{{Short description|Condition of a nation with self-governance}}{{Distinguish|Systems theory{{!}}Interdependence}}{{Other uses}}{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|The Thirteen British Colonies on the east coast of North America issued a Declaration of Independence in 1776]]File:JuraIndependencia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0| Chile, one of several Spanish territories in South America, issued a Declaration of independence in 1818]] File:Independencia brasil 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Prince Pedro surrounded by a crowd in SÃ£o Paulo after breaking the news of Brazil's independence on 7 September 1822.]]File:Senate1917.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|The Finnish Senate of 1917, Prime Minister P. E. Svinhufvud in the head of table. The Senate declared Finland independent on 4 December 1917, and it was confirmed by parliament 6 December 1917BOOK, Osmo Jussila â€“ Seppo HentilÃ¤ â€“ Jukka Nevakivi, From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland Since 1809, London, C. Hurst & Co, 1999, 103, 0-8093-9112-0,weblink which became the Independence Day of Finland.]]Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state, in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of a dependent territory or colony. The commemoration of the independence day of a country or nation celebrates when a country is free from all forms of colonialism; free to build a country or nation without any interference from other nations.

Definition of independence

Whether the attainment of independence is different from revolution has long been contested, and has often been debated over the question of violence as legitimate means to achieving sovereignty.BOOK, Benjamin, Walter, Walter Benjamin, Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 1: 1913â€“1926, 1921, 1996, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 236â€“252, true, 0-674-94585-9, In general, revolutions aim only to redistribute power with or without an element of emancipation,such as in democratization within a state, which as such may remain unaltered. For example, the Mexican Revolution (1910) chiefly refers to a multi-factional conflict that eventually led to a new constitution; it has rarely been used to refer to the armed struggle (1821) against Spain. However, some wars of independence have been described as revolutions, such as the ones in the United States (1783) and Indonesia (1949), while some revolutions that were specifically about a change in the political structure have resulted in breakaway states. Mongolia and Finland, for example, gained their independence during the revolutions occurring in China (1911) and Russia (1917) respectively. Causes for a country or province wishing to seek independence are many, but most can be summed up as a feeling of inequality compared to the dominant power. The means can extend from intended peaceful demonstrations as in the case of India (1947), to a violent war as in the case of Algeria (1962). In some cases, a country may also have declared independence, but may only be partially recognized by other countries; such as Kosovo (2008), whose independence Serbia, from which Kosovo has seceded, has not formally recognized.NEWS, Kosovo MPs proclaim independence, BBC News, 17 February 2008,weblink NEWS, The world's newest state, The Economist, 21 February 2008,weblink WEB,weblink International recognitions of the Republic of Kosovo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kosovo), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 6 July 2021,weblink 15 May 2021, live,

Distinction between independence and autonomy

Autonomy refers to a kind of independence which has been granted by an overseeing authority that itself still retains ultimate authority over that territory (see Devolution). A protectorate refers to an autonomous region that depends upon a larger government for its protection as an autonomous region.

Right to independence

During the 20th century wave of decolonization colonies gained rights to independence through documents such as the 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, but this right remained mostly applicable only to unfree territorial entities, such as colonies.WEB, Legal Aspects of Self-Determination, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination, 1918-02-11,weblink 2022-03-31, How much these rights apply to all people has been a crucial point of discussion. The rights to nationality and self-determination allow clarification. The right of self-determination allows self-governance, as for example in the case of indigenous peoples, but is not a right of secession, except in extreme cases of oppression as a remedy from the oppression.JOURNAL, Shrinkhal, Rashwet, "Indigenous sovereignty" and right to self-determination in international law: a critical appraisal, AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, SAGE Publications, 17, 1, 2021, 1177-1801, 10.1177/1177180121994681, 71â€“82, 232264306, free, Therefore, the right to secession is generally determined by the legislation of sovereign states and independence by the capacity to be a state.

Declarations of independence

File:Declaration of Estonian independence in PÃ¤rnu.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|alt=photograph of crowd during pro-independence demonstration|Public proclamation of the Estonian Declaration of Independence in PÃ¤rnu, Estonia EstoniaFile:28nentor.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|230px|Ismail Qemali at the first anniversary of the Assembly of VlorÃ« which proclaimed the independence of Albania (28 November 1912)]]Sometimes, a state wishing to achieve independence from a dominating power will issue a declaration of independence; the earliest surviving example is Scotland's Declaration of Arbroath in 1320, with the most recent examples being Azawad's declaration of independence in 2012 and Catalan declaration of independence in 2017. Declaring independence and attaining it, however, are quite different. A well-known successful example is the U.S. Declaration of Independence issued in 1776. The dates of established independence (or, less commonly, the commencement of revolution), are typically celebrated as a national holiday known as an independence Day.

Historical overview

Historically, there have been four major periods of declaring independence:

from the 1770s, beginning with the American Revolutionary War through the 1830s, when the last royalist bastions fell at the close of the Spanish American wars of independence;
the immediate aftermath of the First World War following the breakup of the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, German empires;
1945 to {{Circa|1979}}, when seventy newly independent states emerged from the European colonial empires like India, Algeria etc. and the collapse of the Nazi German Reich and the Empire of Japan;David Armitage, weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150703022618weblink">The Declaration of Independence in World Context, Organization of American Historians, Magazine of History, Volume 18, Issue 3, Pp. 61â€“66 (2004)
and the early 1990s, following the breakup of the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

Continents {| class"wikitable" style"margin:1em auto;"

!colspan=2| Continent !!No. !! Most Recent Country to Gain Independence

(File:Continents vide couleurs.png

300px)

#fed52e|Africa}}

South Sudan}} (2011)

#0c0

Americas}}

Saint Kitts and Nevis}} (1983){{Cref2|a}}

#f33e01|Asia}}

East Timor}} (2002)

#c10000|Europe}}

List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

Montenegro}} (2006)

#c04080|Oceania}}

Palau}} (1994){{Cref2|c}}

#0040ff|Antarctica}}

N/A

de facto Condominium (international law)>condominium international

Notes

{{Cnote2 Begin}}{{Cnote2|a|Independence from the United Kingdom.}}{{Cnote2|b|n=2|Part of Transcaucasian Region, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Physiographically, Armenia falls entirely in Western Asia, while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Asia with small portions north of the Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe.}}{{Cnote2|c|An independent state in free association with the United States.}}{{Cnote2 End}}

GetWiki

independence