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{{short description|Italian journalist (1924–2022)}}{{use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}

factoids

Civitavecchia, Kingdom of Italy>Italy2022144df=y}}| death_place = Rome, Italy| nationality = ItalianNational Fascist Party>PNF (1942–1943)Italian Liberal Party (1945–1955)Radical Party (Italy)>PR (1955–1962)PSI (1962–1972)

• {{marriage|Simonetta De Benedetti|1950|2006|end=died{edih}
• {{marriage|Serena Rossetti|2008}}

}}| children = Two daughters| residence = Velletri, Lazio, Italy| alma_mater = University of Genoa| profession = JournalistFounder of La Repubblica}}Eugenio Scalfari ({{IPA|it|euˈdʒɛːnjo ˈskalfari|lang}}; 6 April 1924 – 14 July 2022) was an Italian journalist. He was editor-in-chief of L’Espresso (1963–1968), a member of Parliament in Italy’s Chamber of Deputies (1968–1972), and co-founder of La Repubblica and its editor-in-chief (1976–1996). He was known for his meetings and interviews with important figures, including Pope Francis,NEWS, Testa, Tiziana, 16 December 2016,video.repubblica.it/vaticano/scalfari-gli-80-anni-del-mio-papa-rivoluzionario/262729/263087, Scalfari: ‘Gli 80 anni del mio Papa rivoluzionario’, Repubblica TV, it, 5 August 2023, Enrico Berlinguer, Aldo Moro,NEWS, Vecchio, Concetto, 23 March 2018,video.repubblica.it/webseries/aldo-moro-cronache-di-un-sequestro/scalfari-sconfiggere-le-br-e-cambiare-l-italia-il-mio-ultimo-incontro-con-moro/300035/300665, Scalfari: ‘Sconfiggere le Br e cambiare l’Italia. Il mio ultimo incontro con Moro’, Repubblica TV, it, 5 August 2023, Umberto Eco,NEWS,video.repubblica.it/spettacoli-e-cultura/scalfari-come-funziona-la-mente-di-eco/187426/186331, Scalfari: ‘Come funziona la mente di Eco?’, Repubblica TV, it, 8 January 2015, 5 August 2023, Italo Calvino, and Roberto Benigni.WEB,lab.repubblica.it/2022/direzione-scalfari-in-ricordo-del-fondatore/, Direzione Scalfari, in ricordo del fondatore, Visual Lab, it, 22 July 2022, 4 August 2023,

Early life and education

Scalfari was born in Civitavecchia, in the province of Rome, on 6 April 1924.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Sabbatini, Riccardo, 1981,www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eugenio-scalfari_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/, Scalfari, Eugenio, Enciclopedia Italiana, it, IV Appendice, Rome, Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia, 5 August 2023, Treccani, WEB,www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eugenio-scalfari/, Scàlfari, Eugenio nell’Enciclopedia Treccani, Treccani, it, 2012, 5 August 2023, . Updated 2022., He began secondary studies at the Mamiani High School in Rome. Scalfari’s family, of Calabrian origin, later moved to Sanremo, where his father was artistic director of the Casino, and he completed his high school studies there, at the G.D. Cassini school, where Italo Calvino was a classmate. About his friendship with Scalfari, Calvino wrote: “Dear Eugenio, your letters are like slaps on the back and I need slaps on the back, especially these days. ... My mouth is watering thinking about the delicious discussions we will have when we get together again.“BOOK, Cannatà, Angelo, 2010,books.google.com/books?id=4AIvAQAAIAAJ, Eugenio Scalfari e il suo tempo, it, Milan, Mimesi, 105, 9788857500270, 18 July 2023, Google Books, In July 2021, about his lasting friendship with Calvino, which included discussions around books, the first girls, the exchange of letters, the evenings at the pool table, and the National Fascist Party Saturday marches, he recalled: “My adolescence began when I was fifteen in Sanremo: I think back to that age of life as I leaf through the Meridian which collects my books. First class of high school. The ‘band’, as immediately we baptized, the first trimester of school was formed.“WEB, 2022-07-14, Scalfari e Calvino,video.repubblica.it/cronaca/scalfari-e-calvino/414820/415754, 2023-08-05, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it, Philosophically, Scalfari underwent three phases: Benedetto Croce, the Age of Enlightenment, and the discovery of Friedrich Nietzsche. He was also influenced by Marcel Proust and Rainer Maria Rilke.WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari. La filosofia, l’allievo di Nietzsche e Proust,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_gnoli_filosofia-248070456/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, An intellectual of Pannunzian training, he always supported and defended secularism in the politics of the Italian state.

