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{{Short description|Book by Carl Linnaeus}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

factoids

(Latin for “The Species of Plants“) is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial names and was the starting point for the naming of plants.

Publication

’{{#tag:ref|Its full title is ’.|group=Note}} was published on 1 May 1753 by Laurentius Salvius in Stockholm, in two volumes.WEB,www.abdn.ac.uk/special-collections/carolus-linnus-species-plantarum-458.php, Carolus Linnæus, Species Plantarum, Stockholm 1762–3, 2007, Collection Highlight Summer 2007, University of Aberdeen, 20 October 2013,web.archive.org/web/20180430182725/https://www.abdn.ac.uk/special-collections/carolus-linnus-species-plantarum-458.php, 30 April 2018, BOOK, Winston, Judith, Describing Species: Practical Taxonomic Procedure for Biologists,books.google.com/books?id=RirhjdrD1K0C&pg=PA35, 2018-04-30, 2012-04-20, Columbia University Press, 9780231506656, 35, dmy-all, {{refn|1=The book was actually published in two volumes, the first being on 24 May and the second on 16 August. However, for practical purposes, the dates of issue for volumes was arbitrarily set on 1 May, see Stearn, W.T. (1957), The preparation of the Species Plantarum and the introduction of binomial nomenclature, in: Species Plantarum, A Facsimile of the first edition, London, Ray Society: 72 and ICN (Melbourne Code)BOOK, McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Buck, W.R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Marhold, K., Prado, J., Prud’homme Van Reine, W.F., Smith, G.F., Wiersema, J.H., Turland, N.J., 2012, Regnum Vegetabile 154, International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011, A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG, 978-3-87429-425-6,www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title, Art. 13.4 Note 1: “The two volumes of Linnaeus’ Species plantarum, ed. 1 (1753), which appeared in May and August, 1753, respectively, are treated as having been published simultaneously on 1 May 1753.“|group=Note}} A second edition was published in 1762–1763, and a third edition in 1764, although this “scarcely differed” from the second.BOOK, Clive A. Stace, Clive A. Stace, 1991, Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-521-42785-2, 2nd, The development of plant taxonomy, 17–64,books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA24, Further editions were published after Linnaeus’ death in 1778, under the direction of Karl Ludwig Willdenow, the director of the Berlin Botanical Garden; the fifth edition (1800) was published in four volumes.BOOK, V. N. Naik, 1984, Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Tata McGraw-Hill, 9780074517888, A review of pre-Darwinian classification, 9–24,books.google.com/books?id=GanmtXAyU0gC&pg=PA13,

Importance

File:Keskmise teelehe õisik Plantago media.jpg|thumb|Before ’, this plant was referred to as ”’”; Linnaeus renamed it Plantago mediaPlantago media’ was the first botanical work to consistently apply the binomial nomenclature system of naming to any large group of organisms (Linnaeus’ tenth edition of ’ would apply the same technique to animals for the first time in 1758). Prior to this work, a plant species would be known by a long polynomial, such as ’ (meaning “plantain with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves, a cylindrical spike and a terete scape“) or ’ (meaning ”Nepeta with flowers in a stalked, interrupted spike“). In , these cumbersome names were replaced with two-part names, consisting of a single-word genus name, and a single-word specific epithet or “trivial name”; the two examples above became Plantago media and Nepeta cataria, respectively.BOOK, Roger Spencer, Rob Cross & Peter Lumley, 2007, Plant Names: a Guide to Botanical Nomenclature, 3rd, CSIRO Publishing, 9780643099456, Latin names, the binomial system and plant classification, 14–15,books.google.com/books?id=wqTt-Oewk-8C&pg=PA14, The use of binomial names had originally been developed as a kind of shorthand in a student project about the plants eaten by cattle.BOOK, Britannica Educational Publishing, 2009, The 100 Most Influential Scientists of All Time, Rosen Publishing Group, 9781615300402, Carolus Linnaeus, 93–97,books.google.com/books?id=Aeu0s8TsbOoC&pg=PA96, After the specific epithet, Linnaeus gave a short description of each species, and a synonymy. The descriptions were careful and terse, consisting of few words in small genera; in Glycyrrhiza, for instance, the three species (Glycyrrhiza echinata, Glycyrrhiza glabra and ”Glycyrrhiza hirsuta”,{{#tag:ref|Now considered a synonym of G. glabra.WEB,www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/linnaean-typification/database/detail.dsml?ID=406900, Glycyrrhiza hirsuta Linnaeus, The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project, Natural History Museum, London, Natural History Museum, 28 October 2013, |group=Note}} respectively) were described as ”’”, ”’” and ””.BOOK, Duane Isely, 2002, One Hundred and One Botanists, Purdue University Press, 9781557532831, Carl Linnaeus, 86–93,books.google.com/books?id=an6r8m0JfV8C&pg=PA89, {{rp|89}}Because it is the first work in which binomial nomenclature was consistently applied, was chosen as the “starting point” for the nomenclature of most plants (the nomenclature of some non-vascular plants and all fungi uses later starting points).BOOK, Katherine E. Cullen, 2006, Biology: The People Behind the Science, Infobase Publishing, 978-0-8160-7221-7, Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778): binomial nomenclature system, 28–43,books.google.com/books?id=KCUklchzUSkC&pg=PA38,

