GetWiki
Advanced Mobile Phone System
ARTICLE SUBJECTS
being →
database →
ethics →
fiction →
history →
internet →
language →
linux →
logic →
method →
news →
policy →
purpose →
religion →
science →
software →
truth →
unix →
wiki →
ARTICLE TYPES
essay →
feed →
help →
system →
wiki →
ARTICLE ORIGINS
critical →
forked →
imported →
original →
Advanced Mobile Phone System
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{short description|Analog mobile phone system standard}}{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}{{More citations needed|date=October 2010}}File:DynaTAC8000X.jpg|thumb|Motorola DynaTAC 8000X TACSTACSAdvanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was an analog mobile phone system standard originally developed by Bell Labs and later modified in a cooperative effort between Bell Labs and Motorola. It was officially introduced in the Americas on October 13, 1983,WEB, AT&T Tech Channel,weblink AT&T Archives : Testing the First Public Cell Phone Network, Techchannel.att.com, June 13, 2011, September 28, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131029194138weblink">weblink October 29, 2013, Private Line {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610001231weblink |date=June 10, 2012 }}MilestonesPast {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006011650weblink |date=October 6, 2011 }} and was deployed in many other countries too, including Israel in 1986, Australia in 1987, Singapore in 1988, and Pakistan in 1990.WEB,weblink Ten years of GSM in Australia, August 16, 2008, AMTA, Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association, 2003,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080720110058weblink">weblink July 20, 2008, dead, It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s. As of February 18, 2008, carriers in the United States were no longer required to support AMPS and companies such as AT&T and Verizon Communications have discontinued this service permanently. AMPS was discontinued in Australia in September 2000, in India by October 2004,WEB,weblink Home | PTA, pta.gov.pk, in Israel by January 2010, and Brazil by 2010.WEB,weblink Celulares analógicos estão extintos no Brasil, diz Anatel, Agencia, Estado, July 16, 2010, Tecnologia e Games, - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
History
The first cellular network efforts began at Bell Labs and with research conducted at Motorola. In 1960, John F. MitchellWEB,weblink John F. Mitchell Biography, Brophy.net, August 7, 2012, September 28, 2013, WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130117052435weblink">weblink dead, January 17, 2013, The Top Giants in Telephony, Historyofthecellphone.com, June 11, 2009, September 28, 2013, WEB,weblink Who invented the cell phone?, Brophy.net, August 7, 2012, September 28, 2013, became Motorola's chief engineer for its mobile-communication products, and oversaw the development and marketing of the first pager to use transistors.Motorola had long produced mobile telephones for automobiles, but these large and heavy models consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobile's engine running. Mitchell's team, which included Dr. Martin Cooper, developed portable cellular telephony. Cooper and Mitchell were among the Motorola employees granted a patent for this work in 1973. The first call on the prototype connected, reportedly, to a wrong number.Motorola Executive Helped Spur Cellular Revolution, Oversaw Ill-fated Iridium Project, The Wall Street Journal, Remembrances, June 20â21, 2009, p. A10NEWS,weblink John F. Mitchell, 1928â2009: Was president of Motorola from 1980 to '95, Chicago Tribune, Clare, Lane, June 17, 2009, December 5, 2011, While Motorola was developing a cellular phone, from 1968 to 1983 Bell Labs worked out a system called Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), which became the first cellular network standard in the United States. The first system was successfully deployed in Chicago, Illinois, in 1979. Motorola and others designed and built the cellular phones for this and other cellular systems. Louis M. Weinberg, a marketing director at AT&T, was named the first president of the AMPS corporation. He served in this position during the startup of the AMPS subsidiary of AT&T.Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, led a team that produced the first cellular handset in 1973 and made the first phone call from it. In 1983 Motorola introduced the DynaTAC 8000x, the first commercially available cellular phone small enough to be easily carried. He later introduced the so-called Bag Phone.In 1992, the first smartphone, called IBM Simon, used AMPS. Frank Canova led its design at IBM and it was demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer-industry trade-show. A refined version of the product was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. The Simon was the first device that can be properly referred to as a "smartphone", even though that term was not yet coined.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120701034025weblink">weblink dead, July 1, 2012, Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone, Sager, Ira, June 29, 2012, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg L.P, June 30, 2012, Simon was the first smartphone. Twenty years ago, it envisioned our app-happy mobile lives, squeezing the features of a cell phone, pager, fax machine, and computer into an 18-ounce black brick., NEWS, Schneidawind, John, Poindexter putting finger on PC bugs; Big Blue unveiling, November 23, 1992, USA Today, 2B,Technology