Career

In 1942 Scalfari, then a law student at the Sapienza University of Rome, joined the National Fascist Party and the Fascist University Groups (GUF) and started to cooperate with the local GUF magazine Roma Fascista, of which he eventually became editor-in-chief.WEB, Ajello, Nello, 6 April 2004, Pannunzio e la scuola del ‘Mondo’,www.repubblica.it/2004/d/speciale/altri/scalfari/cinqu/cinqu.html, la Repubblica, BOOK, Serri, Mirella,books.google.com/books?id=mFV0_d-6adkC, I redenti, 2010-12-31, Corbaccio, 978-88-6380-142-2, it, He also worked with other Fascist publications like the Nuovo Occidente magazine. He was later expelled from the Fascist Party and dismissed from his journalistic positions in 1943 by order of party secretary Carlo Scorza after he had published unsubstantiated articles about alleged real estate speculations of some Fascist hierarchs in the construction of the EUR.WEB, Buttafuoco, Pietrangelo, 7 June 2008, Ero giovane, fascista e felice. L’intervista integrale di Buttafuoco a Scalfari,www.ilfoglio.it/articoli/2008/06/07/news/ero-giovane-fascista-e-felice-l-intervista-integrale-di-buttafuoco-a-scalfari-72843/, Il Foglio, it, After his law graduation, Scalfari resumed his journalistic career in 1950 and worked for the influential post-war news magazines Il Mondo led by Mario Pannunzio and L’Europeo of Arrigo Benedetti. In 1955, as part of the Amici del Mondo group, he was among the founders of the Radical Party,BOOK, Moliterno, Gino, 2000,books.google.com/books?id=6vVS_Y1mcIEC, Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture, Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, 978-0-4151-4584-8, 18 July 2023, Google Books, {{rp|747}}WEB,www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/Sc%C3%A0lfari,+Eug%C3%A8nio.html, Scàlfari, Eugènio, Sapere.it, it, 2020, 5 August 2023, of which he served as the national vice-secretary from 1958 to 1963.In October 1955, jointly with Benedetti, Scalfari co-founded one of Italy’s foremost news magazines L’Espresso with capital from the progressive industrialist Adriano Olivetti, manufacturer of Olivetti typewriters.{{rp|290, 980}} The experienced Benedetti, who had directed L’Europeo (1945–1954), was the first editor-in-chief until 1963, when he handed over to Scalfari,WEB,www.gruppoespresso.it/gruppoesp/eng/chisiamo.jsp?idCategory=3509, dead, Gruppo Editoriale L’Espresso SpA: History, Gruppo Editoriale L’Espresso, 21 June 2002, 21 June 2002,www.gruppoespresso.it/gruppoesp/eng/chisiamo.jsp?idCategory=3509," title="web.archive.org/web/20020621054020www.gruppoespresso.it/gruppoesp/eng/chisiamo.jsp?idCategory=3509,">web.archive.org/web/20020621054020www.gruppoespresso.it/gruppoesp/eng/chisiamo.jsp?idCategory=3509, 18 July 2023, who served as the administrative director and collaborator for the economy of L’Espresso until 1962. As an expert in financial mechanisms, Scalfari became the first Italian director manager. From 1963 to 1968, he was the editor of L’Espresso, of which he was also its vice-chairman. From 1970 to 1975, he was also managing director of the L’Espresso publishing company. In January 2016, he recalled that his journalistic career began with his dismissal by Banca Nazionale del Lavoro after his publication of an article.WEB, 2016-01-17, Scalfari: ‘La mia carriera da giornalista iniziò con un licenziamento’,video.repubblica.it/spettacoli-e-cultura/scalfari-la-mia-carriera-da-giornalista-inizio-con-un-licenziamento/225222/224486, 2023-08-05, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it, In January 1976, the Gruppo Editoriale L’Espresso launched the daily newspaper La Repubblica in a joint venture with Arnoldo Mondadori Editore; its first issue came out on 14 January,WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari re di cuori. Rose rosse dal mio direttore,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_re_di_cuori_rose_rosse_dal_mio_direttore-347988667/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, WEB, 2021-01-14, Eugenio Scalfari. Repubblica primo sogno - Il documentario,video.repubblica.it/documentari/eugenio-scalfari-repubblica-primo-sogno-il-documentario/374622/375236, 2023-08-04, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it, with the slogan “From 14 January, you either believe the official versions or believe La Repubblica�. It was also the first Italian newspaper to come out in the tabloid format.WEB, 2022-07-14, Repubblica, il primo storico numero del quotidiano,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/repubblica_il_primo_storico_numero_del_quotidiano-357813245/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, At the time, the paper had sixty editors, of which ten were professional journalists, as the others were at their first experience. Scalfari called some trusted colleagues, including {{ill|Gianni Rocca (journalist)|lt=Gianni Rocca|it|Gianni Rocca}}, Giorgio Bocca, {{ill|Sandro Viola|lt=|it|Sandro Viola}}, Miriam Mafai, Barbara Spinelli, Natalia Aspesi, and {{ill|Giovanni Valentini (journalist)|lt=Giovanni Valentini|it|Giovanni Valentini}}. The satirical cartoons were drawn by Giorgio Forattini. The editorial office occupied four rooms in via Po 12 in Rome, the same place of L’Espressoo headquarters. The La Repubblica project was not only