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Connie Mack
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{{Short description|American baseball manager and owner (1862â1956)}}{{other people}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
factoids | |
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- Washington Nationals ({{mlby|1886}}â{{mlby|1889}})
- Buffalo Bisons ({{mlby|1890}})
- Pittsburgh Pirates ({{mlby|1891}}â{{mlby|1896}})
- Pittsburgh Pirates ({{mlby|1894}}â{{mlby|1896}})
- Philadelphia Athletics ({{mlby|1901}}â{{mlby|1950}})|highlights=
- 5Ã World Series champion ({{wsy|1910}}, {{wsy|1911}}, {{wsy|1913}}, {{wsy|1929}}, {{wsy|1930}})
- Most managerial wins, losses and games managed in major league history
- Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame
- Athletics Hall of Fame|hoflink = National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|hoftype = National
Early life and education
Mack was born Cornelius McGillicuddy in Brookfield, Massachusetts, in what is now East Brookfield on December 22, 1862.Davis, p. 3 He did not have a middle name, but many accounts erroneously give him the middle name "Alexander"; this error probably arose because his son Cornelius McGillicuddy Jr. took Alexander as his confirmation name. As with many Irish immigrants whose names began with "Mc", the McGillicuddys were often referred to as "Mack", except for official and legal documents.Macht, pp. 22â23 His parents, Michael McGillicuddy and Mary McKillop, were both immigrants from Ireland. Michael was from Killarney in County Kerry, and Mary from the Catholic section of Belfast.Macht, pp. 22-23 Michaelâs father was named Cornelius McGillicuddy, and by tradition, the family named at least one son in each generation Cornelius.Macht, p. 11 "Connie" is a common nickname for Cornelius, so Cornelius McGillicuddy was called "Connie Mack" from an early age.JOURNAL, Taylor, Walter C., November 29, 1911, Shoes vs. Baseball,weblink Boot and Shoe Recorder, 60, 9, Boston, MA, Boot & Shoe Recorder Publishing Company, 31, Connie Mack never legally changed his name; on the occasion of his second marriage at age 48, he signed the wedding register as "Cornelius McGillicuddy".Macht, p. 494 His nickname on the baseball field was "Slats", for his height of 6 feet 2 inches and thin build.Macht, p. 14Mack's father became a wheelwright. During the American Civil War, he served with the 51st Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Michael McGillicuddy suffered from several ailments as the result of his military service; he was able to work only infrequently and drew a disability pension.Macht, p. 13Mack was educated in East Brookfield, and began working summers in local cotton mills at age 9 to help support his family.Macht, p. 15 He quit school after completing the eighth grade at age 14, intending to work full-time to contribute to the family's support, as several of his siblings had done.Macht, p. 16 He clerked at a store, worked on local farms, and worked on the production lines of the shoe factories in nearby towns.Macht, pp. 19-20Mack was also a good athlete and frequently played baseball and some of its predecessor games with local players in East Brookfield.Davis, p. 3 In 1879 his skills landed him a place on East Brookfield's town team, which played other town teams in the area. Though younger than his teammates by several years, Mack was the team's catcher and de facto captain.Davis, p. 6Professional career
(File:ConnieMack1887.jpg|thumb|right|Connie Mack's 1887 baseball card)Beginning in 1886, Mack played 10 seasons in the National League and one in the Players' League, for a total of 11 seasons in the major leagues, almost entirely as a catcher.{{citation needed|date = March 2024}}Beginning in 1884, he played on minor league teams in the Connecticut cities of Meriden and Hartford before being sold to the Washington Nationals (sometimes called the Statesmen or the Senators) of the National League in 1886.Macht, p. 44. In the winter of 1889, he jumped to the Buffalo Bisons of the new Players' League, investing his entire life savings of $500 in shares in the club.Macht, p. 72. But the Players' League went out of business after only a year, and Mack lost his job and his whole investment. In December 1890 Mack signed a contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League and remained with them for the rest of his career as a full-time player.Macht, p.86.As a player, Mack was "a light-hitting catcher with a reputation as a smart player, but didn't do anything particularly well as a player."James, p. 60.Mack was one of the first catchers to position himself directly behind home plate instead of in front of the backstop. According to Wilbert Robinson, "Mack never was mean ... [but] if you had any soft spot, Connie would find it. He could do and say things that got more under your skin than the cuss words used by other catchers."QUOTE, March 2024, In addition to verbally needling batters to distract them, he developed skills such as blocking the plate to prevent base runners from scoring and faking the sound of a foul tip. (He was probably responsible for the 1891 rule change requiring that a batter must have two strikes against him in order to be called out if the catcher caught a foul tip.)Macht, p. 56. Besides tipping bats to fake the sound of a foul tip, Mack became adept at tipping bats to throw off the hitter's swing. ("Tipping" a bat is to brush it with the