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{{short description|Twenty-first letter in many Semitic alphabets}}{{Phoenician glyph|letname=Shin|previouslink=Resh|previousletter=Resh|nextlink=Taw|nextletter=Taw|archar=س|sychar=Ü«|hechar=ש|amchar=shin|gechar=ሠ|phchar=sin|grchar=Σ|lachar=S|cychar=С|ipa={{IPA link|ʃ}} ({{IPA link|s}})|num=21|gem=300}}Shin (also spelled Å in ({{transliteration|ar|DIN|Å¡Ä«n}}) or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Å¡Ä«n 𐤔, Hebrew Å¡Ä«n ש, Aramaic Å¡Ä«n 𐡔, Syriac Å¡Ä«n Ü«, and Arabic sÄ«n س .{{efn|The position of Arabic sÄ«n is 21st in the Maghrebian abjadi order (quoted by apparently earliest authorities and considered older), 15th in the common abjadi order, 12th in the common hijāʾī order, & 24th in the Maghrebian hijāʾī order; its numerical value is 300 in the Maghrebian abjad order and 60 in the common abjadi order.{{sfn|Macdonald|1986|pp=117, 130, 149}}}} Its sound value is a voiceless sibilant, {{IPAblink|ʃ}} or {{IPAblink|s}}.The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Sigma ({{script|Grek|Σ}}) (which in turn gave Latin and Cyrillic С), and the letter Sha in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts ({{script|Glag|(File:Glagolitic_sha.svg|8px)}}, {{script|Cyrl|Ш}}).The South Arabian and Ethiopian letter Åšawt is also cognate.“>

Origins{| class“wikitable”

! Egyptian hieroglyph! Proto-Sinaitic ! Phoenician! Paleo-Hebrew style="text-align:center;“|Aa32

frameless|35x35px)	35px)| (File:Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.png)

The Proto-Sinaitic glyph, according to William Albright, was based on a “tooth” and with the phonemic value Å¡ “corresponds etymologically (in part, at least) to original Semitic ṯ (th), which was pronounced s in South Canaanite”.JOURNAL, Albright, W. F., The Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from Sinai and their Decipherment, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 110, 1948, 110, 6–22 [p. 15], 10.2307/3218767, 3218767, 163924917, The Phoenician {{transliteration|sem|Å¡in}} letter expressed the continuants of two Proto-Semitic phonemes, and may have been based on a pictogram of a tooth (in modern Hebrew shen). The Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1972, records that it originally represented a composite bow.The history of the letters expressing sibilants in the various Semitic alphabets is somewhat complicated, due to different mergers between Proto-Semitic phonemes. As usually reconstructed, there are seven Proto-Semitic coronal voiceless fricative phonemes that evolved into the various voiceless sibilants of its daughter languages, as follows:{|class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center;“! colspan=“14” | Plain consonants! width=“14%” | Proto-Semitic! width=“14%” | Akkadian! width=“14%” colspan=“2” | Phoenician! width=“14%” colspan=“2” | Hebrew! width=“14%” colspan=“2” | Aramaic! width=“14%” colspan=“2” | Arabic! width=“14%” colspan=“2” | Old South Arabian! width=“14%” colspan=“2” | Ge’ez! s {{IPA|[s] / [ts]}}| s

Phnx

| s

ס}}

s

ס}}

s

rowspan=“2” | s

Sarb

| s₃ (s)

{{script

ሰ}}

rowspan=“3” | s

! š {{IPA|[ʃ] / [s]}}

Å¡	{{script	𐤔}}	rowspan=“3” | Å¡	{{script/Hebrew		Å¡	ש}}	Å¡	Sarb	| s₁ (Å¡)

! ṯ {{IPA|[θ]}}

ש}}, later {{script/Hebrew	| *ṯ, šlatert	| ṯ	Sarb	| ṱ

! ś {{IPA|[ɬ] / [tɬ]}}

שׂ}}	*ś,s	ש}}, later {{script/Hebrew	| *ś, s	| š	Sarb	| s₂ (ś)	Ethi	| ś

! colspan=“14” | Emphatic consonants! Proto-Semitic! Akkadian! colspan=“2” | Phoenician! colspan=“2” | Hebrew! colspan=“2” | Aramaic! colspan=“2” | Arabic! colspan=“2” | Old South Arabian! colspan=“2” | Ge’ez! á¹£ {{IPA|[sʼ] / [tsʼ]}}