a way to found a new newspaper but to propose a new school of journalism.WEB, 2022-07-14, Scalfari, il giornalista,video.repubblica.it/cronaca/scalfari-il-giornalista/414822/415756, 2023-08-05, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it, From 1984 to 1992, the newspaper played a role in the evolution of Europeanism and the Italian political left.JOURNAL, Di Maggio, Marco, 2022, Eugenio Scalfari’s La Repubblica, the Italian Left and the ‘European question’ 1984–1992, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, London, Taylor & Francis, 27, 3: The Origins of the Crisis. Italian Political Cultures and European Integration in the 1980s, 446–461, 10.1080/1354571X.2022.2044645, 1354-571X, Scalfari became the editor-in-chief and remained so until 1996,WEB, 2022-07-14, Il saluto di Eugenio Scalfari alla redazione di Repubblica dopo aver lasciato la direzione,video.repubblica.it/dossier/eugenio-scalfari-morto-fondatore-repubblica/il-saluto-di-eugenio-scalfari-alla-redazione-di-repubblica-dopo-aver-lasciato-la-direzione/420756/421692, 2023-08-04, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it, when he was succeeded by Ezio Mauro;WEB, 2020-03-14, Il futuro del Paese nell’ora del caos,www.repubblica.it/editoriali/2020/03/14/news/scalfari-300808584/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, he maintained a weekly column. Few believed such a venture could succeed in the already crowded Italian newspaper market; under Scalfari’s skilful editorship, La Repubblica prospered to the point of rivaling the prestigious Corriere della Sera in both sales and status as a national daily. Scalfari put cultural pages at the centre of the paper,WEB, Augias, Corrado, Corrado Augias, 2022-07-14, Quelle sere con Scalfari in via Veneto e una certa idea dell’Italia,www.repubblica.it/cultura/2022/07/14/news/quelle_sere_con_scalfari_in_via_veneto_e_una_certa_idea_dellitalia-357844182/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, and remained active in both La Repubblica and L’Espresso. He also published a number of books including the 1969 work L’autunno della Repubblica (“Autumn of the Republic“) and the 1998 novel Il labirinto (“The Labyrinth“). With Bernard Guetta, Scalfari had also tried to form a European newspaper based on an alliance between Italy’s La Repubblica, France’s Le Monde, Spain’s El País, and Britain’s The Independent.WEB, 2022-07-16, Con Eugenio Scalfari progettammo il primo giornale europeo,www.repubblica.it/cultura/2022/07/16/news/eugenio_scalfari_progetto_grande_giornale_europeo-358058876/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, Additionally, he valourized the paper’s female journalists,WEB, 2022-07-14, ‘O direttore mio direttore’. Un maestro in redazione,www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2022/07/15/news/o_direttore_mio_direttore_un_maestro_in_redazione-357851987/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, and wrote an article, titled “Feminine at Heart�, for {{ill|D – la Repubblica delle donne|it|D - la Repubblica delle donne}}.WEB, 2022-07-14, Addio Eugenio Scalfari. Lo ricordiamo con un testo che scrisse per noi: ‘Femminile nell’anima’,www.repubblica.it/moda-e-beauty/d/2022/07/14/news/morte_eugenio_scalfari_testo_scritto_da_lui_per_d_la_repubblica_delle_donne-357773669/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, He was the administraror for the paper’s finance. In 2007, he abandoned his column Scalfari risponde (“Scalfari Answers“) and was replaced by Michele Serra.In February 1978, about a month before the kidnapping and killing of Aldo Moro, Scalfari was received by Aldo Moro, the former Prime Minister of Italy and the then leader of Christian Democracy (DC), in his studio in Rome. Moro explained to Scalfari his political project, from Giulio Andreotti’s government to the alliance with the Italian Communist Party (PCI) with the aim of creating a modern political system in Italy, based on a normal alternation between the centre-left and the centre-right. The first objective, which was also shared by the PCI, was the defeat of the Red Brigades. During the 1980s, Scalfari travelled to the Soviet Union to meet its leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, in Moscow and was enthusiastic about perestroika.WEB, 2022-07-15, Eugenio Scalfari, quel viaggio a Mosca sognando la perestrojka,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/15/news/eugenio_scalfari_parolo_garimberti_ricordo_mosca-357955016/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, He was present to a roundtable in November 1989, where it was proposed by Giulio Tremonti, then a tax advisor to the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) finance minister Rino Formica, the idea of presumptively taxing not individual savers but large brokerage networks, which cost him his job. The context was what became known as liberalizzazione valutaria, the liberalization of capital. After this, no other roundtables were instituted.WEB, 2022-07-16, Giulio Tremonti e quella tavola rotonda a Repubblica che lo portò alle dimissioni,www.repubblica.it/economia/2022/07/17/news/giulio_tremonti_e_quella_tavola_rotonda_a_repubblica_che_lo_porto_alle_dimissioni-358078844/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it,