catcher's mitt as the batter swings, either delaying the swing or putting it off course, so that the batter misses the ball or doesn't hit it solidly. If the umpire is aware that a bat has been tipped, whether intentionally or unintentionally, he calls catcher's interference.) Mack never denied such tricks:Farmer Weaver was a catcher-outfielder for Louisville. I tipped his bat several times when he had two strikes on him one year, and each time the umpire called him out. He got even, though. One time there were two strikes on him and he swung as the pitch was coming in. But he didn't swing at the ball. He swung right at my wrists. Sometimes I think I can still feel the pain. I'll tell you I didn't tip his bat again. No, sir, not until the last game of the season and Weaver was at bat for the last time. When he had two strikes, I tipped his bat again and got away with it.Mack, Connie. My 66 Years in Baseball, Universal House, Philadelphia, 1952.Managerial career
(File:Connie Mack in 1911.jpg|thumb|right|Connie Mack in 1911)Mack's last three seasons in the National League were as a player-manager with the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1894 to 1896, with a 149â134 (.527) record. Fired on September 21, 1896,Macht, p. 128 he retired as a full-time player and accepted a deal from Henry Killilea to act as manager and occasional backup catcher for the minor league Milwaukee Brewers (the modern-day Baltimore Orioles). He agreed to a salary of $3,000 ({{Inflation|US|3000|1896|r=-4|fmt=eq}}) and 25% of the club.Macht, p. 131. He managed the Brewers for four seasons from 1897 to 1900, their best year coming in 1900, when they finished second, behind the Chicago White Stockings. It was in Milwaukee that he first signed pitcher Rube Waddell, who would follow him to the big leagues.In 1901 Mack became manager, treasurer and part owner of the new American League's Philadelphia Athletics.Warrington, Bob. WEB,weblink John Shibe â A Biographic Sketch, February 26, 2016, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060508022855weblink">weblink May 8, 2006, . Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society. Retrieved January 22, 2009. He managed the Athletics through the 1950 season, compiling a record of 3,582â3,814 (.484) when he retired at 87. Mack won nine pennants and appeared in eight World Series, winning five.(File:Connie Mack and John McGraw - DPLA - 33d9a803e17827e29c4cf877541ccc4b.jpg|alt=Connie Mack and John McGraw, [ca. 1913]. Michael T. "Nuf Ced" McGreevy Collection, Boston Public Library|left|thumb|Connie Mack and John McGraw, [ca. 1913]. Michael T. "Nuf Ced" McGreevy Collection, Boston Public Library)Mack's 50-year tenure as Athletics manager is the most ever for a coach or manager with the same team in North American professional sports, and has never been seriously threatened. A few college coaches had longer tenures: John Gagliardi was a head football coach from 1949 to 2012, ending with 60 seasons at Saint John's of Minnesota; Eddie Robinson was head football coach at Grambling State for 57 seasons, from 1941 (when it was known as the Louisiana Negro Normal and Industrial Institute) to 1997; and the 2020â21 season would have been the 54th for Herb Magee as head men's basketball coach of the institution now known as Jefferson (1967âpresent) had the school not canceled that season due to COVID-19 concerns. Joe Paterno, with 62 seasons as a college football coach for the Penn State Nittany Lions also surpassed Mack, although Paterno was head coach in only 46 of those years. College football pioneer Amos Alonzo Stagg also surpassed Mack in overall tenure, though not in tenure for a single employer; he was a head coach for 55 seasons in all (1892â1946), with the first 41 at Chicago (1892â1932).Mack was widely praised in the newspapers for his intelligent and innovative managing, which earned him the nickname "the Tall Tactician". He valued intelligence and "baseball smarts," always looking for educated players. (He traded away Shoeless Joe Jackson despite his talent because of his bad attitude and unintelligent play.Macht, p. 475-77.) "Better than any other manager, Mack understood and promoted intelligence as an element of excellence."James, p.63. He wanted men who were self-directed, self-disciplined and self-motivated; his ideal player was Eddie Collins.Macht, p. 406-420. According to baseball historian Bill James, Mack was well ahead of his time in having numerous college players on his teams. Several of his players went on to become well-respected college coaches. Jack Coombs, the ace of Mack's 1910-11 champions, became the longtime coach at Duke. Andy Coakley, who won 20 games for Mack's 1905 pennant winners, coached for over 30 years at Columbia, where he was the college coach for Lou Gehrig. Dick Siebert, longtime coach at Minnesota, played for Mack from 1938 to 1945. James believed that Mack's influence on the game, as great as it was, would have been even greater had the college game been more popular during the 1920s and 1930s, when Mack was at his peak.James, p. 64.According to James, Mack looked for seven things in his players--"physical ability, intelligence, courage, disposition, will power, general alertness and personal habits."As a result of Mack's striving to have his players become better people as well as baseball players, he created a Code of Conduct following the 1916 season:Kashatus, p. 35- I will always play the game to the best of my ability.
