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{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1191 to 1198}}

factoids

| death_place = Rome, Papal StatesSanta Maria in Cosmedin>Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin (1144–1191)| motto = Perfice gressus meos in semitis tuis ("Going in Thy path")| signature = CelestinusIIItitel.jpg| other = Celestine}}{{Ordination|ordained deacon by =|date of diaconal ordination =|place of diaconal ordination =|ordained priest by =|date of priestly ordination = |place of priestly ordination =|consecrated by = Ottaviano di Paoli|co-consecrators = Unknown|date of consecration = 14 April 1191|place of consecration = Rome, Papal States|elevated by = Pope Celestine II|date of elevation = February 1144|bishop 1 = Martín López de Pisuerga|consecration date 1 = 6 June 1192|bishop 2 = Martinho Pires|consecration date 2 = 1189|bishop 3 = Philip of Poictou|consecration date 3 = 20 April 1197}}File:Pope Coelestinus 4. crowning the Emperour Henricus 6. with his feete.gif|thumb|Satirical cartoon of Celestine III crowning Emperor Henry VI with his feet. (This image refers to him as "Coelestinus 4," as the author considered Teobaldo BoccapecciTeobaldo BoccapecciPope Celestine III (; c. 1106 â€“ 8 January 1198), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 30 March or 10 April 1191 to his death in 1198. He had a tense relationship with several monarchs, including Emperor Henry VI, King Tancred of Sicily, and King Alfonso IX of León.

Early career

Giacinto Bobone was born into the noble Orsini family in Rome.{{sfn|Cross|1997|p=309}} He was appointed as cardinal-deacon in 1144 by Celestine II or Lucius II.{{sfn|Duggan|2016|p=1}} Considered by the Roman Curia as an expert on Spain, Bobone conducted two legatine missions to Spain in (1154–55) and (1172–75) as the Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=417-418}}

Pontificate

Celestine was elected on 29/30 March 1191 and ordained a priest 13 April 1191.{{sfn|Duggan|2016|p=1}} He crowned Emperor Henry VI a day or two after his ordination.{{sfn|Robinson|1990|p=510}} In 1192, Celestine recognized Tancred as king of Sicily, despite Henry VI's wife's claim.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=382}} He threatened to excommunicate Henry VI for wrongfully keeping King Richard I of England imprisoned, but he could do little else since the College of cardinals were against it. {{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=382}}{{sfn|Poole|1926|p=467}}He placed Pisa under an interdict, which was lifted by his successor, Innocent III in 1198.{{sfn|Clarke|2007|p=118}} Celestine, in 1192, sent a cardinal-priest of St. Lorenzo, Cinthius, to Denmark to address the discord between the Danish princes.{{sfn|Nielsen|2016|p=159}} Upon Cinthius' return to Rome, Celestine issued three papal bulls;Cum Romana ecclesia, Etsi sedes debeat, Quanto magnitudinem tuam. These bulls advised the archbishop Absalon of Lund to instruct the King of Denmark to release the bishop of Schleswig.{{sfn|Nielsen|2016|p=161}} The bulls also threatened to excommunicate the offending Duke Valdemar, who had imprisoned the bishop of Schleswig, and place the kingdom of Denmark under interdict.{{sfn|Nielsen|2016|p=161}} The bishop would stay imprisoned until Pope Innocent III restarted the process in 1203.{{sfn|Nielsen|2016|p=163}}Celestine condemned King Alfonso IX of León for his marriage to Theresa of Portugal on the grounds of consanguinity.{{sfn|Lay|2009|p=174}} Portugal and León were placed under interdict.{{sfn|Lay|2009|p=174}} Then, in 1196, he excommunicated Alfonso IX for allying with the Almohad Caliphate while making war on Castile.{{sfn|Lower|2014|p=605}} Following his marriage with Berengaria of Castile, Celestine excommunicated Alfonso and placed an interdict over León.{{sfn|Moore|2003|p=70-71}}In December 1196, Celestine issued a bull acknowledging the possessions of the Teutonic Knights.{{sfn|Edbury|2016|p=137}}

Death

Celestine would have resigned the papacy and recommended a successor (Cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo, O.S.B.) shortly before his death,William Stubbs (editor), Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene Vol. IV (London 1871), pp. 32-33. but was not allowed to do so by the cardinals.Karl Holder, Die Designation der Nachfolger durch die Päpste (Freiburg Switzerland: B. Veith 1892), pp. 69-70.

See also

• List of popes
• Cardinals created by Celestine III

References

{{Reflist}}

Sources

• BOOK, Clarke, Peter D., The Interdict in the Thirteenth Century: A question of collective guilt, Oxford University Press, 2007,
• BOOK, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, F.L., Cross, Celestine III, Oxford University Press, 1997,
• BOOK, Hyacinth Bobone: Diplomat and Pope, Anne J., Duggan, Pope Celestine III (1191-1198): Diplomat and Pastor, John, Doran, Damian J., Smith, Routledge, 2016, 1–30,
• BOOK, Celestine III, the Crusade and the Latin East, Peter W., Edbury, Pope Celestine III (1191-1198): Diplomat and Pastor, John, Doran, Damian J., Smith, Routledge, 2016, 129–144,
• BOOK, The Reconquest Kings of Portugal: Political and Cultural Reorientation on the Medieval Frontier, Stephen, Lay, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009,
• JOURNAL, The Papacy and Christian Mercenaries of Thirteenth-Century North Africa, Michael, Lower, Speculum, 89, 3 JULY, 2014, 601–631, The University of Chicago Press, 10.1017/S0038713414000761, 154773840,
• BOOK, Moore, John Clare, Pope Innocent III (1160/61–1216): To root up and to plant, BRILL, 2003,
• BOOK, Celestine III and the North, Torben K., Nielsen, Pope Celestine III (1191-1198): Diplomat and Pastor, John, Doran, Damian J., Smith, Routledge, 2016, 159–178,
• BOOK, The Cambridge Medieval History, V: Contest of empire and papacy, J.R., Tanner, C.W., Previte-Orton, Z.N., Brooke, The Emperor Henry VI, Austin Lane, Poole, Cambridge at the University Press, 1926,
• BOOK, The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation, I.S., Robinson, Cambridge University Press, 1990,
• BOOK, The institutions of the church, 1073-1216, I.S., Robinson, The New Cambridge Medieval History, IV: c.1024-c.1198, Part 1, David, Luscombe, Jonathan, Riley-Smith, Cambridge University Press, 2004,
• BOOK, The papacy, I.S., Robinson, The New Cambridge Medieval History, IV: c.1024-c.1198, Part II, David, Luscombe, Jonathan, Riley-Smith, Cambridge University Press, 2006, 317–384,

External links

{{EB1911 poster|Celestine (popes)}}

{{Popes}}{{Catholicism}}{{History of the Catholic Church}}initial text from the 9th edition (1876) of an old encyclopedia{{Authority control}}