Reporting

As a journalist, Scalfari was especially active in investigative reporting, uncovering illegal right-wing activities and major government cover-ups. In May 1967, along with Lino Jannuzzi, he uncovered Piano Solo, the attempted 1964 coup d’état led by the general and then Commander-General of the Carabinieri, {{ill|Giovanni de Lorenzo|it|Giovanni de Lorenzo}}.BOOK, Cento, Anna, 2008,books.google.com/books?id=Ine0YW3zQTIC, Italian Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation, New York, Berghahn Books, 4, 978-1-84545-335-0, 18 July 2023, Google Books, WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari. L’Espresso e quello scoop sul golpe de Lorenzo,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_riva_espresso-248071426/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, In the wake of this investigative reporting, the PSI offered him a seat as a member of Parliament, a position he held from 1968 to 1972, with disappointing results, as he himself recalled. Additionally, that same year he had been sued by de Lorenzo and sentenced to eighteen months as a result of the {{ill|SIFAR–De Lorenzo scandal|it|Fascicoli SIFAR}}; only his election to the Italian Parliament avoided imprisonment.WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari. L’Espresso e quello scoop sul golpe de Lorenzo,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_riva_espresso-248071426/, 2023-08-05, la Repubblica, it, As an observer of political life and power in Italy, he investigated and analyzed other important moments of crisis in Italian politics, including the {{ill|Enimont trial|it|Processo Enimont}} and Tangentopoli.Among Scalfari’s other notable reporting were his interviews and meetings with Pope Francis,WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari, la storica intervista: “Pronto, sono Papa Francesco�,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_lintervista_al_papa_francesco_mio_amico_in_cristo-347850200/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, whom he defined as his revoluionary pope, among other Italian Catholic figures.WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari. Gli incontri in Vaticano, un laico che voleva capire,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_melloni_papa-248070916/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, He reported the July 2014 statement by Pope Francis about Catholic Church sexual abuse cases that approximately 2% of the Roman Catholic Church’s total number of priests, including bishops and cardinals, were pedophiles.NEWS, Barrett, David, Squires, Nick Squires, Pope Francis says about 8,000 pedophiles are members of Catholic clergy, including bishops and cardinals,news.nationalpost.com/2014/07/13/pope-francis-says-about-8000-pedophiles-are-members-of-catholic-clergy-including-bishops-and-cardinals/, The Telegraph, 13 July 2014, 18 July 2023, National Post, In 2018, Scalfari wrote an article related to his interview with Pope Francis stating that the pontiff made claims that Hell did not exist. Scalfari later admitted that some words attributed to the pontiff “were not shared by Pope Francis� himself. Later in 2019, he wrote a further article related to Pope Francis, stating that the pope “rejects the godly nature of Jesus Christ�. This was denied by the Holy See, which said that “as already stated on other occasions, the words that Dr. Eugenio Scalfari attributes in quotation marks to the Holy Father during talks with him cannot be considered a faithful account of what was actually said but represent a personal and free interpretation of what he heard, as appears completely evident from what is written today regarding the divinity of Jesus Christ.“NEWS,www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican-dont-believe-scalfari-report-that-pope-francis-denied-christs-divinity-52026, Did Pope Francis say that Jesus isn’t God? Don’t believe the report, Vatican says, J. D., Flynn, 9 October 2019, Catholic News Agency, 18 July 2023,

Politics

(File:Eugenio Scalfari by Francesca Marchi - International Journalism Festival 2011 - cropped.jpg|thumb|200px|Scalfari in 2011)Initially, like many Italians of the time, Scalfari was a committed but non-aligned Italian fascist, and described himself as “a young, happy, and fascist�.BOOK, Lanna, Luciano, 2011,books.google.com/books?id=gx3HqO3Br_wC, Il fascista libertario, it, Milan, Sperling & Kupfer, 228, 978-8820050290, After the Second World War, Scalfari was close to the Italian Liberal Party (PLI). In 1956, he and several others on the left wing of the PLI, such as Marco Pannella and Ernesto Rossi, broke away in order to form the Radical Party. In 1968, as a candidate in the electoral districts of Turin and Milan, Scalfari was elected to Turin’s single member district for the Turin–Novara–Vercelli constituency to the country’s Chamber of Deputies, a position he held until 1972, as an independent aligned with the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and handed over his post as editor to Gianni Corbi.WEB,legislature.camera.it/chiosco.asp?cp=1&position=V%20Legislatura%20/%20I%20Deputati&content=deputati/legislatureprecedenti/Leg05/framedeputato.asp?Deputato=1d19960, Scalfari, Eugenio – Dati personali e incarichi nella V legislatura, it, Italian Chamber of Deputies, 18 July 2023, BOOK, Lanna, Luciano,books.google.com/books?id=gx3HqO3Br_wC&dq=Il+fascista+libertario+giovane+felice+e+fascista&pg=PA228, Il fascista libertario, 2011, Sperling & Kupfer, 978-88-200-5029-0, it, As a member of the Italian Parliament, he was also a member of the Fifth Committee (Budget and State Holdings) from 10 July 1968 to 24 May 1972 and a member of the Twelfth Committee (Industry and Commerce) from 27 March 1970 to 24 May 1972.WEB,legislature.camera.it/chiosco.asp?cp=1&position=V%20Legislatura%20/%20I%20Deputati&content=deputati/legislatureprecedenti/Leg05/framedeputato.asp?Deputato=1d19960, Scalfari Eugenio – Dati personali e incarichi nella V legislatura, Camera Legislature, it, 2011, 5 August 2023, WEB,storia.camera.it/deputato/eugenio-scalfari-19240406, Eugenio Scalfari / Deputati / Camera dei deputati, Camera dei deputati – Portale storico, it, 2015, 5 August 2023, Within the PSI, his paper L’Espresso was a supporter of Riccardo Lombardi. He also tried to influence the then major Italian parties, Christian Democracy (DC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), at the time led by Ciriaco De Mita and Enrico Berlinguer, respectively.WEB, Ceccarelli, Filippo, 2022-07-14, Le battaglie di un profeta senza partito,www.ecomy.it/news/eugenio-scalfari-la-politica-e-le-battaglie-di-un-profeta-senza-partito-178397.html, 2023-08-04, La Repubblica, it-IT, Ecomy.it, The group of the paper’s founders set for itself the goal of creating a third force between the DC and the PCI, in order to create “another protagonist who would balance them, custodian of secularism and of the sense of the state�. It had a liberal culture that was attentive to social values and needs, including the modernization of the country and its economy, as well as the redemption of Southern Italy. According to Scalfari, the group shared the values of the Western world and saw in their cultural legacy the principles of the French Revolution and even more of the American Revolution, and was unreservedly in favour of a European federation and NATO, in which “the United States and Western Europe were seen as a single community�, in addition to Israel. In June 2012, he described the paper thusly: “Progressive in politics, liberal in economics, conservative in custom.“WEB, 2012-06-17, Scalfari e la nascita di Repubblica,video.repubblica.it/dossier/repubblica-idee-bologna/scalfari-e-la-nascita-di-repubblica/98671/97053, 2023-08-05, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it,

