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{{Short description|Foundation of Christian doctrinal and spiritual authorities}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}File:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers.jpg|thumb|Nicene and Post-Nicene FathersNicene and Post-Nicene FathersSacred tradition, also called holy tradition or apostolic tradition, is a theological term used in Christian theology. According to this theological position, sacred Tradition and Scripture form one deposit, so sacred Tradition is a foundation of the doctrinal and spiritual authority of Christianity and of the Bible. Thus, the Bible must be interpreted within the context of sacred Tradition (and vice versa) and within the community of the denomination. The denominations that ascribe to this position are the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Assyrian churches (the Ancient Church of the East and the Assyrian Church of the East). The Anglican and Methodist churches regard tradition, reason, and experience as sources of authority but as subordinate to scripture – a position known as prima scriptura.WEB, Wesleyan Quadrilateral: Tradition,fmcsb.org/event/2019/10/6/encounter-wesleyan-quadrilateral-tradition, Free Methodist Church of Santa Barbara, 30 June 2021, English, In the Free Methodist Church, we believe all truth is God’s truth. If something is true, we embrace it as from the Lord. First and foremost, we hold scripture up to be the primary source of God’s inspired revealed truth to us. And, we also embrace truth that is found in three other places: reason, tradition, and experience. Along with scripture, this has come to be called the Wesleyan Quadrilateral and we believe it informs our theology., BOOK, Winright, Tobias, T&T Clark Handbook of Christian Ethics, 10 December 2020, Bloomsbury Publishing, 978-0-567-67718-1, English, Both the Anglican and United Methodist Churches affirm tradition as a “source of authority.” The Anglican Church incorporates it as part of its “three-legged stool,” and Methodists as the Wesleyan Quadrilateral of scripture, reason, tradition and experience., That is in contrast to the Lutheran and Reformed traditions, which teach that the Bible alone is a sufficient/infallible basis for all Christian teaching – a position known as sola scriptura. For many denominations of Christianity, the writings of the Ante-Nicene Fathers, Nicene Fathers and Post-Nicene Fathers are included in sacred Tradition.BOOK, Plekon, Michael, Tradition Alive: On the Church and the Christian Life in Our Time : Readings from the Eastern Church, 2003, Rowman & Littlefield, 978-0-7425-3163-5, 70, English,

Origin of the term

The word tradition is taken from the Latin trado, tradere, meaning “to hand over”.WEB, Definition of TRADITION,www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tradition, 2023-03-04, www.merriam-webster.com, en, It is often treated as a proper noun and so capitalized as “Sacred Tradition“BOOK, University, Calvin, Marketing and Communications: Religious Terms,calvin.edu/offices-services/marketing-communications/tools-resources/editorial-style-guide/religious-terms.html, 27 April 2024, en, BOOK, Catholic Style Guide, 2020, Perpetual Light Publishing,static1.squarespace.com/static/5de07dc004d2c03cb167d830/t/5e2b446185ccd06d044e0702/1579893858234/Catholic+Style+Guide+PLP+2020.pdf, or “sacred Tradition”.

History

Among the earliest examples of the theological invocation of Tradition is the response of early orthodox Christianity to Gnosticism, a movement that used some Christian scripture as the basis for its teachings.McGrath, Alister. 1998. Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Chapter 1 ‘The Patristic Period, c. 100–451.’ Irenaeus of Lyons held that ‘rule of faith’ (’κανών της πίστης’) is preserved by a church through its historical continuity (of interpretation and teaching) with the Apostles.BOOK, McGrath, Alister E., Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought, 1998, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 29–30, Tertullian argued that although interpretations founded on a reading of all Holy Scripture are not prone to error, Tradition is the proper guide. Athanasius held that Arianism fell into error primarily by not adhering to Tradition.BOOK, McGrath, Alister E., Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought, 1998, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 30, In the modern era, scholars such as Craig A. Evans, James A. Sanders,BOOK, Evans, Craig A., Sanders, James A., 4 May 2001, Luke and Scripture: The Function of Sacred Tradition in Luke-Acts,books.google.com/books?id=hJhKAwAAQBAJ&q=Sacred+tradition, 5 January 2021, Wipf and Stock Publishers, Google Books, 9781579106072, and Stanley E. PorterPorter, Stanley. Sacred Tradition in the New Testament, Baker Publishing Group, {{ISBN|9780801030772}} have studied how sacred Tradition in the Hebrew Bible was understood and used by New Testament writers to describe Jesus Christ.