Contents

contained descriptions of the thousands of plant species known to Linnaeus at the time. In the first edition, there were 5,940 names, from Acalypha australis to Zygophyllum spinosum.WEB,fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/Species/home.php, Index to Binomials Cited in the First Edition of Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum, Robert W. Kiger, Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, 2018-07-12, live,fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/Species/home.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20180712163756fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/Species/home.php,">web.archive.org/web/20180712163756fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/Species/home.php, 2018-07-12, In his introduction, Linnaeus estimated that there were fewer than 10,000 plant species in existence;JOURNAL, H. G. Bongard, Gustav Heinrich von Bongard, 1835, Historical sketch of the progress of botany in Russia, from the time of Peter the Great to the present day; and on the part which the Academy has borne in the advancement of this science, Companion to the Botanical Magazine, 1, 177–186,books.google.com/books?id=OU4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177, there are now thought to be around 400,000 species of flowering plants alone.WEB,www.kew.org/science-conservation/running-repairs/biodiversity-conservation/flowering-plants/index.htm, How many flowering plants are there in the world?, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 28 October 2013, The species were arranged in around a thousand genera, which were grouped into 24 classes, according to Linnaeus’ sexual system of classification.BOOK, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 2011, The Handy Science Answer Book, Visible Ink Press, 9781578593637, Plant world, 403–450,books.google.com/books?id=k1skS4rEueUC&pg=PA405, There are no descriptions of the genera in ’;{{rp|89}} these are supplied in the companion volume ’ ({{lit|the genera of plants}}), the fifth edition of which was printed at a similar time to the first edition of .{{refn|1=The fifth edition of Genera Plantarum was published in 1754, and contains a supplement to Species Plantarum, first published the year before.WEB,linnean-online.org/120008/, Genera Plantarum Ed. 5, 2023-11-10, The Linnean Society of London,web.archive.org/web/20231110235102/https://linnean-online.org/120008/#?s=0&cv=0, 2023-11-10, live, |group=Note}} Linnaeus acknowledged his “sexual system” was an artificial system, rather than one which accurately reflects shared ancestry, but the system’s simplicity made it easier for non-specialists to rapidly find the correct class, being based on simple counts of floral parts such as stigmas and stamens.

Notes

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References

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Bibliography

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• BOOK, Linnaeus, Carl, Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas,www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669/summary, 1753, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 1st.,
  • Species Plantarum, vol. 1, vol. 2 at Biodiversity Heritage Library facsimile
  • Species Plantarum, vol. 1, vol. 2 at Botanicus
• BOOK, Linnaeus, Carl, Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas,www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/11179/summary, 1763, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 2nd.,
• Species Plantarum at Project Gutenberg I–III IV–V VI–X XI–XIII text
• Linnaeus Link Union Catalogue

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