Political positions

A liberal socialist,NEWS, Molinari, Maurizio, 14 July 2022,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_il_suo_giornale_nato_per_guidare_le_riforme-348121592/, Eugenio Scalfari. Il suo giornale nato per guidare le riforme, La Repubblica, it, 3 August 2023, Scalfari described himself as “a libertarian�,NEWS, Chieffi, Daniele, 3 April 2009,www.nannimagazine.it/notizie/cultura-e-spettacoli/new-media/editoria/03/04/2009/Eugenio-Scalfari-Repubblica-e-il-compleanno-di-barbapapa/2343, dead, Eugenio Scalfari: Repubblica e il compleanno di ‘barbapapà’, it, Nanni Magazine,www.nannimagazine.it/notizie/cultura-e-spettacoli/new-media/editoria/03/04/2009/Eugenio-Scalfari-Repubblica-e-il-compleanno-di-barbapapa/2343," title="web.archive.org/web/20200211181440www.nannimagazine.it/notizie/cultura-e-spettacoli/new-media/editoria/03/04/2009/Eugenio-Scalfari-Repubblica-e-il-compleanno-di-barbapapa/2343,">web.archive.org/web/20200211181440www.nannimagazine.it/notizie/cultura-e-spettacoli/new-media/editoria/03/04/2009/Eugenio-Scalfari-Repubblica-e-il-compleanno-di-barbapapa/2343, 11 February 2020, 18 July 2023, and also “a liberal of social mold�.NEWS, Come si declina la parola libertà,espresso.repubblica.it/opinioni/vetro-soffiato/2012/01/16/news/come-si-declina-la-parola-liberta-1.39304, live, Scalfari, Eugenio, 16 January 2012, L’Espresso,web.archive.org/web/20160304121048/https://espresso.repubblica.it/opinioni/vetro-soffiato/2012/01/16/news/come-si-declina-la-parola-liberta-1.39304, 4 March 2016, 18 February 2022, it, In the words of journalist {{ill|Francesco Merlo|it|Francesco Merlo}}, “Scalfarism ... is the strength of commitment and the lightness of style. But it is also the firm character that Italians do not have. And, why not, it is the liberal and libertine culture far from the sermons of the sacristy and the Gramscian school-cadres.“WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari. Vedi alla voce Scalfarismo,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_vedi_alla_voce_scalfarismo-347903066/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, Both Scalfari and La Repubblica were pro-choice in the 1981 Italian referendums that kept legal abortion in Italy.WEB, Agnoli, Francesco, 17 May 2011, 17 maggio 1981, disfatta dei pro life,lanuovabq.it/it/17-maggio-1981disfatta-dei-pro-life, 18 July 2023, La Nuova Bussola Quotidiana, it, La Repubblica also held a critical line towards the former prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, especially criticizing his conflict of interest as both an entrepreneur and politician. Scalfari criticized Berlusconi’s television channels and urged an investigation into the origins of his fortune.BOOK, Stille, Alexander,books.google.com/books?id=gInD-Hy-X3kC, The Sack of Rome: Media + Money + Celebrity = Power = Silvio Berlusconi, 31 July 2007, Penguin Group US, 978-1-101-20168-8, 153, 30 November 2014, Under Scalfari, the paper used to be known for its critical stand vis-à-vis the Catholic Church,WEB, Salvadori, Massimo L., 21 August 2009, La differenza fra cattolici e clericali,www.flcgil.it/rassegna-stampa/nazionale/repubblica-la-differenza-fra-cattolici-e-clericali.flc, 2023-06-29, La Repubblica, it, FLC CGIL, a position that changed after the onset of the papacy of Pope Francis,NEWS,www.repubblica.it/cultura/2013/09/11/news/sintesi_lettera_bergoglio-66283390/, Papa Francesco scrive a Repubblica: ‘Dialogo aperto con i non-credenti’, 11 September 2013, La Repubblica, it, 17 July 2023, whom Scalfari compared to the former Italian Communist Party leader Enrico Berlinguer. He wrote that “Enrico Berlinguer had a somewhat similar role in Italian politics (and not only) to the one Pope Francis is having today in the Catholic religion (and not only). Both followed a path of reformism so radical as to produce revolutionary effects; both were loved and respected even by their adversaries; both had a charisma that grasped reality and fueled a dream.“NEWS, Scalfari, Eugenio, 9 June 2019,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/enrico-berlinguer-35/2019/06/09/news/enrico_berlinguer_perche_ti_abbiamo_voluto_bene-228363890/, Enrico Berlinguer, perché ti abbiamo voluto bene, La Repubblica, it, 17 July 2023, After the acquisition of La Repubblica by John Elkann in April 2020, Scalfari warned the paper not to move away from its liberal-socialist positions, which he described thusly: “I have always believed in a liberal socialism, capable of uniting equality and reformism ... at the forefront in guiding the country and Europe in this direction.� Critics described the appointment of Maurizio Molinari as the editor-in-chief and other related changes, which led several journalists including Carlo De Benedetti to leave the paper, as the de-Scalfarization of the paper.MAGAZINE, Sorrentino, Carlo, 30 April 2020,www.rivistailmulino.it/news/newsitem/index/Item/News:NEWS_ITEM:5207, ‘la Repubblica’: è la fine di una storia?, Il Mulino, it, 28 June 2023,

