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Carex
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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}{{Automatic taxobox| image = Carex diversity in south-west France.jpg| image_caption = Various species of sedges| taxon = Carex- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
| Carl Linnaeus>L.| diversity = 2000+ species| diversity_link = List of Carex species| type_species = Carex hirta | Carl Linnaeus>L. ILKKA KUKKONEN >AUTHOR2=HEIKKI TOIVONEN | TITLE=TAXONOMY OF WETLAND CARICES | AQUATIC BOTANY >VOLUME=30 | PAGES=5–22 | BIBCODE=1988AQBOT..30....5K, | range_map = Areal carex.jpg| range_map_caption = Global distribution of Carex (green) |
}}
| AUTHOR= | WEBSITE=PLANTS OF THE WORLD ONLINE | ACCESS-DATE=7 JULY 2020, }}Carex is a vast genus of over 2,000 speciesWEB, Carex L. {{!, Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330029-2 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}} of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges, however those of genus Carex may be called true sedges, and it is the most species-rich genus in the family. The study of Carex is known as caricology.DescriptionAll species of Carex are perennial,BOOK, Robert H. Mohlenbrock, Paul Wayne Nelson, 1999, Sedges: Carex, Volume 14 of The Illustrated flora of Illinois, Southern Illinois University Press, 978-0-8093-2074-5, Introduction, 3–7,books.google.com/books?id=1ZGekaNQ4YAC&pg=PA3, although some species, such as C. bebbii and C. viridula can fruit in their first year of growth, and may not survive longer.BOOK,www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=105644, Carex Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 420. 1754, Flora of North America, Flora of North America North of Mexico, 23, Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae, Peter W. Ball, A. A. Reznicek, 2002, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-515207-4, 254–258, They typically have rhizomes, stolons or short rootstocks, but some species grow in tufts (caespitose). The culm – the flower-bearing stalk – is unbranched and usually erect. It is usually distinctly triangular in section.The leaves of Carex comprise a blade, which extends away from the stalk, and a sheath, which encloses part of the stalk. The blade is normally long and flat, but may be folded, inrolled, channelled or absent. The leaves have parallel veins and a distinct midrib. Where the blade meets the culm there is a structure called the ligule. The colour of foliage may be green, red or brown, and “ranges from fine and hair-like, sometimes with curled tips, to quite broad with a noticeable midrib and sometimes razor sharp edges”.BOOK, Amjad Almusaed, 2010, Biophilic and Bioclimatic Architecture: Analytical Therapy for the Next Generation of Passive Sustainable Architecture,books.google.com/books?id=mcRK-xlKMYIC&pg=PA52, Springer Science+Business Media, Springer, 978-1-84996-534-7, 52, File:Carex panicea kz.jpg|thumb|upright|In this Carex paniceaCarex paniceaThe flowers of Carex are small and are combined into spikes, which are themselves combined into a larger inflorescence. The spike typically contains many flowers, but can hold as few as one in some species. Almost all Carex species are monoecious; each flower is either male (staminate) or female (pistillate). A few species are dioecious. Sedges exhibit diverse arrangements of male and female flowers. Often, the lower spikes are entirely pistillate and upper spikes staminate, with one or more spikes in between having pistillate flowers near the base and staminate flowers near the tip.BOOK, A. C. Jermy, D. A. Simpson, M. J. Y. Foley, M. S. Porter, 2007, Sedges of the British Isles, 3rd, BSBI Handbook No. 1, 978-0-901158-35-2, Botanical Society of the British Isles, General structure of Cyperaceae, 2–26, In other species, all spikes are similar. In that case, they may have male flowers above and female flowers below (androgynous) or female flowers above and male flowers below (gynecandrous). In relatively few species, the arrangement of flowers is irregular.The defining structure of the genus Carex is the bottle-shaped bract surrounding each female flower. This structure is called the perigynium or utricle, a modified prophyll. It is typically extended into a “rostrum” or beak, which is often divided at the tip (bifid) into two teeth. The shape, venation, and vestiture (hairs) of the perigynium are important structures for distinguishing Carex species.The fruit of Carex is a dry, one-seeded indehiscent achene or nut which grows within the perigynium. Perigynium features aid in fruit dispersal.Ecology and distributionCarex species are found across most of the world, albeit with few species in tropical lowlands, and relatively few in sub-Saharan Africa. Most (but not all) sedges are found