who painted the portraits used on 414 covers of the Time magazine between 1942 and 1970.Time magazine covers by Boris Chaliapin {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102180748weblink |date=2009-01-02 }} at TimeWhile married to Tornaghi, Chaliapin lived with Marina Petsold (1882â1964), a widow who already had two children from her first marriage. She had three daughters with Chaliapin: Marfa (1910â2003), {{Interlanguage link multi|Marina Chaliapin-Freddi|ru|ШалÑпина-ФÑедди, ÐаÑина ФÑдоÑовна|lt=Marina}} (1912â2009),Ðа 98-м Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸ ÑконÑалаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¤ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ñа ШалÑпина {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925025603weblink |date=2020-09-25 }}. tvkultura.ru. 14 July 2009 and Dasya (1921â1977). Chaliapin's two families lived separately, one in Moscow and the other in Saint Petersburg, and did not interact. Chaliapin married Petsold in 1927 in Paris.Maya Kern (12 February 2014) 7 малоизвеÑÑнÑÑ ÑакÑов из лиÑной жизни ШалÑпина. rg.ruÐÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð»Ñбви: ФÑÐ´Ð¾Ñ Ð¨Ð°Ð»Ñпин и Ðола ТоÑнаги. Argumenty i Facty. 7 February 2014Chaliapin had his portrait painted a number of times by the Russian artist Konstantin Korovin. They had been introduced to each other in 1896 and became close friends.Polozova, Lyudmila. Portraits of the Friends of Konstantin Korovin. weblink. Tretyakov Gallery, 2012Gallery
File:Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii - Feodor Chaliapin as Mephisto cr.jpg|Chaliapin as Mephisto. Photograph by Sergey Prokudin-GorskyFile:Sergei_Prokudin-Gorskii_-_Feodor_Chaliapin_as_Boris_Godunov cr.jpg|Chaliapin as Boris GodunovFile:ÐолоколÑÐ½Ñ ÐогоÑвленÑкой ÑеÑкви в Ðазани.jpg|The belltower of the Epiphany (Bogoyavlenskaya) Church in Kazan. The Chaliapin Chamber Hall is located on the second floor of the belltower.ÐÑеÑоÑÑийÑкий ÑееÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñзеев. "ÐамеÑнÑй ÑалÑпинÑкий зал" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505215548weblink |date=2009-05-05 }}File:Boris Kustodiev - Portrait of Fyodor Chaliapin - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait by Boris Kustodiev, 1921Honours and awards
File:ФÑÐ´Ð¾Ñ Ð¨Ð°Ð»Ñпин.jpg|thumb|Chaliapin's star on the Hollywood Walk of FameHollywood Walk of Fame- 1902 â Order of the Golden Star of Bukhara, 3rd class
- 1907 â Golden Cross of the Prussian eagle{{clarify|date=October 2011}}
- 1908 â Commander of the officer's rank{{clarify|date=October 2011}}
- 1910 â Soloist of His Majesty (Russia)
- 1912 â Soloist of His Majesty the King of Italy
- 1914 â British award for special achievements in the arts{{clarify|date=October 2011}}
- 1914 â Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class (Russia)
- 1916 â The title of the officer{{clarify|date=October 2011}}
- 1918 â People's Artist of the Republic (The Soviet government withdrew the title in 1927)BOOK, David Ewen, Musicians Since 1900: Performers in Concert and Opera, 1978,weblink registration, Withdrew honorary., H. W. Wilson Company, 978-0-8242-0565-2,
- 1934 â Commander of the Legion of Honour (France)
Autobiographical works
Chaliapin's autobiographical collaboration with Maxim Gorky occurred in 1917. He had already begun writing his autobiography long before, in the Crimea. In 1917, while he was in the south of France, he was urged to write such a work by a French journalist who hoped to ghost-write it. Gorky, who was his intimate friend and was then living in Capri, persuaded Chaliapin to stay with him there and with the help of a secretary a great deal of information was taken down which Gorky fashioned into a long manuscript, published in Russia in 1917 as a series of articles in the journal Letopis. Meanwhile, Chaliapin attempted to sell it to an American publisher, who refused it on learning that it had been published in Russian. There was a rift with Gorky, and Chaliapin worked with another editor to produce a 'new' version of his original text. The new book, published in America as Pages of My Life (Harper and Brothers, New York 1927), took the story only up to 1905, and lacked the depth, style and life of Gorky's version. Then, in 1932, Chaliapin published Man and Mask (Alfred A. Knopf, New York) to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of his first stage appearance. The original manuscript of the Gorky version was first translated and published in English in 1967, by Nina Froud and James Hanley, as Chaliapin: An autobiography as told to Maxim Gorky (Stein and Day, New York), and included an appendix of original correspondence including a section relating to Gorky.See the translator's note (by Nina Froud) in the 1967 work.{{clear left}}Recordings
Chaliapin possessed a high-lying bass voice with an unmistakable timbre which recorded clearly. He cut a prolific number of discs for His Master's Voice, beginning in Russia with acoustical recordings made at the dawn of the 20th Century, and continuing through the early electrical (microphone) era. Some of his performances at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in London were recorded live in the 1920s, including a haunting version of the "Death of Boris" from Boris Godunov. His last disc, made in Tokyo in 1936, was of the famous The Song of the Volga Boatmen. Many of his recordings were issued in the United States by RCA Victor. His legacy of recordings is available on CDs issued by EMI, Preiser, Naxos and other commercial labels. In 2018 his complete recordings were issued on 13 CDs by Marston Records. They consist of songs as well as a range of arias from Italian, French and, Russian opera.(File:Portrait photograph of Fyodor Chaliapin.jpg|thumb|Portrait photograph of Fyodor Chaliapin, 1922)Opinions on his art
- Opera commentator/historian Michael Scott avers that: "Chaliapin ranks with Caruso and Maria Callas as one of the three greatest singers and most potent and influential artists of the twentieth century."Michael Scott (1977) The Record of Singing Vol. 1. Duckworth, London, p. 223.