{{Anchor|Sacred tradition in the Catholic Church}}Catholic Church

According to Catholic theology, Paul the Apostle exhorted the faithful to “stand firm and hold fast to the traditions that you were taught by us, either by word of mouth or by our letter” (2 Thessalonians 2:15). The Pauline epistles form part of sacred scripture; what he passed on by “word of mouth” is part of sacred Tradition, handed down from the apostles. Both are the inspired word of God; the latter helps to inform understanding of the former. Sacred Tradition can never be in conflict with sacred scripture.BOOK, Hardon, John A.,books.google.com/books?id=P_ZvDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sacred+tradition&pg=PA41, The Question and Answer Catholic Catechism, 1981, Doubleday Religious Publishing Group, 9780385136648, John Hardon, 5 January 2021, Google Books, Those in the Catholic faith believe that the teachings of Jesus and the Apostles were preserved in the scriptures as well as by word of mouth. This perpetual handing on of the tradition is called the “Living Tradition”; it is believed to be the faithful and constant transmission of the teachings of the Apostles from one generation to the next. That “includes everything which contributes towards the sanctity of life and increase in faith of the People of God; and so the Church, in her teaching, life and worship [the Creeds, the Sacraments, the Magisterium, and the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass], perpetuates and hands on to all generations all that she herself is, all that she believes.“WEB, Paul VI, Pope of the Catholic Church, Dei verbum,www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html, 5 January 2021, www.vatican.va, The Deposit of Faith () refers to the entirety of divine revelation. According to Roman Catholic theology, two sources of revelation constitute a single “Deposit of Faith”, meaning that the entirety of divine revelation and the Deposit of Faith is transmitted to successive generations in Scripture and sacred Tradition through the teaching authority and interpretation of the church’s Magisterium, which consists of the church’s bishops, in union with the Pope, typically proceeding synods and ecumenical councils.Thus sacred Tradition should be distinguished from general tradition, folklore, traditionalism or conservatism which do not have an apostolic, patristic or universal pedigree.The Catholic Church views Tradition in much the same terms, as a passing down of that same apostolic faith, but, in a critical difference from the Eastern Orthodox position, Catholicism holds that the faith once delivered, the understanding of it continues to deepen and mature over time through the action of the Holy Spirit in the history of the church and in the understanding of that faith by Christians, all the while staying identical in essence and substance: the development of doctrine.In the area of moral theology, Mark D. Jordan said that medieval texts appeared to be inconsistent. According to Giovanni Cappelli, prior to the sixth century, the church’s teachings on morality were incoherent.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=KWbtc5XPMw0C&q=Giovanni+Cappelli+catholic&pg=PA45, A History of Catholic Moral Theology in the Twentieth Century: From Confessing Sins to Liberating Consciences, 9780826429292, Keenan, James F, 45, 2010-01-17, According to John T. Noonan, “history cannot leave a principle or a teaching untouched; every application to a situation affects our understanding of the principle itself”.Dei Verbum“>

Dei Verbum

The Second Vatican Council taught on Tradition, Scripture, and Magisterium in Dei verbum, n. 10:Thus, all of the teachings of the Catholic Church come from either Tradition or Scripture, or from the Magisterium interpreting Tradition and Scripture. These two sources, Tradition and Scripture, are viewed and treated as one source of Divine Revelation, which includes both the deeds of God and the words of God:The Magisterium has a role in deciding authoritatively which truths are a part of sacred Tradition.