á¹£

{{script

𐤑}}

rowspan=“3” | á¹£

{{script/Hebrew

á¹£

צ}}

á¹£

| á¹£

{{script

𐩮}}

rowspan=“2” | á¹£

{{script

ጸ}}

rowspan=“2” | á¹£

! ṯ̣ {{IPA|[θʼ]}}

צ}}, later {{script/Hebrew	| *ṱ,ṣlaterṭ	| ẓ

! ṣ́ {{IPA|[ɬʼ] / [tɬʼ]}}

ק}}, later {{script/Hebrew	| *ṣ́,q/ḳlaterʿ	| ḍ	Sarb	| ḍ	Ethi	| ṣ́

Arabic shīn/sīn{{anchor|Arabic}}

In the Arabic alphabet, {{transliteration|ar|DIN|sÄ«n}} is at the original (21st) position in the supposedly older Maghrebian abjadi order, represents {{IPA|/s/}}, and is the 12th letter of the modern hijā’Ä« () or alifbāʾī () order and is written thus:{{Arabic alphabet shapes|س}}In the Mashriqi abjadi order {{transliteration|ar|DIN|sÄ«n}} takes the place of Samekh at 15th position;{{efn|Which is occupied by {{transliteration|ar|DIN|á¹£ad}} in the Maghrebian abjadi order.}} meanwhile, the letter variant {{transliteration|ar|DIN|shÄ«n}} is placed at the original (21st) position, represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, and is the 13th letter of the modern hijā’Ä« () or alifbāʾī () order and is written thus:{{Arabic alphabet shapes|Ø´}}The Arabic letter shÄ«n was an acronym for “something” ( shayʾ(un) {{IPA-ar|ʃajÊ”(un)|}}) meaning the unknown in algebraic equations. In the transcription into Spanish, the Greek letter chi (χ) was used which was later transcribed into Latin x. According to some sources, this is the origin of x used for the unknown in the equations.Terry Moore: Why is ‘x’ the unknown?Online Etymological Dictionary However, according to other sources, there is no historical evidence for this.BOOK, Cajori, Florian, A History of Mathematical Notation, 1993,archive.org/details/historyofmathema00cajo_0, registration, Courier Dover Publications, 11 October 2012, 382–383, 9780486677668, Nor is there historical evidence to support the statement found in Noah Webster’s Dictionary, under the letter x, to the effect that ‘x was used as an abbreviation of Ar. shei (a thing), something, which, in the Middle Ages, was used to designate the unknown, and was then prevailingly transcribed as xei.’, BOOK, Oxford Dictionary, 2nd, There is no evidence in support of the hypothesis that x is derived ultimately from the mediaeval transliteration xei of shei “thing”, used by the Arabs to denote the unknown quantity, or from the compendium for L. res “thing” or radix “root” (resembling a loosely-written x), used by mediaeval mathematicians., In Modern Arabic mathematical notation, sÄ«n, i.e. shÄ«n without its dots, often corresponds to Latin x.{{anchor|Arabic Å¡Ä«n with additional three dots below}}In Moroccan Arabic, the letter , Å¡Ä«n with an additional three dots below, is used to transliterate the {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} sound in Spanish loan words.BOOK, José, de Lerchundi,digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/7866/b-017-316%20%281%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, Rudimentos del árabe vulgar que se habla en el Imperio de Marruecos, Madrid, 1872, 5, 26, 95, es, {{Arabic alphabet shapes|Úœ}}In Unicode, this is {{unichar|069C|ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH THREE DOTS BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE}}.Females in the Middle East predominantly use and prefer [s] and س over /sˤ/ ص, suggesting a potential indexing of femininity within their community of practice, aligning with theories of indexicality in sociolinguistics.JOURNAL, Silverstein, Michael, Michael Silverstein, 2003-07-01, Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life,linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0271530903000132, Language & Communication, en, 23, 3-4, 193–229, 10.1016/S0271-5309(03)00013-2, JOURNAL, Zibin, Aseel, Daoud, Sumaya, Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib, 2024-02-07, Indexical meanings of the realization of /sˤ/ ص as [s] س in spoken and written Jordanian Arabic: a language change in progress?,www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/flin-2024-2003/html, Folia Linguistica, en, 10.1515/flin-2024-2003, 1614-7308,

Aramaic shin/sin

In Aramaic, where the use of shin is well-determined, the orthography of sin was never fully resolved.To express an etymological *{{transliteration|sem|Å›}}, a number of dialects chose either sin or samek exclusively, where other dialects switch freely between them (often ‘leaning’ more often towards one or the other). For example:The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon{| class=“wikitable“! Ê¿aÅ›ar“ten“! Old Aramaic! Imperial Aramaic! Middle Aramaic! Palestinian Aramaic! Babylonian Aramaic

עשר}}| Syrian Inscriptions| Idumaean Ostraca, Egyptian, Egyptian-Persian, Ezra| Qumran| Galilean| Gaonic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic

עסר}}| Tell Halaf| (none recorded)| Palmyrene, Syriac| Zoar, Christian Palestinian Aramaic| Mandaic

| both| (none recorded)| (none recorded)| (none recorded)| Targum Jehonathan, Original Manuscript Archival Texts, Palestinian Targum (Genizah), Samaritan| Late Jewish Literary AramaicRegardless of how it is written, *{{transliteration|sem|Å›}} in spoken Aramaic seems to have universally resolved to /s/.

Hebrew shin/sin{| class“wikitable” style@text-align:center;”

! colspan=“5” |Orthographic variants! colspan=“3” |Various print fonts! rowspan=“2” |CursiveHebrew! rowspan=“2” |Rashiscript!|Serif !! Sans-serif !! Monospaced

ש	ש	ש	(File:Hebrew letter Shin handwriting.svg|28px)	(File:Shin (Rashi-script - Hebrew letter).svg|20px)

Hebrew spelling: The Hebrew {{IPA|/s/}} version according to the reconstruction shown above is descended from Proto-Semitic *{{transliteration|sem|Å›}}, a phoneme thought to correspond to a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative {{IPA|/ɬ/}}, similar to Welsh Ll in “Llandudno”.See also Hebrew phonology, Åšawt.

Sin and Shin dot

The Hebrew letter represents two different phonemes: a sibilant {{IPAslink|s}}, like English sour, and a {{IPAslink|ʃ}}, like English shoe. Prior to the advent and ascendancy of Tiberian orthography, the two were distinguished by a superscript samekh, i.e. ש vs. שס, which later developed into the dot. The two are distinguished by a dot above the left-hand side of the letter for {{IPAslink|s}} and above the right-hand side for {{IPAslink|ʃ}}. In the biblical name Issachar () only, the second sin/shin letter is always written without any dot, even in fully vocalized texts. This is because the second sin/shin is always silent.{| class=“wikitable” style="text-align: center”! Name! Symbol! IPA! Transliteration! Example

1=ׁ}}|U+05C1|SHIN DOT

1=ׂ}}|U+05C2|SIN DOT

Significance

(File:Shinchangepho.png|thumb|alt=forms of letter shin phoenician|The rapid evolution of kaf, mem, shin from the 13th-8th c are especially helpful to date “les écritures phéniciennes archaïques.“Dussaud 1924Two distinct forms of the Phoenician shin are shown, the later more resembling Hebrew’s.)In gematria, Shin represents the number 300. The breakdown of its namesake, Shin[300] - Yodh[10] - Nunh[50] gives the geometrical meaningful number 360, which encompasses the fullness of the degrees of circles.Shin as a prefix commonly used in the Hebrew language carries similar meaning as specificity faring relative pronouns in English– “that (..)”, “which (..)” and “who (..)”. When used in this way, it is pronounced like ‘sh’ and ‘eh’.In colloquial Hebrew, Kaph and Shin together have the meaning of “when”. This is a contraction of , ka’asher (as, when).Shin is also one of the seven letters which receive special crowns (called tagin) when written in a Sefer Torah. See Gimmel, Ayin, Teth, Nun, Zayin, and Tzadi.According to Judges 12:6, the tribe of Ephraim could not differentiate between Shin and Samekh; when the Gileadites were at war with the Ephraimites, they would ask suspected Ephraimites to say the word shibolet; an Ephraimite would say sibolet and thus be exposed. From this episode we get the English word shibboleth.

In Judaism

Shin also stands for the word Shaddai, a name for God. Because of this, a kohen (priest) forms the letter Shin with his hands as he recites the Priestly Blessing. In the mid-1960s, actor Leonard Nimoy used a single-handed version of this gesture to create the Vulcan hand salute for his character, Mr. Spock, on (Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek).(Star Trek: The Original Series), episode #30 “Amok Time” (production #34), and I Am Not Spock, Leonard Nimoy, 1977.AV MEDIA, Nimoy, Leonard (Narrator), February 6, 2014, Live Long and Prosper: The Jewish Story Behind Spock, Leonard Nimoy’s Star Trek Character,www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyiWkWcR86I,ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/DyiWkWcR86I, 2021-12-13, live, February 27, 2015, Yiddish Book Center, {{cbignore}}The letter Shin is often inscribed on the case containing a mezuzah, a scroll of parchment with Biblical text written on it. The text contained in the mezuzah is the Shema Yisrael prayer, which calls the Israelites to love their God with all their heart, soul, and strength. The mezuzah is situated upon all the doorframes in a home or establishment. Sometimes the whole word Shaddai will be written.The Shema Yisrael prayer also commands the Israelites to write God’s commandments on their hearts (Deut. 6:6); the shape of the letter Shin mimics the structure of the human heart: the lower, larger left ventricle (which supplies the full body) and the smaller right ventricle (which supplies the lungs) are positioned like the lines of the letter Shin.A religious significance has been applied to the fact that there are three valleys that comprise the city of Jerusalem’s geography: the Valley of Ben Hinnom, Tyropoeon Valley, and Kidron Valley, and that these valleys converge to also form the shape of the letter shin, and that the Temple in Jerusalem is located where the dagesh (horizontal line) is. This is seen as a fulfillment of passages such as {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|16:2}} that instructs Jews to celebrate the Pasach at “the place the LORD will choose as a dwelling for his Name” (NIV).In the Sefer Yetzirah the letter Shin is King over Fire, Formed Heaven in the Universe, Hot in the Year, and the Head in the Soul.The 13th-century Kabbalistic text Sefer HaTemunah, holds that a single letter of unknown pronunciation, held by some to be the four-pronged shin on one side of the teffilin box, is missing from the current alphabet. The world’s flaws, the book teaches, are related to the absence of this letter, the eventual revelation of which will repair the universe.

In Russian

File:Cyrillic letter Sha - uppercase and lowercase.svg|thumb|The Cyrillic letter “sha” is sometimes said to derive from the Hebrew letter shin, showing how both letters are nearly identical.]]The corresponding letter for the {{IPAslink|ʃ}} sound in Russian is nearly identical in shape to the Hebrew shin. Given that the Cyrillic script includes borrowed letters from a variety of different alphabets such as Greek and Latin, it is often suggested that the letter sha is directly borrowed from the Hebrew letter shin (other hypothesized sources include Coptic and Samaritan).Shin“>

Hebrew terms using Shin

Shin Bet is a commonly used acronym for the Israeli Department of Internal General Security. Despite referring to a former name of the department, it remains the term usually used in English. In Israeli Hebrew and Palestinian Arabic, the security service is known as the Shabak.A Shin-Shin clash is Israeli military parlance for a battle between two tank divisions (from ).Sh’at haShin (’Shin hour’) is the last possible moment for any action, usually in a military context. Corresponds to the English expression {{Wikt-lang|en|eleventh hour}}.

Character encodings

{{charmapname1=Hebrew Letter Shinname2=Arabic Letter Seenname3=Arabic Letter Sheenname4=Syriac Letter Shinname5=Hebrew Letter Shin With Shin Dotname6=Hebrew Letter Shin With Sin Dotname7=Hebrew Letter Shin With Dagesh And Shin Dotname8=Hebrew Letter Shin With Dagesh And Sin Dot}}{{charmapname1=Samaritan Letter Shanname2=Symbol for Samaritan Sourcename3=Ugaritic Letter Shenname4=Imperial Aramaic Letter Shinname5=Phoenician Letter Shinname6=Old North Arabian Letter Es-2name7=Old South Arabian Letter Shinname8=Ethiopic Letter Sza}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Sources

• JOURNAL, Michael C. A., Macdonald, Michael C. A. Macdonald, 1986, ABCs and letter order in Ancient North Arabian, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 16, 101–168,

External links

{{commons category|Shin (letter)}}{{Arabic language}}{{Hebrew language}}{{Northwest Semitic abjad}}s