Personal life and death

In 1950, Scalfari married Simonetta De Benedetti, daughter of the journalist {{ill|Giulio De Benedetti|it|Giulio De Benedetti}}; she died in 2006. From the end of the 1970s, Scalfari was romantically linked to Serena Rossetti, former editorial secretary of L’Espresso and later of La Repubblica, whom he married after the death of his first wife.BOOK, Guzzanti, Paolo, Paolo Guzzanti, 2010, Guzzanti vs De Benedetti. Faccia a faccia fra un gran editore e un giornalista scomodo, it, Rome, Aliberti Editore, 978-8-8742-4551-2, From his first wife,WEB, Bertollini, Giulia, 2022-07-14, Donata ed Enrica, chi sono le figlie di Eugenio Scalfari/ ‘Un papà ingombrante ma...’,www.ilsussidiario.net/news/donata-ed-enrica-chi-sono-le-figlie-di-eugenio-scalfari-un-papa-ingombrante-ma/2374651/, 2023-08-04, IlSussidiario.net, it, he had two daughters, Donata and Enrica.WEB, 2021-10-14, Il documentario. Un padre di nome Eugenio Scalfari,www.repubblica.it/cultura/2021/10/14/news/il_documentario_un_padre_di_nome_eugenio_scalfari-322245792/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, WEB, 2022-07-15, Donata e Enrica Scalfari: “Così papà ci ha preparate al suo addio�,www.repubblica.it/cultura/2022/07/15/news/donata_e_enrica_scalfari_cosi_papa_ci_ha_preparate_al_suo_addio-357957050/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, NEWS, Bernard, Gabriel, Pasquin, Alessandro, Ricozzi, Giuliana, 15 July 2022, Il ricordo delle figlie Donata ed Enrica: ‘Amico di tutti i redattori, gli confidavano anche problemi personali’, it, Repubblica TV,video.repubblica.it/dossier/eugenio-scalfari-morto-fondatore-repubblica/il-ricordo-delle-figlie-donata-ed-enrica-amico-di-tutti-i-redattori-lo-cercavano-anche-per-problemi-personali/420876/421812, 4 August 2023, Scalfari was an atheist.NEWS, 8 May 2005,www.repubblica.it/2005/e/sezioni/spettacoli_e_cultura/librito/scalftor/scalftor.html, Scalfari alla Fiera del Libro ‘Il relativismo? Una opportunità’, La Repubblica, it, 18 July 2023, In 2013, he received a personal and detailed explanation from Pope Francis about atheism and forgiveness.NEWS,www.repubblica.it/cultura/2013/09/11/news/sintesi_lettera_bergoglio-66283390/, Papa Francesco scrive a Repubblica: ‘Dialogo aperto con i non-credenti’, 11 September 2013, La Repubblica, it, 18 July 2023, NEWS,www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/11/pope-francis-atheists-abide-consciences, Pope Francis tells atheists to abide by their own consciences, Lizzy, Davies, 11 September 2013, The Guardian, 18 July 2023, Scalfari died on 14 July 2022, at the age of 98.NEWS,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_simonetta_fiori-248070387/?ref=RHTP-BH-I357762910-P1-S1-T1, È morto Eugenio Scalfari, il fondatore di Repubblica. Una vita da giornalista patriarca, La Repubblica, 14 July 2022, 14 July 2022, it, NEWS, D’Emilio, Frances, 14 July 2022, Eugenio Scalfari, revolutionized Italy’s journalism, dies, Associated Press News,apnews.com/article/journalism-rome-italy-e2fb672d46222cd6254e75b021327286, 18 July 2023, His death came during the 2022 Italian government crisis.WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari e il senso della vita,www.repubblica.it/podcast/la-giornata/2022/07/15/news/eugenio_scalfari_e_il_senso_della_vita-357849730/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, Upon Scalfari’s death, Pope Francis remembered him as a “laical friend�.NEWS, Pope Francis, 14 July 2022,www.repubblica.it/cultura/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_morto_ricordo_papa_francesco-357843944/, Il ricordo del Papa: ‘Eugenio, amico laico, mi mancherà parlare con te’, La Repubblica, it, 3 August 2023, Among others, the paper’s editor-in-chief Maurizio Molinari,WEB, 2022-07-16, Addio a Scalfari, Molinari: ‘Un uomo straordinario, con il coraggio di osare’,video.repubblica.it/dossier/eugenio-scalfari-morto-fondatore-repubblica/addio-a-scalfari-molinari-uomo-straordinario/420921/421857, 2023-08-04, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it, the paper’s owner John Elkann,WEB, 2022-07-14, John Elkann: ‘L’intraprendenza di Eugenio Scalfari e la sua libertà di pensiero hanno reso possibile un’avventura straordinaria’,www.repubblica.it/cultura/2022/07/14/news/john_elkann_lintraprendenza_di_eugenio_scalfari_e_la_sua_liberta_di_pensiero_hanno_reso_possibile_unavventura_straordina-357788389/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, WEB, 2022-07-15, John Elkann ricorda Eugenio Scalfari: ‘Ci ha insegnato ad avere coraggio sul futuro’,video.repubblica.it/dossier/eugenio-scalfari-morto-fondatore-repubblica/john-elkann-ricorda-eugenio-scalfari-ci-ha-insegnato-ad-avere-coraggio-sul-futuro/420868/421804, 2023-08-04, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it, La Stampa editor-in-chief {{ill|Massimo