in wetlands – such as marshes, calcareous fens, bogs and other peatlands, pond and stream banks, riparian zones, and even ditches. They are one of the dominant plant groups in arctic and alpine tundra, and in wetland habitats with a water depth of up to {{convert|50|cm|abbr=on}}.Taxonomy and cytogeneticsThe genus Carex was established by Carl Linnaeus in his work Species Plantarum in 1753, and is one of the largest genera of flowering plants.JOURNAL, David G. Frodin, 2004, History and concepts of big plant genera, Taxon (journal), Taxon, 53, 3, 753–776, 4135449, 10.2307/4135449, Estimates of the number of species vary from about 1100 to almost 2000. Carex displays the most dynamic chromosome evolution of all flowering plants. Chromosome numbers range from n = 6 to n = 66, and over 100 species are known to show variation in chromosome number within the species, with differences of up to 10 chromosomes between populations.JOURNAL, Andrew L. Hipp, Paul E. Rothrock, Eric H. Roalson, 2009, The evolution of chromosome arrangements in Carex (Cyperaceae), The Botanical Review, 75, 1, 96–109, 10.1007/s12229-008-9022-8, 2009BotRv..75...96H, 4489708,systematics.mortonarb.org/lab/publications/Hipp-et-al-2009_BotRev_CarexChromosomesReview.pdf, 2012-10-21, 2015-02-13,systematics.mortonarb.org/lab/publications/Hipp-et-al-2009_BotRev_CarexChromosomesReview.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20150213210218systematics.mortonarb.org/lab/publications/Hipp-et-al-2009_BotRev_CarexChromosomesReview.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20150213210218systematics.mortonarb.org/lab/publications/Hipp-et-al-2009_BotRev_CarexChromosomesReview.pdf, dead, The genomes of Carex kokanica, Carex parvula and Carex littledalei have been sequenced.JOURNAL, Can, Muyou, Wei, Wei, Zi, Hailing, Bai, Magaweng, Liu, Yunfei, Gao, Dan, Tu, Dengqunpei, Bao, Yuhong, Wang, Li, Chen, Shaofeng, Zhao, Xing, Qu, Guangpeng, 2020-06-11, Genome sequence of Kobresia littledalei, the first chromosome-level genome in the family Cyperaceae, Scientific Data, en, 7, 1, 175, 10.1038/s41597-020-0518-3, 2052-4463, 7289886, 32528014, 2020NatSD...7..175C, JOURNAL, Qu, Guangpeng, Bao, Yuhong, Liao, Yangci, Liu, Can, Zi, Hailing, Bai, Magaweng, Liu, Yunfei, Tu, Dengqunpei, Wang, Li, Chen, Shaofeng, Zhou, Gang, Can, Muyou, 2022-03-23, Draft genomes assembly and annotation of Carex parvula and Carex kokanica reveals stress-specific genes, Scientific Reports, en, 12, 1, 4970, 10.1038/s41598-022-08783-z, 2045-2322, 8943043, 35322069, 2022NatSR..12.4970Q, Carex has been divided into subgenera in a number of ways. The most influential was Georg Kükenthal’s classification using four subgenera – Carex, Vignea, Indocarex and Primocarex – based primarily on the arrangement of the male and female flowers. There has been considerable debate about the status of these four groups, with some species being transferred between groups and some authors, such as Kenneth Kent Mackenzie, eschewing the subgenera altogether and dividing the genus directly into sections. The genus is now divided into around four subgenera, some of which may not, however, be monophyletic:
Fossil recordSeveral fossil fruits of two Carex species have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by Else Marie Friis, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985UsesOrnamentalCarex species and cultivars are popular in horticulture, particularly in shady positions.BOOK, Judy Lowe, 2012, Tennessee & Kentucky Garden Guide: the Best Plants for a Tennessee or Kentucky Garden, 2nd, Cool Springs Press, 978-1-59186-537-7, 178, Carex, BOOK, Frances Tenenbaum, 2003, Taylor’s Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 978-0-618-22644-3, 74–75, Carex, Native species are used in wildland habitat restoration projects, natural landscaping, and in sustainable landscaping as drought-tolerant grass replacements for lawns and garden meadows.WEB,www.nativeson.com/annotated_catalog/grasscatalog.htm, Grasses and grasslike plants, Native Sons, May 22, 2010, Some require damp or wet conditions, others are relatively drought-tolerant. Propagation is by seed or division in spring.BOOK, RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants, 2008, Dorling Kindersley, United Kingdom, 978-1-4053-3296-5, 1136, The cultivars Carex elata ‘Aurea’ (Bowles’ golden sedge)WEB,www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89736/Carex-elata-Aurea/Details, Carex elata ‘Aurea’ (Bowles’ golden sedge), RHS, 12 April 2020, and Carex oshimensis ‘Evergold’ WEB,www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/45191/Carex-oshimensis-Evergold-(v)/Details | Carex oshimensis ‘Evergold’ > publisher = RHS, 12 April 2020, have received the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.Other usesA mix of dried specimens of several species of Carex (including Carex vesicaria) have a history of being used as thermal insulation in footwear (such as nutukas used by Sámi peopleJOURNAL, 1994, Bruk av land og vann i Finnmark i historisk perspektiv, no, The use of land and water in Finnmark in historical perspective, Norges Offentlige Utredninger, 1994, 21, Ministry of Justice and Public Security, Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security,www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/nouer/1994/nou-1994-21/16/5/11.html?id=455576, 29 April 2020, ). Sennegrass is one of the names for such mixes. During the first human expedition to the South Pole in 1911, such a mix were used in skaller, when camps had been set (after each stretch of travelling had been completed).NEWS, Blir ikke varm i rÃ¥tt reinskinn, Aftenposten, December 14, 2011, Ole Mathismoen, 17, no, ... skalder med senegress fra Kautokeino til bruk nÃ¥r de hadde slÃ¥tt leir., Carsten Borchgrevink of the British Antarctic Expedition 1898-1900 reported “I found the Lapps method of never using socks in their Finn boots answered well. Socks are never used in Finnmarken in winter time, but ‘senne grass’ which they, of course, had a special method of arranging in the ‘komager’ (Finn boots) … if you get wet feet while wearing the grass in the ‘komager’ you will be warmer than ever, as the fresh grass will, by the moisture and the heat of your feet, in a way start to burn or produce its own heat by spontaneous combustion. The great thing seems to be to arrange the grass properly in the boots, and although we all tried to imitate the Finns in their skill at this work, none of us felt as warm on our feet as when they had helped us.“BOOK, Borchgrevink, Carston, First on the Antarctic continent. Being an account of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1898 – 1900, 1980, 1901, Hurst and Co., London, Species serve as a food source for numerous animals,BOOK, Ronald W. Crites, E. Joe Middlebrooks, Sherwood C. Reed, 2005, Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems,books.google.com/books?id=X5uuikcVyfEC&pg=PA263, CRC Press, 978-1-4200-2644-3, 263, and some are used as a livestock hay.BOOK, Heinjo Lahring, 2003, Water and Wetland Plants of the Prairie Provinces,books.google.com/books?id=mXRbZs5CHcgC&pg=PA114, University of Regina Press, 978-0-88977-162-8, 114, BOOK, Joel Greenberg, Of Prairie, Woods, and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing,books.google.com/books?id=8ZcV3re4qGcC&pg=PA206, 2010, ReadHowYouWant.com, 978-1-4596-0615-9, 206,Use by Native AmericansThe Blackfoot put carex in moccasins to protect the feet during winter.Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22 The Cherokee use an infusion of the leaf to “check bowels”.Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54 The Ohlone use the roots of many species for basketry.Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255 The Goshute use the root as medicine.Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 365 The Jemez consider the plant sacred and use it in the kiva.Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21 The Klamath people weave the leaves into mats, use the juice of the pith as a beverage, eat the fresh stems for food and use the tuberous base of the stem for food.Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92 The indigenous people of Mendocino County, California use the rootstocks to make baskets and rope.Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 314 The indigenous people of Montana also weave the leaves into mats and use the young stems as food.Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9 The Navajo of Kayenta, Arizona grind the seeds into mush and eat them.Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 16 The Oregon Paiute weave it to make spoons.Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 52 The Pomo use the roots to make baskets,Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 296Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11 and use it to tend fishing traps.Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12 They also use it to make torches. The Coast Salish use the leaves to make baskets and twine.Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73 The Songhees eat the leaves to induce abortions. The Nlaka’pamux used the leaves as brushes for cleaning things and use the leaves as forage for their livestock.Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114 The Wailaki weave the roots and leaves into baskets and use the leaves to weave mats.Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 315 The Yuki people use the large roots to make baskets.Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93See alsoReferences{{Reflist}}External links{{Commons category|Carex}}
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