AMPS is a first-generation cellular technology that uses separate frequencies, or "channels", for each conversation. It therefore required considerable bandwidth for a large number of users. In general terms, AMPS was very similar to the older "0G" Improved Mobile Telephone Service it replaced, but used considerably more computing power to select frequencies, hand off conversations to land lines, and handle billing and call setup.What really separated AMPS from older systems is the "back end" call setup functionality. In AMPS, the cell centers could flexibly assign channels to handsets based on signal strength, allowing the same frequency to be re-used, without interference, if locations were separated enough. The channels were grouped so a specific set was different of the one used on the cell nearby. This allowed a larger number of phones to be supported over a geographical area. AMPS pioneers coined the term "cellular" because of its use of small hexagonal "cells" within a system.W. Rae Young, "AMPS: Introduction, Background, and Objectives", Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 58, 1, pages 1â14, January 1979. (Note: Young was the Bell Labs engineer who invented the hexagonal cell concept.)Z. C. Fluhr and Philip T. Porter, "AMPS: Control Architecture", Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 58, 1, pages 1â14, January 1979. (Note: Porter was the Bell Labs engineer who proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in 3 directions into 3 adjacent hexagon cells.)AMPS suffered from many weaknesses compared to today's digital technologies. As an analog standard, it was susceptible to static and noise, and there was no protection from 'eavesdropping' using a scanner or an older TV set that could tune into channels 70-83.WEB, Analog Cellphone Calls on UHF Channels of a TV, YouTube,weblinkCloning
File:2007Computex e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg|thumb|Martin Cooper of Motorola in 2007, reenacting the first private handheld mobile-phone call on a larger prototype model in 1973.]]In the 1990s, an epidemic of "cloning" cost the cellular carriers millions of dollars.NEWS, O'Malley, Kathy, COSTLY CELLULAR PHONE FRAUD RISES WITH NUMBER 'CLONING',weblink June 18, 2019, Chicago Tribune, March 19, 1995, An eavesdropper with specialized equipment could intercept a handset's ESN (Electronic Serial Number) and MDN or CTN (Mobile Directory Number or Cellular Telephone Number). The Electronic Serial Number, a 12-digit number sent by the handset to the cellular system for billing purposes, uniquely identified that phone on the network. The system then allowed or disallowed calls and/or features based on its customer file. A person intercepting an ESN/MDN pair could clone the combination onto a different phone and use it in other areas for making calls without paying.Cellular phone cloning became possible with off-the-shelf technology in the 1990s. Would-be cloners required three key items :- A radio receiver, such as the Icom PCR-1000, that could tune into the Reverse Channel (the frequency on which AMPS phones transmit data to the tower)
- A PC with a sound card and a software program called Banpaia
- A phone that could easily be used for cloning, such as the Oki 900
Standards
AMPS was originally standardized by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as EIA/TIA/IS-3. EIA/TIA/IS-3 was superseded by EIA/TIA-553 and TIA interim standard with digital technologies, the cost of wireless service is so low that the problem of cloning has virtually disappeared.Frequency bands
AMPS cellular service operated in the 850 MHz Cellular band. For each market area, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed two licensees (networks) known as "A" and "B" carriers. Each carrier within a market used a specified "block" of frequencies consisting of 21 control channels and 395 voice channels. Originally, the B (wireline) side license was usually owned by the local phone company, and the A (non-wireline) license was given to wireless telephone providers.At the inception of cellular in 1983, the FCC had granted each carrier within a market 333 channel pairs (666 channels total). By the late 1980s, the cellular industry's subscriber base had grown into the millions across America and it became necessary to add channels for additional capacity. In 1989, the FCC granted carriers an expansion from the previous 666 channels to the final 832 (416 pairs per carrier). The additional frequencies were from the band held in reserve for future (inevitable) expansion. These frequencies were immediately adjacent to the existing cellular band. These bands had previously been allocated to UHF TV channels 70â83.Each duplex channel was composed of 2 frequencies. 