Giannini|it|Massimo Giannini}},WEB, 2022-07-16, Addio a Scalfari, Giannini: ‘Tutto ciò che sembra nuovo oggi, lui l’aveva già inventato’,video.repubblica.it/dossier/eugenio-scalfari-morto-fondatore-repubblica/addio-a-scalfari-giannini-tutto-cio-che-sembra-nuovo-oggi-lui-l-aveva-gia-inventato/420922/421858, 2023-08-04, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it, La Stampa and La Repubblica journalist Ezio Mauro,WEB, 2022-07-14, Il ritratto. Il secolo di Eugenio Scalfari,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_ezio_mauro-248070316/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, WEB, 2022-07-16, Addio a Scalfari, l’emozione di Ezio Mauro: ‘Dopo gli anni del comando, quelli della dolcezza’,video.repubblica.it/dossier/eugenio-scalfari-morto-fondatore-repubblica/addio-a-scalfari-ezio-mauro-un-capotribu-che-voleva-metter-in-moto-le-idee-dei-lettori/420918/421854, 2023-08-04, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it, Democratic Party politicians like Enrico Letta and Walter Veltroni,WEB, 2022-07-15, Enrico Letta: ‘Che fortuna poter discutere con lui del futuro dell’Europa’,www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2022/07/15/news/enrico_letta_che_fortuna_poter_discutere_con_lui_del_futuro_delleuropa-357961853/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, WEB, 2022-07-16, Eugenio Scalfari, campione di parole e di passione politica,www.repubblica.it/cultura/2022/07/16/news/il_ricordo_di_walter_veltroni_eugenio_scalfari_campione_di_parole_e_di_passione_politica-358066880/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, WEB, 2022-07-16, Addio a Scalfari, Veltroni: ‘Un grande italiano che solo creando diventava felice’,video.repubblica.it/dossier/eugenio-scalfari-morto-fondatore-repubblica/addio-a-scalfari-veltroni-un-grande-italiano-che-solo-creando-diventava-felice/420917/421853, 2023-08-04, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it, and the paper’s journalists and readers paid tribute to Scalfari,WEB, 2022-07-14, Sostiene Scalfari. Le firme di Repubblica ricordano il fondatore e riflettono sulla crisi politica,www.repubblica.it/podcast/metropolis/2022/07/14/news/sostiene_scalfari_le_firme_di_repubblica_ricordano_il_fondatore_e_riflettono_sulla_crisi_politica-357839306/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, WEB, 2022-07-15, Scalfari, i messaggi dei lettori: “Noi, cresciuti a pane e Repubblica�,www.repubblica.it/cultura/2022/07/15/news/scalfari_i_messaggi_dei_lettori_noi_cresciuti_a_pane_e_repubblica-357859077/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, WEB, 2022-07-15, L’ultimo saluto dei lettori di Repubblica a Eugenio Scalfari: ‘Di uomini così non ce ne sono più’,video.repubblica.it/dossier/eugenio-scalfari-morto-fondatore-repubblica/l-ultimo-saluto-dei-lettori-di-repubblica-a-eugenio-scalfari-di-uomini-cosi-non-ce-ne-sono-piu/420882/421818, 2023-08-04, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it, as did all major Italian institutional figures,WEB, 2022-07-15, Mattarella, Draghi e i suoi lettori. L’abbraccio infinito a Scalfari nella camera ardente,www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2022/07/15/news/mattarella_draghi_e_i_suoi_lettori_labbraccio_infinito_a_scalfari_nella_camera_ardente-357964299/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, and international figures like Bernard Guetta and France’s Le Monde,WEB, 2022-07-16, Eugenio Scalfari, l’ultimo saluto ai funerali in Campidoglio. Ezio Mauro: “Grazie, la tua idea dell’Italia non ci lascerà mai�,www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2022/07/16/diretta/eugenio_scalfari_funerali_oggi_campidoglio-357994993/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, as well as Spain’s El País.WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari. I legami internazionali; in missione con l’Europa nel cuore,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_i_legami_internazionali_in_missione_con_leuropa_nel_cuore-347992175/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, Italy’s Senate of the Republic held a minute of silence.WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari, le reazioni nel giorno della morte. Papa: � Dolore per la scomparsa di un amico�. Mattarella: “Particolarmente addolorato�. Draghi: “Vuoto incolmabile�,www.repubblica.it/cultura/2022/07/14/diretta/eugenio_scalfari_morto_fondatore_repubblica-357770275/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, La Repubblica published a special issue in his honour.WEB, 2022-07-15, Scalfari, così nasce la Repubblica dedicata alla scomparsa del suo fondatore,video.repubblica.it/dossier/eugenio-scalfari-morto-fondatore-repubblica/scalfari-cosi-nasce-la-repubblica-dedicata-alla-scomparsa-del-suo-fondatore/420817/421753, 2023-08-05, Repubblica TV - Repubblica, it,