- I will always play to win, but if I lose, I will not look for an excuse to detract from my opponent's victory.
- I will never take an unfair advantage in order to win.
- I will always abide by the rules of the gameâon the diamond as well as in my daily life.
- I will always conduct myself as a true sportsmanâon and off the playing field.
- I will always strive for the good of the entire team rather than for my own glory.
- I will never gloat in victory or pity myself in defeat.
- I will do my utmost to keep myself cleanâphysically, mentally, and morally.
- I will always judge a teammate or an opponent as an individual and never on the basis of race or religion.
Managerial record {| class"wikitable" style"font-size: 95%; text-align:center;"
Owner
The American League's white knight, Charles Somers, provided the seed money to start the Athletics and several other American League teams. However, plans called for local interests to buy out Somers as soon as possible. To that end, Mack persuaded sporting goods manufacturer Ben Shibe, a minority owner of the rival Philadelphia Phillies, to buy a 50 percent stake in the teamâan offer sweetened by Mack's promise that Shibe would have the exclusive right to make baseballs for the American League. In return, Mack was allowed to buy a 25 percent stake, and was named secretary and treasurer of the team. Two local sports writers, Frank Hough and Sam Jones, bought the remaining 25 percent, but their involvement was not mentioned in the incorporating papers; in fact, no agreement was put on paper until 1902. Mack and Shibe did business on a handshake.Macht, p. 182(File:Connie Mack 1904 Fan Craze.png|thumb|left|upright|A 1904 Connie Mack card)In 1913, Hough and Jones sold their 25 percent to Mack, making him a full partner in the club with Shibe; Mack actually borrowed the money for the purchase from Shibe.Macht, p. 567. Under their agreement, Mack had full control over baseball matters while Shibe handled the business side. However, Mack had enjoyed more or less a free hand over the baseball side since the team's inception. When Shibe died in 1922, his sons Tom and John took over management of the business side, with Tom as team president and John as vice president. Tom died in 1936, and John resigned shortly thereafter, leaving Mack to take over the presidency. John Shibe died in 1937, and Mack bought 141 shares from his estate, enough to make him majority owner of the A's. However, he had been operating head of the franchise since Ben Shibe's death. Such an arrangement is no longer possible in current times, as major-league rules do not allow a coach or manager to own any financial interest in a club.Mack's great strength as an owner was his huge network of baseball friends, all of whom acted as scouts and "bird-dogs" for him, finding talented players and alerting Mack. "Mack was better at that game than anybody else in the world. People liked Mack, respected him, and trusted him. ... Mack answered every letter and listened patiently to every sales job, and ... he got players for that reason."James, p. 62.Mack saw baseball as a business, and recognized that economic necessity drove the game. He explained to his cousin, Art Dempsey, that "The best thing for a team financially is to be in the running and finish second. If you win, the players all expect raises." This was one reason he was constantly collecting players, signing almost anyone to a ten-day contract to assess his talent; he was looking ahead to future seasons when his veterans would either retire or hold out for bigger salaries than Mack could give them.Unlike most baseball owners, Mack had almost no income apart from the A's. Even when he collected rent from the Phillies, he was often in financial difficulties. Money problemsâthe escalation of his best players' salaries (due both to their success and to competition from a new, well-financed third major league of the Federal League in 1914â1915), combined with a steep drop in attendance due to World War Iâled to the gradual dispersal of his second championship team, the 1910â1914 team, who he sold, traded, or released over the years 1915â1917. The war hurt the team badly, leaving Mack without the resources to sign valuable players. His 1916 team, with a 36â117 record, is often considered the worst team in American League history, and its .235 winning percentage is still the lowest ever for a modern-era (since 1900) major league team. The team's 117 losses set a modern era record and at the time was the second most losses behind the Cleveland Spiders' 130 in 1899. As of 2012 that record has been topped only twice, with the 1962 New York Mets breaking that record with 120 losses in their inaugural season and the 2003 Detroit Tigers surpassing it with 119 although those teams played 162 game schedules, not 154 like the Athletics. All told, the A's finished dead last in the AL seven years in a row from 1915 to 1921, and would not reach .500 again until 1925. The rebuilt team won back-to-back championships in 1929â1930 over the Cubs and Cardinals, and then lost a rematch with the latter in 1931. As it turned out, these were the last postseason appearances for the A's not only in Philadelphia, but for another four decades. Unlike with the breakup of his second great