416 of these were in the 824â849 MHz range for transmissions from mobile stations to the base stations, paired with 416 frequencies in the 869â894 MHz range for transmissions from base stations to the mobile stations. Each cell site used a different subset of these channels than its neighbors to avoid interference. This significantly reduced the number of channels available at each site in real-world systems. Each AMPS channel had a one way bandwidth of 30 kHz, for a total of 60 kHz for each duplex channel.Laws were passed in the US which prohibited the FCC type acceptance and sale of any receiver which could tune the frequency ranges occupied by analog AMPS cellular services.{{why|date=August 2023}} Though the service is no longer offered, these laws remain in force (although they may no longer be enforced).WEB,weblink Forum-General discussion about technology and policy, Why are cellular bands blocked on receivers?, Arrl.org, September 28, 2013, 47cfr15.121weblink andweblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026023132weblink |date=October 26, 2011 }}Narrowband AMPS
In 1991, Motorola proposed an AMPS enhancement known as narrowband AMPS (NAMPS or N-AMPS).Mobile telephone Encyclopædia Britannica.Digital AMPS
Later, many AMPS networks were partially converted to D-AMPS, often referred to as TDMA (though TDMA is a generic term that applies to many 2G cellular systems). D-AMPS, commercially deployed since 1993,Anton A. Huurdeman, The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, John Wiley & Sons, 31 juli 2003, page 533 was a digital, 2G standard used mainly by AT&T Mobility and U.S. Cellular in the United States, Rogers Wireless in Canada, Telcel in Mexico, Telecom Italia Mobile (TIM) in Brazil, VimpelCom in Russia, Movilnet in Venezuela, and Cellcom in Israel. In most areas, D-AMPS is no longer offered and has been replaced by more advanced digital wireless networks.Successor technologies
AMPS and D-AMPS have now been phased out in favor of either CDMA2000 or GSM, which allow for higher capacity data transfers for services such as WAP, Multimedia Messaging System (MMS), and wireless Internet access. There are some phones capable of supporting AMPS, D-AMPS and GSM all in one phone (using the GAIT standard).Analog AMPS being replaced by digital
In 2002, the FCC decided to no longer require A and B carriers to support AMPS service as of February 18, 2008. All AMPS carriers have converted to a digital standard such as CDMA2000 or GSM. Digital technologies such as GSM and CDMA2000 support multiple voice calls on the same channel and offer enhanced features such as two-way text messaging and data services.Unlike in the United States, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) and Industry Canada have not set any requirement for maintaining AMPS service in Canada. Rogers Wireless has dismantled their AMPS (along with IS-136) network; the networks were shut down May 31, 2007. Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility, who operated AMPS networks in Canada, announced that they would observe the same timetable as outlined by the FCC in the United States, and as a result would not begin to dismantle their AMPS networks until after February 2008.WEB,weblink SP&T News, Sptnews.ca, September 21, 2013, September 28, 2013, OnStar relied heavily on North American AMPS service for its subscribers because, when the system was developed, AMPS offered the most comprehensive wireless coverage in the US. In 2006, ADT asked the FCC to extend the AMPS deadline due to many of their alarm systems still using analog technology to communicate with the control centers.ITWorld {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016114055weblink |date=October 16, 2006 }} Cellular companies who own an A or B license (such as Verizon and Alltel) were required to provide analog service until February 18, 2008. After that point, however, most cellular companies were eager to shut down AMPS and use the remaining channels for digital services. OnStar transitioned to digital service with the help of data transport technology developed by Airbiquity, but warned customers who could not be upgraded to digital service that their service would permanently expire on January 1, 2008.WEB, Helpful Info {{!, Analog-to-Digital Transition |url=http://www.onstar.com/us_english/jsp/explore/onstar_basics/helpful_info.jsp?info-view=tech_equip |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215630weblink |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |website=OnStar}}Commercial deployments of AMPS by country{| class"wikitable"
!Country!Main Cellular Operator!Launch date!End of service!NotesUnited States}}||1983|2008 | URL-STATUS=LIVE | ARCHIVE-DATE=9 AUGUST 2022 | WEBSITE=MEDIA.CRAI.COM,
|
Canada}}||1984||
|
South Korea}}||1984|| |
Indonesia}}| | ACCESS-DATE=2022-06-22, www.thefreelibrary.com, | | URL=HTTPS://WWW.USITC.GOV/PUBLICATIONS/332/PUB2646.PDF | WEBSITE=UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION, |