- "At the Met he sang the role of Basilio in Rossini's The Barber of Seville as a vulgar, unctuous, greasy priest, constantly picking his nose and wiping his fingers onto his cassock. Audiences were appalled. Defending himself, Chaliapin said in an interview that Basilio 'is a Spanish priest. It is a type I know well. He is not the modern American priest, clean and well-groomed; he is dirty and unkempt, he is a beast, and this is what I make him, a comic beast.' " (Harold C. Schonberg)Schonberg, 340.
- Some accused Chaliapin of brawling backstage. Rachmaninoff agreed. "Feodor is a brawler. They are all scared of his very spirit. He shouts suddenly or even hits someone! And Feodor's fist is powerful ... He can take care of himself. And how else should one behave? Backstage at our own theater it's just like a saloon. They shout, they drink, they swear in the foulest language." In a letter from November 1910 to the editor of Utro Rossii, the publication which supposedly quoted the above remarks and which attributes them to Rachmaninoff, the composer categorically denies the quotation and wrote "The article publishes without my knowledge words of mine about the Bolshoi Theater and Chaliapin...I said that we often have regrettable confusion backstage at the Bolshoi Theater...I also said that I had heard rumors that since Chaliapin had been appointed régisseur of those operas in which he sings, there is more quiet backstage. That is all I said... S. Rachmaninoff".Bertensson & Leyda, Rachmaninoff: a Lifetime in Music, p. 171.(Indiana University Press, 2001 by permission of New York University Press which had originally published the work in 1956)
- Met diva Geraldine Farrar said Chaliapin had a voice like "melodious thunder" but warned of his unannounced antics to hog the limelight onstage. "Chaliapin was a wonderful opera partner, but one had to be watchful for sudden departures from the rehearsal plan, and the touches of originality favorable only for the aggrandizement of Chaliapin."Schonberg, 336.
- Dale Carnegie, referencing a story by impresario Sol Hurok, says that Chaliapin was often temperamental, even acting like a âspoiled child.â On hearing the concert basso's complaint that his throat was raw and that he would not be able to sing at a scheduled performance at the Metropolitan Opera, Hurok agreed immediately to cancel the engagement, commenting: âIt will only cost you a couple of thousand dollars, but that is nothing in comparison to your reputation.â Chaliapin left open the possibility that he might nevertheless perform if he felt better later, and Hurok dutifully checked on him twice before the concert time. Finally he agreed to perform, provided that Hurok would announce to the audience that Chaliapin âhad a very bad cold and was not in good voice.â Carnegie comments approvingly: âMr. Hurok would lie and say he would do it, for he knew that was the only way to get the basso out on the stage.âDale Carnegie, How to Win Friends and Influence People (âPrinciple 9: Be sympathetic with the other personâs ideas and desires.â), Simon & Schuster, 299 pages. {{ISBN|978-0671425173}}.
References
Notes{{Reflist|30em}}Bibliography- BOOK, Schonberg, Schonberg, Harold, Harold C. Schonberg, The Virtuosi: Classical Music's Great Performers From Paganini to Pavarotti, 1988, Vintage, 0-394-75532-4, registration,weblink
- BOOK, Tsar Feodor: Chaliapin in America, Darsky, Joseph, Nova Science publishers, 2012, 978-1-62100-413-4, New York,
- BOOK, Chaliapin. A Critical Biography, Borovsky, Victor, Hamish Hamilton, 1988, 978-0-24112-254-9, London,
External links
{{external links|date=June 2021}}{{commons category}}- weblink" title="archive.today/20130417142605weblink">Tatar Museums (in English)
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060219205034weblink">Chalyapin and Kazan {{in lang|ru}}
- weblink" title="archive.today/20030910234021weblink">Kazan: Kultura {{in lang|ru}}
- Theodore Chaliapine includes two recordings
- Theodore Chaliapine ten recordings
- Chaliapine â six photographs in character
- Another biography of Fyodor Shalyapin
- Memorial house of F. I. Shalyapin, Moscow {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731065224weblink |date=2020-07-31 }}, many pictures, five recordings
- History of the Tenor â Sound Clip and Narration {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504114358weblink |date=2015-05-04 }}
- {{YouTube|4Ko5TiAEBZU|Schubert's Doppelgänger performed in Russian}} â (Doppelgänger ШÑбеÑÑа в иÑполнении на ÑÑÑÑком ÑзÑке)
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