team, the A's didn't tumble out of contention right away. They remained fairly competitive for most of the first half of the 1930s. However, after 1933, they would only tally four more winning seasons during their stay in Philadelphiaâwhich would be the franchise's only winning seasons for 35 years.File:HarrisAndMackOpenDay1926.jpg|thumb|Senators' manager Bucky HarrisBucky HarrisWith the 1929 onset of the Great Depression, Mack struggled financially again, and was forced to sell the best players from his second great championship team, such as Lefty Grove and Jimmie Foxx, to stay in business.Although Mack wanted to rebuild again and win more championships, he was never able to do so owing to a lack of funds. Even before then, he either did not (or could not) invest in a farm system. Mack celebrated his 70th birthday in 1932, and many began wondering if his best days were behind him. Even as bad as the A's got during the next two decades, he stubbornly retained full control over baseball matters long after most teams had hired a general manager. This continued even after he became majority owner, despite calls both inside and outside Philadelphia to step down. Indeed, one of the few times that Mack considered giving up even some of his duties was in the 1934-35 offseasonâwhen the A's were still not far removed from what would be their last great era. He briefly entertained replacing himself as manager with Babe Ruth, but ruled that idea out, saying that the Babe's wife, Claire, would be running the team inside of a month.BOOK, Neyer, Rob, Rob Neyer, Rob Neyer's Big Book of Baseball Blunders, 2005, Fireside, New York City, 0-7432-8491-7, registration,weblink In the early 1940s, Mack gave a minority stake in the team to his three sons, Roy, Earle, and Connie, Jr. Although Roy and Earle had never gotten along with Connie, Jr., who was more than 20 years younger than them, Connie, Sr. intended to have all three of them inherit the team after his death or retirement. This strategy backfired when Roy and Earle refused to consider Connie, Jr.'s demands to end the team's bargain-basement way of doing business. One of the few things on which they agreed was that it was time for their father to step down. Connie, Jr. was only able to force through other minor improvements to the team and the rapidly crumbling Shibe Park through an alliance with the Shibe heirs. When it became apparent that his older brothers weren't willing to go further, Connie, Jr. and the Shibes decided to sell the team. However, Roy and Earle countered by buying out their younger brother, persuading their father to support them. In order to pull off the deal, however, they mortgaged the team to the Connecticut General Life Insurance Company (now part of CIGNA). Yearly payments of $200,000 drained the team of badly needed capital, and ended any realistic chance of the A's winning again under the Macks' stewardship.When Mack resigned as manager, he largely withdrew from active control of the team. Over the next five years, the team crumbled to the bottom of the American League. Although reduced to a figurehead, Mack continued to be treated with awe and reverence by players who considered him living history. His sons handled his correspondence by 1953 as he had become too frail by that point to do it himself.(file:Philadelphia Sports Statues 01.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Statue of Mack in South Philadelphia)As that year ended, the A's were dangerously close to bankruptcy. The other American League owners had been concerned for some time about the situation in Philadelphia, since the crowds at Shibe Park had dwindled to the point that visiting teams couldn't meet their expenses for traveling there. Prior in 1951, Buffalo based businessman and Sportservice owner Louis Jacobs gave Mack a loan of $250,000.00 with no interest to keep the Athletics from having financial difficulty. United States Congress. "Professional Basketball: Hearing, Ninety-second Congress, First Session" ,1972. Retrieved April 1, 2022 The 1954 A's attracted only 304,000 people, nowhere near enough to break even. The other owners, as well as league president Will Harridge, wanted the Athletics sold off to a new owner. The Yankees in particular lobbied for it to be Chicago businessman Arnold Johnson (1906-1960), who had recently bought both Yankee Stadium as well as Blues Stadium in Kansas City, home to the Yankees' top Triple AAA farm team in the second American Association. Roy and Earle Mack did not want to move the team, but pressure from the Yankees and blowback from several bad business decisions finally moved their hand and they agreed to the sale. A final attempt to sell the A's to Philadelphia car dealer John Crisconi briefly gained Mack's support, but collapsed at the eleventh hourâreportedly due to behind-the-scenes intrigue by the Yankees. When that deal collapsed, a bitter Mack wrote a letter blasting his fellow owners for sinking the Crisconi deal. However, he admitted that he didn't have nearly enough money to run the A's in 1955, and conceded that the Johnson deal was the only one with a chance of approval. In early November, Mack agreed to sell the A's to Johnson for $1.5 million. The aforementioned Louis Jacobs helped broker the deal between the Mack family and Johnson.United States Congress. "Professional Basketball: Hearing, Ninety-second Congress, First Session" ,1972. Retrieved April 1, 2022 When the American League owners met in New York to discuss the sale to Johnson, they voted 5â3 to approve the sale. Johnson immediately requested permission to move to Kansas City, which was granted after Detroit's Spike Briggs switched his vote. Although Mack had long since conceded that his 55 years in the American League were over, his doctor reported that the nonagenarian owner suffered a sudden sharp drop in blood pressure and almost expired upon learning that his team was gone.Connie Mack: A Life in Baseball, pp 212The A's sold Shibe Park, now renamed Connie Mack Stadium, to the Phillies. Mack was still chauffeured around to games by his caretaker. He attended the 1954 World Series and the occasional regular season game, but in October 1955, he fell and suffered a hip fracture. Mack underwent surgery on October 5, missing the World Series that week for the first time ever. He required the use of a wheelchair after that point, celebrating his 93rd birthday in November. His death came at his daughter's house on the afternoon of February 8, 1956. According to his doctor, he'd been fine until the 7th when he "just started to fade away". Officially, it was announced that he died of "old age and complications from his hip surgery"pp 214 Mack's funeral was held in his parish church, St. Bridget's, and he was buried in Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Cheltenham TownshipWEB, Cheney, Jim, Visiting the Graves of the Baseball Hall of Famers Buried in Philadelphia,weblink www.uncoveringpa.com, October 27, 2016, Uncovering Media, LLC, 26 October 2022, just outside Philadelphia, with Commissioner of Baseball Ford Frick, the AL and NL presidents, and all 16 MLB owners serving as pallbearers.Personality
Mack was quiet, even-tempered, and gentlemanly, never using profanity. He was generally addressed as "Mr. Mack". He always called his players by their given names. Chief Bender, for instance, was "Albert" to Mack. Perhaps due to his great longevity in the game, he appeared to have a kind of saintly image; his long-time friends objected to the image of him as "the bloodless saint so often painted, a sanctimonious old Puritan patting babies". His friend Red Smith called him "tough and warm and wonderful, kind and stubborn and courtly and unreasonable and generous and calculating and naive and gentle and proud and humorous and demanding and unpredictable".missing image!
- Connie-mack-cover.jpg -
Mack on the cover of the April 11, 1927 edition of Time magazine
Beginning as far back as his first managing job in the 19th century, Mack drew criticism from the newspapers for not spending enough money. Some writers called him an outright miser, accusing him of getting rid of star players so he could "line his own pockets" with the money. However, his biographer Norman Macht strongly defends Mack on this question, contending that Mack's spending decisions were forced on him by his financial circumstances, and that nearly all the money he made went back to the team.Mack himself was upset by these allegations: when some writers accused him of deliberately losing the second game of the 1913 World Series in order to extend the series and make more money in ticket sales, he uncharacteristically wrote an angry letter to the Saturday Evening Post to deny it, saying "I consider playing for the gate receipts ... nothing short of dishonest." With the Athletics leading the Series three games to one, several New York writers predicted that the Athletics would deliberately lose Game Five in New York so that Mack would not have to refund the $50,000 in ticket sales for Game Six in Philadelphia. After reading this, Mack told his players that if they won Game Five he would give them the team's entire share of the Game Five gate receipts â about $34,000. The Athletics won the Game and the series, and Mack gave out the money as promised.Macht, pp. 586â602.Mack supported a large extended family and was generous to players in need, often finding jobs for former players. For instance, he kept Bender on the team payroll as a scout, minor league manager or coach from 1926 until Mack himself retired as owner-manager in 1950. Simmons was a coach for many years after his retirement as a player.Mack lived through the entire era of racially segregated baseball; the early days of the game in his youth sometimes featured black players, but this ended by the 1890s and the major leagues remained white-only until Jackie Robinson broke down the color barrier in 1947, and even afterwards Mack never displayed any serious interest in signing black players. The Athletics did not have a black player until Bob Trice in 1953, three years after Mack retired as manager. Bobby Shantz, a former player for both Mack and Casey Stengel, stated that the only difference between the two managers was that "One never said anything and the other never shut up!âNEWS, Kepner, Tyler, 2023-02-08, With One More Title, the Eagles Would Finally Match the A's, en-US, The New York Times,weblink 2023-02-21, 0362-4331, }- Connie-mack-cover.jpg -
Mack on the cover of the April 11, 1927 edition of Time magazine
Legacy
missing image!
- ConnieMackGrave.JPG -
The grave of Connie Mack, located at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Glenside, Pennsylvania.
The Philadelphia stadium, originally called Shibe Park, was renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1953. Starting in 1909, it was home to the Athletics, and starting in 1938, it also was home to the Phillies, then from 1955 to 1970 was home to the Phillies alone, after the Athletics moved to Kansas City.Mack is mentioned in the 1949 poem "Line-Up for Yesterday" by Ogden Nash:}}- ConnieMackGrave.JPG -
The grave of Connie Mack, located at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Glenside, Pennsylvania.
Family
(File:ConnieMackIn1938.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Opening Day, April 18, 1938, Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C.)(File:Connie Mack House.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Home of Connie Mack on Cliveden Avenue in Northwest Philadelphia)On November 2, 1887, Mack married Margaret Hogan, whom the Spencer Leader described as having "a sunny and vivacious disposition." They had three children, Earle, Roy, and Marguerite. Margaret died in December 1892 after complications from her third childbirth.Mack married a second time on October 27, 1910. His second wife was Catherine (or Katharine) Holahan (or Hoolahan) (1879â1966); the census records have various spellings (the wedding register reads "Catarina Hallahan"). The couple had four daughters and a son, Cornelius Jr. A faithful Catholic his entire life, Mack was also a longtime member of the Knights of Columbus (Santa Maria Council 263 in Germantown, which moved to Flourtown, Pennsylvania in the 1980s).Singular, Stephen. By Their Works, Knights of Columbus, New Haven, 2005.Mack's son Earle Mack played several games for the A's between 1910 and 1914, and also managed the team for parts of the 1937 and 1939 seasons when his father was too ill to do so. In more recent years, his descendants have taken to politics: Mack's grandson Connie Mack III was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida (1983â89) and the United States Senate (1989â2001); and great-grandson Connie Mack IV served in the U.S. House of Representatives (2005â13), representing Florida's 14th congressional district.See also
References
{{reflist|30em}}Book sources
- BOOK, The Bill James Guide to Baseball Managers: From 1870 to Today, Bill, James,weblink Scribner, 978-0684806983, 1997,
- BOOK, Connie Mack's '29 Triumph: The Rise and Fall of the Philadelphia Athletics Dynasty, William C., Kashatus, McFarland & Company, 1999, 978-0786405855,weblink
- BOOK, Davis, Ted, 2000, Connie Mack: A Life in Baseball,weblink San Jose, CA, Writers Club Press, 978-0-595-12112-0,
- BOOK, Connie Mack and the Early Years of Baseball, Norman L., Macht, University of Nebraska Press, 978-0803240032,weblink 2007,
Further reading
- BOOK, Chapter 3: Connie Mack, Koppett, Leonard, 1993, Crown Publishers, 978-0-8032-6475-5, The Man In The Dugout: Baseball's Top Managers and How They Got That Way,weblink
- BOOK, The Grand Old Man of Baseball: Connie Mack in His Final Years, 1932-1956, Norman L., Macht,weblink 2015, 978-0803237650, University of Nebraska Press,
External links
{{Commons category|Connie Mack (baseball)|Connie Mack}}- {{baseballstats|mlb=118082|espn=24489|br=m/mackco01|fangraphs=1007914|brm=mack--001con|retro=M/Pmackc101}}
- {{baseball-reference manager|mackco01}}
- {{bbhof|mack-connie}}
- {{sabrbio|connie-mack}}
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