{{Anchor|Tradition in the Orthodox Church}}Eastern Orthodox Church

For the Eastern Orthodox Christian, there is one Tradition, the tradition of the church, incorporating the scriptures and the teaching of the Church Fathers. As explained by Athanasius of Alexandria (First Letter to Serapion, 28): “Let us look at the very tradition, teaching, and faith of the catholic Church from the very beginning, which the Logos gave (edoken), the Apostles preached (ekeryxan), and the Fathers preserved (ephylaxan). Upon this the Church is founded (tethemeliotai)”.WEB,www.goarch.org/-/tradition-in-the-orthodox-church, Tradition in the Orthodox Church - Theology - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, www.goarch.org, 5 January 2021, Sacred Tradition for the Eastern Orthodox is the deposit of faith given by Jesus to the Apostles and passed on in the Church from one generation to the next without addition, alteration, or subtraction. Vladimir Lossky described tradition as “the life of the Holy Spirit in the Church”.“Tradition and Traditions”, in Leonid Ouspensky and Vladimir Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, (Olten, Switzerland: Urs Graf-Verlag, 1952), 17, in the revised edition (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1982), 15.Georges Florovsky wrote:{{blockquote|Tradition is not a principle striving to restore the past, using the past as a criterion for the present. Such a conception of Tradition is rejected by history itself and by the consciousness of the Orthodox Church. Tradition is the constant abiding of the Spirit and not only the memory of words. Tradition is a charismatic, not a historical event.}}

Lutheranism and Reformed Christianity

The Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Christianity claim that the Bible alone is the source for Christian doctrine. This position does not deny that Jesus or the apostles preached in person, that their stories and teachings were transmitted orally during the early Christian era, or that truth exists outside of the Bible. For sola scriptura Christians today, however, these teachings are preserved in the Bible as the only inspired medium. Since in the opinion of sola scriptura Christians, other forms of tradition do not exist in a fixed form that remains constant in its transmission from one generation to the next and cannot be referenced or cited in its pure form, there is no way to verify which parts of the “tradition” are authentic and which are not.WEB,vintage.aomin.org/SANTRAN.html, White, James. “Does The Bible Teach Sola Scriptura?”, Alpha & Omega Ministeries, 22 January 2010, 15 June 2017,vintage.aomin.org/SANTRAN.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170615114648vintage.aomin.org/SANTRAN.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170615114648vintage.aomin.org/SANTRAN.html, dead,

Anglicanism and Methodism

Prima scriptura is upheld by the Anglican and Methodist traditions of Christianity, which suggest that scripture is the primary source for Christian doctrine, but that “tradition, experience, and reason” can nurture the Christian religion as long as they are in harmony with the Bible.WEB,www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs, Methodist Beliefs: In what ways are Lutherans different from United Methodists?, 2014, Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, en, 22 May 2014, The United Methodists see Scripture as the primary source and criterion for Christian doctrine. They emphasize the importance of tradition, experience, and reason for Christian doctrine. Lutherans teach that the Bible is the sole source for Christian doctrine. The truths of Scripture do not need to be authenticated by tradition, human experience, or reason. Scripture is self authenticating and is true in and of itself., 22 May 2014,www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs," title="web.archive.org/web/20140522105449www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs,">web.archive.org/web/20140522105449www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs, live, BOOK, Humphrey, Edith M., Scripture and Tradition, 15 April 2013, Baker Books, en, 978-1-4412-4048-4, 16, historically Anglicans have adopted what could be called a prima Scriptura position., The Anglican Church does to some extent accept Apostolic tradition, which can be found in the writings of the early Church Fathers, the decrees of the seven Ecumenical Councils, the Creeds, and the liturgical worship of the church.WEB,virtueonline.org/scripture-tradition-and-deposit-faith-victor-e-novak, Novak, Victor E., Scripture, Tradition, and the Deposit of Faith, Virtueonline, 5 August 2011, 14 August 2019,

See also

• Christian tradition
• Oral Torah

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

• BOOK

• BOOK, s:The Faith of Catholics/Section 1115, Apostolic Traditions.]], The Faith of Catholics: confirmed by Scripture, and attested by the Fathers of the five first centuries of the Church, Volume 1, 1830, Jos. Booker., Joseph, Berington, Joseph Berington,
• Petley, D.A., ed. (1993). Tradition: Received and Handed on: [papers presented at] a Theological Conference held at the [Anglican] Cathedral Church of St. Peter, Charlottetown, P.E.I., 27 June-1st July 1993. Charlottetown, P.E.I.: St. Peter Publications. {{ISBN|0-921747-18-7}}

External links

• WELS Topical Q&A: www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=39&cuItem_itemID=8174" title="web.archive.org/web/20050930223227www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=39&cuItem_itemID=8174">Tradition Apostolic (a Confessional Lutheran perspective)

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