{{Short description|Species of bird}}{{Speciesbox| image = Larus-fuscus-taxbox.jpg| image_caption = Larus fuscus graellsii| status = LC| status_system = IUCN3.1

TITLE=LARUS FUSCUS

PAGE=E.T22694373A155594163

ACCESS-DATE=12 NOVEMBER 2021, | genus = Larus| species = fuscus

Carl Linnaeus>Linnaeus, 1758| range_map = Larus fuscus map.svg}}The lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus) is a large gull that breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe. It is migratory, wintering from the British Isles south to West Africa. However, it has increased dramatically in North America, especially along the east coast. Formerly just a winter visitor to North America, it has increased and occurs in large numbers some winters and birds are now recorded year-round.JOURNAL, Zawadzki, Lucinda C., 2021, Predicting Source Populations of Vagrants Using Breeding Population Data: A Case Study of the Lesser Black-Backed Gull (Larus fuscus), Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, However, there is serious concern about decline in many parts of its range. The species is on the UK Amber ListWEB, Lesser Black Backed Gull Facts {{!, Larus Fuscus |url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/lesser-black-backed-gull |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.rspb.org.uk}} because the UK is home to 40 per cent of the European population and more than half of these are found at fewer than ten breeding sites.

Taxonomy

The lesser black-backed gull was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae, and it still bears its original name Larus fuscus.BOOK, Linnaeus, C., Carl Linnaeus, Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata, Holmiae [Stockholm], (Laurentii Salvii), 1758, 1, la, 136,weblink The scientific name is from Latin. Larus appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird, and fuscus meant black or brown.BOOK, Jobling, James A, 2010, The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names,weblink Christopher Helm, London, 978-1-4081-2501-4, 167, 219,

Subspecies

The five recognized subspecies are:

L. f. graellsii Brehm, 1857: Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, British Isles, western Europe - mantle dark grey
L. f. intermedius SchiÃ¸ler, 1922: Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, southwest Sweden and western Norway - mantle sooty black
L. f. fuscus Linnaeus, 1758: northern Norway, Sweden and Finland to the White Sea - mantle jet black
L. f. heuglini Bree, 1876: northern Russia to north-central Siberia, known as Heuglin's gull, this was previously considered a separate species.
L. f. barabensis Johansen, 1960: central Asia

Description

The lesser black-backed gull is smaller than the European herring gull. The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull complex is very complicated; different authorities recognise between two and eight species. This group has a ring species distribution around the Northern Hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species. The lesser black-backed gull measures {{convert|51|-|64|cm|in|abbr=on}}, {{convert|124|-|150|cm|in|abbr=on}} across the wings, and weighs {{convert|452|-|1100|g|lb|abbr=on}}, with the nominate race averaging slightly smaller than the other two subspecies. Males, at an average weight of {{convert|824|g|lb|abbr=on}}, are slightly larger than females, at an average of {{convert|708|g|lb|abbr=on}}. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is {{convert|38|to|45|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the bill is {{convert|4.2|to|5.8|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and the tarsus is {{convert|5.2|to|6.9|cm|in|abbr=on}}. A confusable species is the great black-backed gull. The lesser is a much smaller bird, with slimmer build, yellow rather than pinkish legs, and smaller white "mirrors" at the wing tips. The adults have black or dark grey wings (depending on race) and back. The bill is yellow with a red spot at which the young peck, inducing feeding (see fixed action pattern). The head is greyer in winter, unlike great black-backed gulls. Annual moult for adults begins between May and August and is not complete on some birds until November. Partial prebreeding moult occurs between January and April.RSPB Handbook of British Birds (2014). UK {{ISBN|978-1-4729-0647-2}}Young birds have scaly black-brown upperparts and a neat wing pattern. They take four years to reach maturity. Identification from juvenile herring gulls is most readily done by the more solidly dark (unbarred) tertial feathers.Their call is a "laughing" cry like that of the herring gull, but with a markedly deeper pitch.

Distribution

Lesser black-backed gulls have expanded their range westwards, first colonising Greenland in the 1980s. The species has not yet bred in the United States, although hybrid pairs with American herring gulls have been recorded twice.

Breeding

This species breeds colonially on coasts and lakes, making a lined nest on the ground or a cliff. Normally, three eggs are laid. In some cities, the species nests within the urban environment, often in association with herring gulls.File:Larus fuscus MWNH 0325.JPG|thumb|Eggs, collection Museum Wiesbaden Museum Wiesbaden

Feeding

They are omnivores like most Larus gulls, and they eat fish, insects, crustaceans, worms, starfish, molluscs, seeds, berries, small mammals, eggs, small birds, chicks, scraps, offal, and carrion.

Gallery

Lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus intermedius) in flight composite.jpg|L. f. intermedius in flight, SwedenFile:SelkÃ¤lokki hautomassa.jpg|Gull hatching eggs in PÃ¤lkÃ¤ne, FinlandFile:Goeland adulte et juvÃ©nile.jpg|Mother gull and her babyFile:Lesser black-backed gull 2015.jpg|Close upFile:Lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus graellsii).jpg|L. f. graellsii adult, MoroccoFile:Lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus graellsii) young adult in flight.jpg|L. f. graellsii young adult, MoroccoLesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus graellsii) juvenile in flight Sagres.jpg|L. f. graellsii juvenile, PortugalFile:Silltrut-Larus fuscus-1cy-Ystad-2009.jpg|First cycle plumageFile:Lesser_Black-backed_Gulls.jpg|Flying in a lake near the city hall in ReykjavikFile:Lesser Black-backed Gull from the Crossley ID Guide Britain and Ireland.jpg|ID compositeLarus fuscus fuscus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.124.3.jpg| Larus fuscus fuscus - MHNT

References

External links

Lesser black-backed gull pages on www.gull-research.org
Lesser black-backed gulls in Amsterdam
{{BirdLife|22694373|Larus fuscus}}
{{Avibase|name=Larus fuscus}}
{{InternetBirdCollection|lesser-black-backed-gull-larus-fuscus}}
{{VIREO|Lesser+black-backed+gull}}
{{IUCN_Map|22694373|Larus fuscus}}
{{Xeno-canto species|Larus|fuscus|Lesser black-backed gull}}
{{field guide birds of the world|Larus fuscus}}
{{ARKive}}

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