Legacy

A popular journalist who revolutionized the profession in Italy, for his collaborator, {{ill|Paolo Mauri|it|Paolo Mauri}}, “[Scalfari’s] great revolution was to put literature, art, the debate of ideas at the centre, even physicalâ€�, of La Repubblica.WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari. La cultura, l’intellettuale che cancellò la terza pagina,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_mauri_cultura-248070911/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, Fellow journalist Michele Serra described him as “the last giant of classic journalismâ€�.WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari, un’avventura straordinaria. L’intellettuale amato dal popolo,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_unavventura_straordinaria_lintellettuale_amato_dal_popolo-348110267/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, In the words of {{ill|Marco Ruffolo|it|Marco Ruffolo}}, Scalfari’s main challenge, which he extended to journalism as a whole, was the checking of power.WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari. L’economia, la sua sfida era controllare il potere,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_leconomia_la_sua_sfida_era_controllare_il_potere-347848820/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, La Repubblica commented that Scalfari “changed the way of telling the country. Until the end he continued to write about philosophy, literature, and politics.â€www.repubblica.it/cultura/2022/07/15/news/eugenio_scalfari_morto_fondatore_repubblica-357895602/{{ill|Lucio Caracciolo|it|Lucio Caracciolo}}, the founder of the geopolitics magazine Limes, described La Repubblica as an absolute monarchy, with Scalfari as its enlightened king, and praised him for his way to handle important personalities with his charisma.WEB, 2022-07-14, Scalfari e gli anni del cambiamento,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/scalfari_e_gli_anni_del_cambiamento-357810882/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it, Italian politician Giorgio La Malfa remembered how Scalfari helped Pietro Ingrao to enter into a dialogue with his father, Ugo La Malfa. He commented that Scalfari was right about Bettino Craxi but not Enrico Berlinguer, and said that “Eugenio Scalfari was a great journalist, obsessed with his creature to the point of sacrificing everything. But even though he is convinced that he has the same political talent, he hasn’t always seen far, he has made serious mistakes, as with Berlinguer.“WEB, 2022-07-15, Giorgio La Malfa: Quando Scalfari fece dialogare Ingrao con il padre Ugo,www.repubblica.it/cultura/2022/07/15/news/giorgio_la_malfa_quando_scalfari_fece_dialogare_ingrao_con_io_padre_ugo-357958795/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it,

Books

In the 1950s, Scalfari was the author of some publications of a political-economic nature that appeared in the series “Convegni degli amici del Mondo� (Rapporto sul neocapitalismo italiano; Potere economico in Urss). He was the author of numerous books, ranging from philosophical, historical, political, and religious works to novels, including L’autunno della Repubblica (1969), Razza padrona (1974, co-authored with {{ill|Giuseppe Turani|it|Giuseppe Turani}}), Interviste ai potenti (1979), Come andremo a incominciare (1981, co-authored with Enzo Biagi), L’anno di Craxi (1984), La sera andavamo in via Veneto. Storia di un gruppo dal “Mondo� alla “Repubblica� (1986), Incontro con Io (1994), Alla ricerca della morale perduta (1995), Il labirinto, narrazione esistenziale a sfondo filosofico (1998), La ruga sulla fronte (2001), Articoli (2004), Dibattito sul laicismo (2005), L’uomo che non credeva in Dio (2008), Per l’alto mare aperto. La modernità e il pensiero danzante (2010), Scuote l’anima mia Eros (2011), La passione dell’etica. Scritti (1963–2012) (2012), Conversazioni con Carlo Maria Martini (2012, co-authored with {{ill|Vito Mancuso|it|Vito Mancuso}}), Dialogo tra credenti e non credenti, con Papa Francesco (2013), L’amore, la sfida, il destino. Il tavolo dove si gioca il senso della vita (2013), Racconto autobiografico (2014), L’allegria, il pianto, la vita (2015), L’ora del blu (2019), and Il Dio unico e la società moderna. Incontri con papa Francesco e il Cardinale Carlo Maria Martini (2019).WEB, 2022-07-14, Eugenio Scalfari, i libri. Incontri con Io ed eterna ricerca sempre per l’alto mare aperto,www.repubblica.it/dossier/cultura/eugenio-scalfari/2022/07/14/news/eugenio_scalfari_i_libri_incontri_con_io_ed_eterna_ricerca_sempre_per_lalto_mare_aperto-347993126/, 2023-08-04, la Repubblica, it,

Honours and awards

Scalfari received prestigious awards, such as the Trento International Award in 1988 for “A life dedicated to journalism�, the Ischia International Journalism Award to his career in 1996, the {{ill|Guidarello Award|it|Premio Guidarello}} for author journalism in 1998, the {{ill|Saint-Vincent Award|it|Premio Saint-Vincent per il giornalismo}} in 2003, and the Viareggio Prize in 2019. He also received honorary citizenships (Vibo Valentia in 1990, Velletri in 1993, Vinci in 2007, and Sanremo in 2008), and honours, including that of Grand Official of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1966), the Grand Cross Knight of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1996), and the Knight Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (1999).

References

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Bibliography

• BOOK, Gnoli, Antonio, Merlo, Francesco, 2019,books.google.com/books?id=2va0DwAAQBAJ, Grand Hotel Scalfari: Confessioni libertine su un secolo di carta, it, Padua, Marsilio, 978-88-297-0476-7, 5 August 2023, Google Books,

External links

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• Eugenio Scalfari at Radio Radicale (in Italian)

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