Costa Rica}}||1989|| |
Australia}}||1986 | TITLE=AUSTRALIA'S MOBILE PHONE NETWORK HAS COME A LONG WAY | WEBSITE=CANBERRA TIMES, 2022-11-15, | Telstra (formerly Telecom Australia) â operated an AMPS network in Australia from February 1987 until the end of 2000. As part of the introduction of mobile phone competition in Australia, the Australian government mandated GSM as the new standard for mobile networks, and required that Telstra close the AMPS network by 2000. However, GSM base stations could only serve a limited area. While this was OK for Europe, it meant that GSM could not cover large, sparsely populated rural areas of Australia cost effectively. Telstra deployed a CDMA network, which did not suffer this limitation, and while the AMPS network was closed down at the end of 1999 in the major cities, the closure deadline was extended until the end of 2000 in rural areas to ease the transition to CDMA. The CDMA network has since been replaced by an 850 MHz UMTS network, Next G. |
U.S. Virgin Islands}}||1986|| |
Israel}}||1986||Pelephone â began offering nationwide AMPS service in Israel in 1986. In the mid-1990s it converted to CDMA (IS-95 and later EV-DO) and in the mid-2000s converted to UMTS. |
Bolivia}}||1991-1992|| |
Cayman Islands}}||1987|| |
Bermuda}}||1987|| |
Dominican Republic}}||1987|| |
Singapore}}||1987| | Singtel (previously known as Telecommunications Equipment) â operated an AMPS network, marketed as a Cellular Mobile Radio System (CMRS), in Singapore from 1988 until 1994. In 1989, Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)>Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) became the first rapid transit system in the world to have full mobile phone coverage inside underground stations and tunnels using AMPS technology.SUPERCHARGING SINGAPORE >URL=HTTPS://GRAPHICS.STRAITSTIMES.COM/STI/STIMEDIA/INTERACTIVES/2015/10/35-YEARS-OF-ICT/SUPERCHARGING-SINGAPORE/THE-1980S.HTML | DATE=OCTOBER 10, 2015, Singtel decommissioned its AMPS network in 1994 after GSM was implemented.JANICE LIM >DATE=JUNE 15, 2015 | URL=HTTP://WWW.CHANNELNEWSASIA.COM/NEWS/SINGAPORE/HOW-MOBILE-SERVICES-IN/1917188.HTML | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20170323053134/HTTP://WWW.CHANNELNEWSASIA.COM/NEWS/SINGAPORE/HOW-MOBILE-SERVICES-IN/1917188.HTML | ACCESS-DATE=MARCH 22, 2017, Channel NewsAsia, |
New Zealand}}||1987|2007| Telecom New Zealand (now Spark New Zealand) â operated an AMPS/TDMA network in New Zealand from 1987 until 2007 throughout the whole country and the network was renowned for its superb coverage, In 2000 Telecom announced that they would discontinue the AMPS network within 5 years (2005) to give customers an opportunity to transition to the CDMA2000 and later 1XRTT technologies that replaced it. They later extended that deadline until 6 pm March 31, 2007. At approximately 7:15 on March 31, 2007 the AMPS/TDMA network ceased to function. |
Thailand}}||1987|| |
Bahrain}}||1987|| |
Hong Kong}}||1987|| |
Bahamas}}||1988|| |
Venezuela}}||1988|| |
Zaire}}||1988|| |
Barbados}}||1988|| |
Trinidad and Tobago}}||1991|2006 | WEBSITE=TELEGEOGRAPHY, 29 July 2022, |
Chile}}||1989|| |
Curaçao}}||1989|| |
Argentina}}||1989|| |
Antigua and Barbuda}}||1989|| |
St. Kitts and Nevis}}||1989|| |
Mexico}}||1989|| |
Netherlands Antilles}}||1989|| |
Brunei}}||1989|| |
Taiwan}}||1989|| |
Uruguay}}||1989|| |
Bangladesh}}||1989|| |
Peru}}||1989|| |
Pakistan}}|Paktel|1990|2004|Paktel was granted an AMPS licence in early 1990 to operate a cellular telephone network throughout Pakistan. It was the first company granted a free license to carry out cellular phone services in Pakistan. It carried out AMPS services until 2004, after which it switched to GSM. |
American Samoa}}||1990|| |
Brazil}}||1990|2010| |
Philippines}}||1991|| |
Jamaica}}||1991|| |
Malaysia}}|Mobikom|Jan 1994| | URL=HTTPS://WWW.ENTERPRISEITNEWS.COM.MY/DOWN-MEMORY-LANE-MALAYSIAS-TELCO-PAST/ | WEBSITE=ENTERPRISE IT NEWS, en-US, |
Kazakhstan}}||1994| | TITLE=ÐобилÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑвÑÐ·Ñ Ð² ÐÐ°Ð·Ð°Ñ ÑÑане | ACCESS-DATE=2022-06-22 | LANGUAGE=RU, |
Uzbekistan}}|Uzdunrobita|1994| | DATE=JANUARY 25, 2006, |
See also
Citations
{{Reflist}}References
{{Mobile telecommunications standards}}- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "Advanced Mobile Phone System" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 5:11am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
- "Advanced Mobile Phone System" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 5:11am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
GETWIKI 23 MAY 2022
The Illusion of Choice
Culture
Culture
GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019
Eastern Philosophy
History of Philosophy
History of Philosophy
GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016
GetMeta:About
GetWiki
GetWiki
GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015
M.R.M. Parrott
Biographies
Biographies
GETWIKI 20 AUG 2014
GetMeta:News
GetWiki
GetWiki
© 2024 M.R.M. PARROTT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED